The Treatment of Epilepsy E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 4969

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Highly Commended at the British Medical Association Book Awards 2016

The Treatment of Epilepsy, fourth edition, is a comprehensive reference and clinical guide to the pharmacological, medical and surgical options available in the treatment of epilepsy.

• The text is compiled by a group of internationally renowned editors and contributors and is now in full color and extensively illustrated
• The first two sections cover the background to, and principles of, treatment in different clinical situations
• Section three comprises a series of systematic reviews of contemporary drug therapy, devoting one chapter to each anti-epileptic drug and covering all clinically-relevant aspects
• Section four focuses on the surgical options, devoting individual chapters to each of the modalities of presurgical assessment and to each surgical operation or approach
• This 4th edition is extensively revised incorporating the many recent developments in therapy, and comprises 81 chapters from world experts from 18 countries

Leseprobe

The Treatment of Epilepsy

Fourth Edition

Edited by

Simon ShorvonMA MB BChir MD FRCP Professor in Clinical Neurology and Consultant Neurologist UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery London, UK Emilio PeruccaMD PhD FRCP(Edin) Professor of Medical Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics University of Pavia and Director, Clinical Trial Center C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy Jerome Engel, Jr.MD PhD Jonathan Sinay Distinguished Professor of Neurology Neurobiology, and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences Director UCLA Seizure Disorder Center David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, USA

This edition first published 2016 © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Contents

List of Contributors

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Historical Introduction The Drug Treatment of Epilepsy from 1857 to 2015

Commentary

Acknowledgement

References

Section I Introduction

1 Definition (Terminology) and Classification in Epilepsy: A Historical Survey and Current Formulation, with Special Reference to the ILAE

Definition

Classification

The future of classification schemes of epilepsy

Definition

Definition and classification – status epilepticus

Afterthought

Acknowledgement

References

2 Differential Diagnosis of Epilepsy

Introduction

General approach to the diagnosis of episodic disturbances

Syncope

Non-epileptic seizures

Panic disorder

Migraine

Sleep disorders

Vertigo

Movement disorders

Cerebral ischaemia

Endocrine and metabolic abnormalities

Transient global amnesia

References

3 Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis

Membrane ion channels

Membrane ion channels as targets for antibodies in acquired autoimmune disorders

Network and system involvement in epileptogenesis

Epileptogenesis as a process

New targets for antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic strategies

Conclusions

References

4 Antiepileptic Drug Discovery

Characteristics of the ideal model system

The current era of AED discovery

Anticonvulsant Screening Program

Early identification of antiepileptic activity

MES, scPTZ and 6-Hz tests

Differentiation of anticonvulsant activity

Pharmacological profile and potential clinical utility

Pharmacoresistant seizure models

Therapeutic index and toxicity assessment

Aetiologically relevant model systems

Beyond the seizure

Antiepileptogenesis and disease modification (see also Chapter 8)

Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

5 Antiepileptic Drug Development

Introduction

Overview on clinical studies and trials for drug development

Opportunities for developing better antiseizure AEDs

Development of epilepsy drugs beyond suppressing seizures

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

6 Mechanisms of Antiepileptic Drug Action

Main targets

Other targets

References

7 Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Tolerance

Introduction

The concept of drug resistance in epilepsy

Disease-related mechanisms of drug resistance in epilepsy

Drug-related mechanisms of drug resistance in epilepsy

Pharmacogenetic mechanisms of drug resistance in epilepsy

Proof-of-concept of drug resistance hypotheses

Conclusions

References

8 Epilepsy Biomarkers

Introduction

Need for biomarkers

Mechanisms of epilepsy

Potential biomarkers

Research to identify biomarkers

Acknowledgements

References

Section II Principles of Medical Management

9 General Principles of Medical Management

Aims of treatment

When should treatment be started?

Initiation of treatment and dose optimization

Assessing clinical response

What next when the initial treatment fails? – monotherapy and combination therapy

How long should treatment be continued?

References

10 Pharmacokinetic Optimization of Therapy

Introduction

Basic pharmacokinetic principles

Why do individuals respond differently to the same drug concentration?

The concept of reference range

The concept of individual therapeutic concentrations and interpretation of serum concentrations in the clinical setting

Practical aspects in the application of TDM

Tailored therapy and future developments for TDM

Conclusions

References

11 Management of Chronic Active Epilepsy in Adults

Prognosis and outcome of treatment of chronic active epilepsy

Provision of care

Treatment approach for chronic active epilepsy in adult patients

Acknowledgement

References

12 Management of Epilepsy in Remission

Introduction

Risk of relapse upon AED withdrawal

Factors associated with seizure relapse after AED withdrawal

Antiepileptic drug withdrawal after epilepsy surgery

Consequences of relapse

Risks associated with continuing AEDs (or benefits of withdrawal)

Patient attitudes

Clinical therapeutics

References

13 Management of Epilepsy in Neonates and Infants

Introduction

Currently available drug therapies for neonates

Currently available drug therapies for infants

Treatment of acute neonatal seizures and neonatal status epilepticus

Treatment of specific syndromes in the neonatal period

Treatment of specific syndromes in the infantile period

Prognosis and complications of neonatal and infantile seizures

Acknowledgements

References

14 Management of Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes

Introduction

Treatment of childhood epilepsy: the evidence base

References

15 Management of Epilepsy in People with Intellectual Disabilities

The importance of the topic

Comprehensive epilepsy service

Antiepileptic drug treatment

Influence of aetiology and disease mechanisms on epilepsy treatment

Non-pharmacological treatment

Acute seizure treatment with benzodiazepines

Concomitant psychopharmacological treatment

Prognosis of epilepsy in intellectually disabled patients

References

16 Management of Epilepsy in the Elderly

Introduction

Epidemiology

Diagnosis

Clinical presentation of epilepsy in the elderly

Investigations

Electroencephalography

Neuroimaging

Risk of recurrence

Treatment of epilepsy in the elderly

Pharmacokinetic changes

Pharmacodynamic changes

Antiepileptic drug choice

Older antiepileptic drugs

Newer antiepileptic drugs

Comorbid conditions and medication interactions

Epilepsy surgery

Aspects of the impact of epilepsy in old age

References

17 Emergency Treatment of Seizures and Status Epilepticus

Status epilepticus

Drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Treatment of acute seizures and acute repetitive seizures

Treatment of tonic–clonic status epilepticus

Drug treatment of tonic–clonic status epilepticus

Treatment of common forms of non-convulsive status epilepticus

Summary of drug therapies most commonly used in status epilepticus

Acknowledgement

References

18 Management of Medical Comorbidity Associated with Epilepsy

Introduction

Bone health in epilepsy

Organ dysfunction

Cancer and epilepsy

Infections and epilepsy

Connective tissue disorders

Pulmonary disease

Cardiac disease

References

19 Psychiatric Features of Epilepsy and their Management

Anxiety and affective disorders

Prevalence of anxiety and affective disorders in epilepsy

‘Bidirectional relationship’ between epilepsy and depression

Diagnostic criteria

Atypical affective disorders in epilepsy

Generalized anxiety disorder

Panic disorder

Obsessive–compulsive disorder

Suicide

Treatment of depression in epilepsy

Pharmacokinetic interactions between antidepressants and AEDs

Pharmacodynamic interactions

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation

Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression

Psychoses of epilepsy

Ictal delirium

Ictal psychosis (complex partial status epilepticus)

Postictal psychosis

Interictal psychosis

Therapy of psychosis in epilepsy

Postoperative psychiatric disorders

Forced normalization

Personality disorders in epilepsy

Mental and behavioural disorders secondary to AED use

References

20 Prevention and Management of Side-effects of Antiepileptic Drugs

Types of adverse effects

Prevention and management of adverse effects

References

21 Ketogenic Diets

Introduction

Mechanisms of action

Seizure outcomes

Ketogenic diets and adults

Alternative ketogenic diets

Indications for the ketogenic diet

Calculation of the ketogenic diet

Initiation of the ketogenic diet

Handling increased seizures

Discontinuation of the ketogenic diet

Side-effects

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

22 Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Epilepsy

Introduction

Importance of indirect benefits

Ancient medical traditions

Herbal remedies

Homeopathy

Behavioural approaches

Conclusions

References

23 Reproductive Aspects of Epilepsy Treatment

Fertility

Birth control

Pregnancy in women with epilepsy

Implications for the treatment of women of child-bearing age

References

24 Genetic Counselling in Epilepsy

Introduction

The pedigree as a diagnostic tool

Risk assessment

Genetic testing

Mode of inheritance of genetic disorders

Genetic counselling in epilepsy: approaching a heterogeneous disorder

Genetic syndromes including epilepsy as an important clinical feature

Conclusions

References

25 Drug Interactions

Introduction

Mechanisms of drug interactions

Pharmacokinetic interactions

Pharmacodynamic interactions

Conclusions

References

26 Medical Treatment of Epilepsy in Resource-Poor Countries

Introduction

Diagnosing epilepsy in LAMICS

Treating epilepsy in LAMICs

Epilepsy service organization in LAMICS

References

Section III Antiepileptic Drugs

27 Introduction to the Choice of Antiepileptic Drugs

Spectrum of efficacy in relation to seizure types and epilepsy syndromes

Magnitude of efficacy in specific seizure types

Adverse effect profile

Drug interaction potential

Impact on comorbidities

Other medication-related factors

Importance of patient-related factors

Conclusions

References

28 Acetazolamide

Introduction

Chemistry

Mechanism of action and activity in animal models

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

References

29 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Corticosteroids

Introduction

Chemistry

Mechanisms of action

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Current place in therapy

References

30 Benzodiazepines Used in the Treatment of Epilepsy

Introduction

Chemistry

Mechanisms of action

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place of benzodiazepines in current therapy

References

31 Brivaracetam

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Toxicology data

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Efficacy

Adverse events

Place in current therapy

Acknowledgements

References

32 Carbamazepine

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

Mode of use

References

33 Eslicarbazepine Acetate

Introduction

Chemistry

Activity profile in animal models and mechanisms of action

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum drug level monitoring and pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic relationships

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

Acknowledgments

References

34 Ethosuximide

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

References

35 Felbamate

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

Acknowledgement

References

36 Gabapentin

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

Acknowledgement

References

37 Lacosamide

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

References

38 Lamotrigine

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Distribution

Elimination

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy

Place in current therapy

References

39 Levetiracetam

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

Acknowledgement

References

40 Oxcarbazepine

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology and mechanism of action

Pharmacokinetic properties

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Mode of use

Current place in therapy

References

41 Perampanel

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

References

42 Phenobarbital, Primidone and Other Barbiturates

Introduction

Phenobarbital

Primidone

Other barbiturates

References

43 Phenytoin

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

References

44 Piracetam

Introduction

Chemistry and mechanism of action

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

References

45 Pregabalin

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

References

46 Retigabine

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Clinical efficacy

Adverse effects

Current place in therapy

References

47 Rufinamide

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Current place in therapy

Acknowledgement

References

48 Stiripentol

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Current place in therapy

References

49 Tiagabine

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

References

50 Topiramate

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

References

51 Valproate

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

Acknowledgement

References

52 Vigabatrin

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology and toxicology

Pharmacokinetics

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

References

53 Zonisamide

Introduction

Chemistry

Pharmacology

Drug interactions

Serum level monitoring

Efficacy

Adverse effects

Place in current therapy

Acknowledgement

References

54 Other Less Commonly Used Antiepileptic Drugs

Introduction

Bromide

Lidocaine

Methsuximide

Paraldehyde

Sulthiame

Acknowledgement

References

55 Drugs in Clinical Development

Introduction

Allopregnanolone (SAGE-547 Injection)

Cannabinoids

2-Deoxy-d-glucose

Everolimus

Ganaxolone

Huperzine A (INS-001)

NAX 810-2

Pitolisant

PRX-00023 (naluzotan)

Selurampanel

Tonabersat

YKP3089

Precision therapeutics and the promise of genomics

Conclusions

References

Section IV Presurgical assessment and epilepsy surgery

56 Overview of surgical treatment for epilepsy

Introduction

Historical perspective

Epileptic disorders

The progressive nature of epilepsy

The concept of surgically remediable epilepsies

Types of surgical treatment for epilepsy

Presurgical evaluation

Outcome

Acknowledgements

References

57 Scalp EEG in the epilepsy surgery evaluation

Introduction

Technical considerations

Interictal EEG

Ictal scalp EEG

Ictal behaviour: the role of video

Seizure activation during video-EEG monitoring

Conclusion

References

58 Invasive EEG in presurgical evaluation of epilepsy

Introduction

Indications for intracranial EEG monitoring

Identifying networks on intracranial EEG

Technical aspects in intracranial EEG

Specific intracranial electrode techniques

Interpretation of invasive EEG recordings

Functional cortical mapping and advanced electrophysiological techniques

References

59 MEG in epilepsy surgery evaluation

Introduction

Method

Applications of magnetic source imaging in epileptic patients

MEG in presurgical evaluation

Acknowledgement

References

60 MRI in presurgical evaluation

Introduction

When to use MR imaging and where to perform it

General MRI protocol

Common epileptogenic lesions

Specific MRI protocols

Postprocessing

References

61 PET and SPECT in presurgical evaluation of epilepsy

PET and SPECT in presurgical evaluation of patients with refractory partial epilepsy

PET

SPECT

Multimodality imaging

References

62 Special neurophysiological techniques

Introduction

Source imaging of interictal spikes: methodology and validation

Imaging of the spiking volume

Validation studies of interictal spikes source imaging

Clinical relevance of spikes source imaging in presurgical evaluation of epilepsy

The modelling of ictal discharges

Functional connectivity studies

Conclusions

References

63 Neuropsychological testing in presurgical evaluation

Introduction

Determination of site of dysfunction

Potential pitfalls in presurgical evaluation

Temporal neocortex

Medial temporal lobe function: memory assessment

Evaluation of frontal lobe function

Parietal lobes

Occipital lobes

Computer-assisted batteries

Summary

Intracarotid anaesthetic procedures

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

64 Presurgical psychiatric evaluation

Introduction

The case for a presurgical psychiatric evaluation in every s\urgical candidate

Epilepsy surgery has a positive impact on presurgical psychiatric disorders

Impact of presurgical psychiatric history on postsurgical psychosocial outcome

Impact of presurgical psychiatric illness on postsurgical seizure outcome

Psychiatric aspects of paediatric epilepsy surgery

Presurgical psychiatric protocols

Disclosure of postsurgical psychiatric complications

Conclusions and future directions

References

65 Mesial temporal lobe surgery and other lobar resections

Introduction

Current practices of medial temporal lobe surgery

Extratemporal resections and temporal lobe resections outside the medial temporal lobe

Lobar epilepsy surgery evaluation

Epilepsy surgery outcomes

Epilepsy surgery complications

New therapies and future directions

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

66 Resective surgery of neoplasms

Introduction

Focal or localization-related epilepsy

Mechanism of epileptogenesis associated with structural mass lesions

Pathology: neoplastic lesions

Presurgical evaluation

Treatment

Outcome

References

67 Resective surgery of vascular and infective lesions for epilepsy

Introduction

Vascular lesions

Infective lesions

References

68 Surgery of developmental anomalies causing epilepsy

Introduction

Epidemiology

Selection of surgical candidates

Presurgical evaluation: to determine the extent of the epileptogenic zone

Surgical outcome

Conclusion

References

69 Hemispheric operations for epilepsy

Introduction

Indications

Evolution of the surgical techniques

Seizure outcome

Conclusion

References

70 Corpus callosum operations

Introduction

Indications

Surgical technique

Conclusion

References

71 Hypothalamic hamartoma

Introduction

Clinical features

Aetiology

Treatment

Surgical treatment

References

72 Multiple subpial transection

Introduction

Planning for multiple subpial transection

Cortical surgical anatomy

Operative procedure

Transections

Outcome

Indications for multiple subpial transection

Surgical morbidity

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

73 Awake surgery for epilepsy

Introduction

Preoperative and intraoperative functional assessments

Anaesthesia for awake craniotomy

Indications for awake tailored resection for medically refractory epilepsy versus anatomically guided resections

Technical aspects of temporal lobe resection tailored to intraoperative recording and stimulation

References

74 Epilepsy surgery in children

Introduction

Therapy-resistant epilepsy and the rationale for early seizure control

Risks of uncontrolled epilepsy

Symptomatic substrates in surgically treated children

Pre-evaluation in paediatric epilepsy surgery

Surgical interventions for epilepsy in children

Anaesthesia and perioperative considerations

Outcomes in paediatric epilepsy surgery: seizure remission and cognitive/psychosocial results

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

75 Complications of epilepsy surgery

Introduction

Complications of invasive procedures for presurgical assessment

Therapeutic procedures

Risk management

Conclusion

References

76 Anaesthesia for epilepsy surgery

Overview

Preanaesthetic evaluation for epilepsy surgery

Anaesthesia and antiepileptic therapy

Anticonvulsant and proconvulsant effects of anaesthetics

Anaesthesia and intraoperative electrocorticography

Anaesthesia for diagnostic procedures prior to epilepsy surgery

General anaesthesia for epilepsy surgery

Anaesthesia for epilepsy surgery with awake intraoperative functional brain mapping

Anaesthesia for vagal nerve stimulator placement

Anaesthesia for epilepsy surgery in infants and children

Anaesthesia for stereotactic MRI-guided laser ablation of epileptogenic foci

Conclusion

References

77 Vagus and trigeminal nerve stimulation

Introduction

Practical aspects of vagus nerve stimulation

Actions of vagus nerve stimulation and efficacy in animal models of epilepsy

Efficacy studies of vagus nerve stimulation

Safety and tolerability of vagus nerve stimulation

Clinical use of vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy

Emerging technologies for vagus nerve stimulation

Trigeminal nerve stimulation for epilepsy

Conclusion

References

78 Brain stimulation for epilepsy

Introduction

Concept and requirements for programmed or chronic stimulation

Concept of responsive neurostimulation

Previous studies of chronic or programmed central neurostimulation

Clinical studies of responsive neurostimulation

Unresolved questions

Conclusion

References

79 Non-resective approaches for medically intractable epilepsy

Introduction

Preclinical evidence

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

Hypothalamic hamartoma-associated gelastic epilepsy

Arteriovenous malformations

Cavernous malformations

Long-term radiosurgical complications

Antiepileptic mechanisms of radiosurgery

Laser ablation

Focused ultrasound

References

80 Future focal treatment approaches to epilepsy

Introduction

Focal treatment principles

Focal drug delivery

Focal cooling

Genetic approaches to treatment

New therapeutic approaches for focal epilepsy

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

81 Epilepsy surgery in countries with limited resources

Introduction

The need for epilepsy surgery in countries with limited resources

Challenges to implement epilepsy surgery programmes

Simplification of presurgical evaluation protocols in surgically remediable epilepsies: conceptual advances and the impact on epilepsy surgery in countries with limited resources

The stepwise approach and the minimal requirements for epilepsy surgery

Present state of epilepsy surgery in resource-limited countries

Surgical treatment gap

Temporal trends in epilepsy surgery in resource-limited countries

Surgical outcome in resource-limited countries

Is epilepsy surgery cost-effective in resource-limited countries?

Are minimum requirements for performing epilepsy surgery changing?

A final word on education, early identification of refractory seizures and the value of epilepsy surgery

Conclusions

References

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Historical Introduction

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.5

Table 1.6

Table 1.7

Table 1.8

Table 1.9

Table 1.10

Table 1.11

Table 1.12

Table 1.13

Table 1.14

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

TABLE 11.2

Table 11.3

Table 11.4

Table 11.5

Table 11.6

Table 11.7

Table 11.8

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Table 14.3

Table 14.4

Table 14.5

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Table 15.4

Table 15.5

Table 15.6

Table 15.7

Table 15.8

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3

Table 16.4

Table 16.5

Table 16.6

Chapter 17

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 17.3

Table 17.4

Table 17.5

Table 17.6

Chapter 18

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 18.3

Table 18.4

Table 18.5

Table 18.6

Chapter 19

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 19.3

Chapter 20

Table 20.1

Table 20.2

Table 20.3

Chapter 21

Table 21.1

Table 21.2

Table 21.3

Table 21.4

Chapter 22

Table 22.1

Chapter 23

Table 23.1

Table 23.2

Table 23.3

Table 23.4

Table 23.5

Chapter 24

Table 24.1

Table 24.2

Table 24.3

Table 24.4

Table 24.5

Table 24.6

Table 24.7

Chapter 25

Table 25.2

Table 25.3

Table 25.4

Table 25.5

Table 25.6

Table 25.7

Chapter 27

Table 27.1

Table 27.2

Table 27.3

Chapter 28

Table 28.1

Table 28.2

Table 28.3

Table 28.4

Chapter 29

Table 29.1

Chapter 30

Table 30.1

Table 30.2

Chapter 31

Table 31.1

Table 31.2

Table 31.3

Table 31.4

Table 31.5

Chapter 32

Table 32.1

Table 32.2

Table 32.3

Table 32.4

Table 32.5

Chapter 33

Table 33.1

Table 33.2

Table 33.3

Table 33.4

Table 33.5

Chapter 34

Table 34.1

Chapter 35

Table 35.1

Table 35.2

Table 35.3

Chapter 36

Table 36.1

Table 36.2

Chapter 37

Table 37.1

Table 37.2

Chapter 38

Table 38.1

Table 38.2

Table 38.3

Table 38.4

Table 38.5

Chapter 39

Table 39.1

Table 39.2

Table 39.3

Table 39.4

Chapter 40

Table 40.1

Table 40.2

Table 40.3

Table 40.4

Table 40.5

Chapter 41

Table 41.1

Chapter 42

Table 42.1

Table 42.2

Table 42.3

Table 42.4

Table 42.5

Chapter 43

Table 43.1

Table 43.2

Table 43.3

Table 43.4

Table 43.5

Table 43.6

Table 43.7

Chapter 45

Table 45.1

Table 45.2

Chapter 46

Table 46.1

Table 46.2

Chapter 47

Table 47.1

Table 47.2

Table 47.3

Chapter 49

Table 49.1

Table 49.2

Chapter 50

Table 50.1

Table 50.2

Chapter 51

Table 51.1

Table 51.2

Table 51.3

Chapter 53

Table 53.1

Table 53.2

Chapter 56

Table 56.1

Table 56.2

Table 56.3

Table 56.4

Table 56.5

Table 56.6

Table 56.7

Chapter 57

Table 57.1

Chapter 58

Table 58.1

Table 58.2

Table 58.3

Chapter 60

Table 60.1

Table 60.2

Chapter 62

Table 62.1

Table 62.2

Chapter 66

Table 66.1

Table 66.2

Table 66.3

Table 66.4

Table 66.5

Table 66.6

Table 66.7

Chapter 67

Table 67.1

Table 67.2

Table 67.3

Chapter 68

Table 68.1

Chapter 69

Table 69.1

Chapter 71

Table 71.1

Chapter 72

Table 72.1

Chapter 74

Table 74.1

Table 74.2

Chapter 77

Table 77.1

Table 77.2

Chapter 78

Table 78.1

Chapter 80

Table 80.1

Chapter 81

Table 81.1