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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
The study of the seismic cycle has many applications, from the study of faulting to the estimation of seismic hazards. It must be considered at different timescales, from that of an earthquake, the co-seismic phase (a few seconds), the post seismic phase (from months to dozens of years) and the inter-seismic phase (from dozens to hundreds of years), up to cumulative deformations due to several seismic cycles (from a few thousand to hundreds of thousands of years). The Seismic Cycle uses many different tools to approach its subject matter, from short-term geodesic, such as GPS and InSAR, and seismological observations to long-term tectonic, geomorphological, morphotectonic observations, including those related to paleoseismology. Various modeling tools such as analog experiences, experimental approaches and mechanical modeling are also examined. Different tectonic contexts are considered when engaging with the seismic cycle, from continental strike-slip faults to subduction zones such as the Chilean, Mexican and Ecuadorian zones. The interactions between the seismic cycle and magmatism in rifts and interactions with erosion in mountain chains are also discussed.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Introduction: A Kinematic Approach to the Seismic Cycle
I.1. The concept of the seismic cycle
I.2. Tracking plate kinematics
I.3. Understanding observations via elastic modeling of the seismic cycle
I.4. Complexity of the seismic cycle
I.5. What is the current status of the “seismic cycle”?
I.6. References
1 Determining the Main Characteristics of Earthquakes from Seismological Data
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Observation of the elastic waves generated by earthquakes
1.3. Modeling elastic waves generated by an earthquake
1.4. Approaches used to determine the global characteristics of the seismic source
1.5. Conclusion
1.6. References
2 Co-Seismic Phase: Imaging the Seismic Rupture
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Surface observations
2.3. The forward problem
2.4. The inverse problem
2.5. Characterization of the source and implications on the physics of earthquakes
2.6. Conclusion
2.7. References
3 The Post-seismic Phase: Geodetic Observations and Mechanisms
3.1. The initial observations of the post-seismic deformation
3.2. Using spatial geodesy for imaging post-seismic deformation
3.3. Post-seismic deformation processes and the mechanical behavior of the lithosphere
3.4. Conclusions: the importance of post-seismic deformation in the seismic cycle balance
3.5. References
4 Friction Laws and Numerical Modeling of the Seismic Cycle
4.1. Friction laws
4.2. Modeling fault behavior: the “spring-block slider” model
4.3. A more complex physical reality
4.4. Transition toward a new generation of models
4.5. References
5 The Seismic Cycle of the Chilean Subduction: Mega-earthquakes, Seismic Gap and Coupling
5.1. The seismo-tectonic context
5.2. The seismic gap theory applied to Chile
5.3. Coupling/seismicity correspondence
5.4. Evaluation of the current seismic hazard in Chile
5.5. Giant earthquakes and the super-cycle
5.6. References
6 The Mexican Subduction Seismic Cycle: Highlighting the Key Role Played by Transient Deformations
6.1. The geo-dynamic context of the region
6.2. Observation of the seismic cycle: the evolution of networks and the history of discoveries
6.3. Characterization of major slow earthquakes and the relationship with coupling
6.4. Seismic activity
6.5. Interactions between seismic and aseismic slips in Mexico
6.6. Conclusion
6.7. References
7 Forearc Topography: Mirror of Megathrust Rupture Properties
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Mechanical analysis: the critical taper theory
7.3. Application to subduction forearcs
7.4. Splay faults: transition faults
7.5. Deformation of accretionary prisms: evidence for rupture propagating up to the trench
7.6. Conclusion
7.7. References
8 The Diking Cycle at Divergent Plate Boundaries
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Boundaries of diverging plates
8.3. Magmato-tectonic interactions in rift zones
8.4. The diking cycle
8.5. Conclusion
8.6. References
9 Interactions Between Tectonic Deformation and Erosion During the Seismic Cycle in Mountain Ranges
9.1. Introduction
9.2. The paradigm of steady-state landscapes
9.3. Earthquakes and co-seismic landslides
9.4. Landslide size distributions
9.5. Post-seismic relaxation of landscapes
9.6. Discussions: topographic budget of earthquakes and the seismic cycle
9.7. Prospects: impact of erosion on fault and earthquake dynamics
9.8. References
10 Cumulative Deformation, Long-term Slip-rate and Seismic Cycle of Intra-continental Strike-slip Faults
10.1. Introduction
10.2. From geomorphological offsets to fault slip-rate
10.3. Variation in space and time of the long-term fault slip-rate
10.4. Characteristic slip, earthquake size and seismic cycle
10.5. Conclusion
10.6. References
11 Paleoseismology
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Paleoseismology for faults in a continental context
11.3. Paleoseismology for faults in a marine context
11.4. Indirect effects of earthquakes and paleo-seismicity
11.5. References
12 Analog Modeling of the Seismic Cycle and Earthquake Dynamics
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Principle and methodology
12.3. Experimental results
12.4. References
Conclusion: How Ideas Evolve from a Continual Confrontation Between Observations and Models
C.1. New observations, new advances
C.2. Models to understand observations and processes at different scales
C.3. What comes next?
C.4. References
List of Authors
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
List of Table
Chapter 5
Table 5.1. Non-exhaustive summary of significant earthquakes in central and nort...
Table 5.2. Summary (non-exhaustive) of the rupture length of the 1877 earthquake...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1. Main features of the diking events cited in the text
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Introduction
1 Determining the Main Characteristics of Earthquakes from Seismological Data
Conclusion
List of Authors
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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SCIENCES
Geoscience, Field Director – Yves Lagabrielle
Dynamics of the Continental Lithosphere, Subject Head – Sylvie Leroy
The Seismic Cycle
From Observation to Modeling
Coordinated by
Frédérique Rolandone
First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2022The rights of Frédérique Rolandone to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022938894
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-78945-038-5
ERC code:PE10 Earth System SciencePE10_5 Geology, tectonics, volcanologyPE10_7 Physics of earth’s interior, seismology, volcanology
Preface
Frédérique ROLANDONE
ISTeP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
Earthquakes rank among the most destructive manifestations of the Earth’s dynamics. Can they be predicted? This is often the first question students ask. To answer that right away: no, at present it is not possible to anticipate the date, site and magnitude of future seismic events. However, there does exist a general framework to describe observations related to earthquakes and understand the processes that lead to their occurrence: the seismic cycle.
The objective of this book is to discuss the state of knowledge on the seismic cycle, providing a comprehensive view of the progress made in the last three decades. These advances came from enhanced observation capabilities. Since the late 1990s, most earthquake-prone regions have been equipped with seismological, accelerometric and geodetic networks. These networks could closely monitor the large earthquakes in Indonesia in 2004, in Chile in 2010 and in Japan in 2011, capturing precise images of the earthquake rupture process. Furthermore, these new observations also made it possible to measure the evolution of surface deformation and seismicity in the period preceding and following the large earthquakes. The most surprising result was the discovery of slow, spontaneous earthquakes on the majority of large faults. This discovery, along with the observation of the rapid deformation that followed large earthquakes, revolutionized the concept of the seismic cycle, by introducing a dynamic vision of the spatio-temporal evolution of fault slips. Another development came from studies in the field of morphotectonics, geomorphology and paleo-seismology, which document the history of earthquakes over several cycles. Along with improved observations, friction laws empirically derived from laboratory experiments on rock mechanics provided a framework for interpretation, and enriched numerical and analog models that aim to reproduce the observed behaviors. The coming years promise the fascinating prospect of combining observations with friction laws to validate and determine the parameters of physical models.
This book brings together different aspects of research on the seismic cycle. It is intended for students who are keen to learn about earthquakes and enhance their knowledge on observation techniques of the seismic cycle, but is also for all those who wish to quantitatively understand the underlying physics.
I would like to conclude by warmly thanking all of the authors who have contributed to this book.
June 2022
