Towards 5G E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 903

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

This book brings together a group of visionaries and technical experts from academia to industry to discuss the applications and technologies that will comprise the next set of cellular advancements (5G). In particular, the authors explore usages for future 5G communications, key metrics for these usages with their target requirements, and network architectures and enabling technologies to meet 5G requirements. The objective is to provide a comprehensive guide on the emerging trends in mobile applications, and the challenges of supporting such applications with 4G technologies.

Leseprobe

TOWARDS 5G

APPLICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND CANDIDATE TECHNOLOGIES

Edited by

Rath Vannithamby and Shilpa Talwar

Intel Corporation, USA

This edition first published 2017© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Vannithamby, Rath, editor. | Talwar, Shilpa, editor.Title: Towards 5G : applications, requirements & candidate technologies / edited by Rath Vannithamby and Shilpa Talwar.Description: Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2016019944| ISBN 9781118979839 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118979914 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Mobile communication systems–Research.Classification: LCC TK5103.2 .T6835 2017 | DDC 621.3845/6–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016019944

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover Image: Gettyimages/Prykhodov                         Gettyimages/Robert Mandel                         Gettyimages/BsWei                         Gettyimages/cybrain                         Gettyimages/d_arth

List of Contributors

Sergey AndreevTampere University of Technology, Finland

Ejder BaştuğCentraleSupélec, France

Anass BenjebbourNTT DoCoMo, Inc., Japan

Mehdi BennisCentre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Finland

Vincent BergCEA, LETI, France

Dinesh BharadiaStanford University, USA

Mateusz BuczkowskiIS-Wireless, Poland

Daoud BurghalUniversity of Southern California, USA

Nicolas CassiauCEA, LETI, France

Yejian ChenAlcatel Lucent Bell Labs, Germany

Mérouane DebbahCentraleSupélec, France

Jean-Baptiste DoréCEA, LETI, France

Michael FaerberIntel Corporation, USA

Gerhard FettweisTechnische Universität Dresden, Germany

Olga GalininaTampere University of Technology, Finland

Ivan GasparTechnische Universität Dresden, Germany

Mikhail GerasimenkoTampere University of Technology, Finland

Amitava GhoshNokia Networks, USA

Shuangfeng HanGreen Communication Research Center, China Mobile Research Institute, China

Monowar HasanUniversity of Manitoba, Canada

Nageen HimayatIntel Corporation, USA

Ekram HossainUniversity of Manitoba, Canada

Chih-Lin IGreen Communication Research Center, China Mobile Research Institute, China

Yuki InoueNTT DoCoMo Inc., Japan

Mingyue JiUniversity of Utah, USA

Kerstin JohnssonIntel Corporation, USA

Peter JungFraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Germany

Martin KasparickFraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Germany

Sachin KattiStanford University, USA

Joongheon KimChung-Ang University, Korea

Yoshihisa KishiyamaNTT DoCoMo, Inc., Japan

Yevgeni KoucheryavyTampere University of Technology, Finland

Dimitri KténasCEA, LETI, France

Toni LevanenTampere University of Technology, Finland

Anxin LiDoCoMo Beijing Communications Laboratories Co., Ltd, China

Geoffrey Ye LiGeorgia Institute of Technology, USA

Maximilian MatthéTechnische Universität Dresden, Germany

Luciano MendesTechnische Universität Dresden, Germany

Nicola MichailowTechnische Universität Dresden, Germany

Andreas F. MolischUniversity of Southern California, USA

Takehiro NakamuraNTT DoCoMo, Inc., Japan

David OttIntel Corporation, USA

Slawomir PietrzykIS-Wireless, Poland

Juho PirskanenNokia Networks, Finland

Alexander PyattaevTampere University of Technology, Finland

Ashok Sunder RajanIntel Corporation, USA

Kannan Babu RamiaIntel Corporation, USA

Rapeepat RatasukNokia Bell Labs, USA

Frank SchaichAlcatel Lucent Bell Labs, Germany

Arun SridharanSamsung Research America, USA

Kazuaki TakedaNTT DoCoMo Inc., Japan

Shilpa TalwarIntel Corporation, USA

Rakesh TaoriSamsung Research America, USA

Arash Saber TehraniUniversity of Southern California, USA

Timothy A. ThomasNokia Networks, USA

Mikko ValkamaTampere University of Technology, Finland

Rath VannithambyIntel Corporation, USA

Benny VejlgaardNokia Networks, Denmark

Frederick W. VookNokia Networks, USA

Thorsten WildAlcatel Lucent Bell Labs, Germany

Gerhard WunderFraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Germany

Cong XiongGeorgia Institute of Technology, USA

Shu-ping YehIntel Corporation, USA

List of Acronyms

Chapter 1

1G

First Generation

2G

Second Generation

3G

Third Generation

4G

Fourth Generation

5G

Fifth Generation

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

GSM

Global System for Mobile communications

IMT

International Mobile Telecommunications

ITU-R

International Telecommunication Union-Radio

WCDMA

Wideband CDMA

3GPP

Third Generation Partnership Project

HSPA

High Speed Packet Access

LTE

Long-Term Evolution

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

SC-FDMA

Single Career Frequency Division Multiple Access

M2M

Machine to Machine communications

IoT

Internet of Things

QoE

Quality of Experience

RAT

Radio Access Technology

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

SDN

Software Defined Network

NFV

Network Function Virtualization

Chapter 2

5GMF

5G Mobile Communications Promotion Forum

NGMN

Next Generation Mobile Networks

D2D

Device to Device

FHD

Full High Definition

UHD

Ultra High Definition

V2V

Vehicle-to-Vehicle

C2C

Car-to-Car

V2I

Vehicle-to-Road Infrastructure

C2P

Car-to-Pedestrian

V2D

Vehicle-to-Device

BYOD

Bring Your Own Device

SoLoMo

Social Local Mobile

HMI

Human-Machine Interface

CAGR

Compound Annual Growth Rate

WRC

World Radio Conference

AR

Augmented Reality

RTT

Round Trip Time

TTI

Transmission Time Interval

HARQ

Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest

Chapter 3

3GPP

3rd Generation Partnership Project

BS

Base Station

D2D

Device to Device

DL

Downlink

EE

Energy Efficiency

EEC

European Economic Union

EFTA

European Free Trade Association

EP

European Parliament

ETP

European Technology Platform

ETSI

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EU

European Union

HetNet

Heterogeneous network

ICT

Information and Communication Technology

IST

Information Society Technology

LTE

Long-Term Evolution

LTE-A

Long-Term Evolution-Advanced

LSA

Licensed Shared Access

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

MTC

Machine Type Communication

PPP

Public Private Partnership

QoS

Quality of Service

RAT

Radio Access Technology

TDMA

Time-Division Multiple Access

UE

User Equipment

UL

Uplink

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

Chapter 4

ISRA

Intel Strategic Research Alliance

NTIA

National Telecommunications and Information Association

GHz

Gigahertz

THz

Terahertz

Gbps

Gigabits per second

MIMO

Multi Input Multi Output

MU-MIMO

Multi-User MIMO

VLM

Very Large MIMO

CP

Cyclic Prefix

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

RAN

Radio Access Network

RAT

Radio Access Technology

WAN

Wide Area Network

LAN

Local Area Network

PAN

Personal Area Network

IoT

Internet of Things

QoE

Quality of Experience

QoS

Quality of Service

RFP

Request For Proposals

OTT

Over-The-Top

ARQ

Automatic Repeat reQuest

PHY

Physical Layer

FFR

Fractional Frequency Reuse

LSA

Licensed Shared Access

REM

Radio Environment Map

PC

Personal Computer

GNU

GNUs Not Unix

Chapter 5

SE

Spectral Efficiency

EE

Energy Efficiency

LSAS

Large Scale Antenna System

NOMA

Non Orthogonal Multiple Access

C-RAN

Cloud Radio Access Network

ICT

Information and Communications Technologies

MTC

Machine Type Communications

QoS

Quality of Service

MAC

Medium Access Control

PA

Power Amplifier

CSI

Channel State Information

TDD

Time Division Duplex

FDD

Frequency Division Duplex

UDN

Ultra Dense Network

DAS

Distributed Antenna System

CoMP

Coordinated Multi-Point

IM

Instant Messaging

LAPI

Low Access Priority Indication

RRC

Radio Resource Control

Chapter 6

SCN

Small Cell Network

UT

User Terminal

ICIC

Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

TTT

Time to Trigger

SINR

Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio

OPEX

Operational Expenditures

CF

Collaborative Filtering

SVD

Singular Value Decomposition

CDN

Content Delivery Network

ICN

Information Centric Networks

MAB

Multi-Armed Bandit

ADMM

Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers

DMT

Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff

SNR

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

PPP

Poisson Point Process

Chapter 7

D2D

Device-to-Device

QoS

Quality of Service

RAT

Radio Access Technology

UE

User Equipment

HetNets

Heterogeneous Networks

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network

3GPP

Third Generation Partnership Project

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

LTE

Long-Term Evolution

RAN

Radio Access Network

ANDSF

Access Network Discovery and Selection Function

SINR

Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio

DL

Downlink

UL

Uplink

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

PPP

Poisson Point Process

AP

Access Point

BS

Base Station

MP

Maximum Power

FU

Full Utilization

SNR

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

SLS

System Level Simulator

Chapter 8

LTE-A

Long-Term Evolution-Advanced

ABS

Almost Blank Subframe

RB

Resource Block

CSI

Channel State Information

Chapter 9

D2D

Device-Device

FCC

Federal Communications Commission

V2V

Vehicle to Vehicle

D2I

Device-to-Infrastructure

RMS

Root Mean Square

GSCM

Geometry-based Stochastic Channel Model

BS

Base Station

MAC

Medium Access Control

DVCS

Directional Virtual Carrier Sensing

DCF

Distributed Coordinated Function

CS

Compressed Sensing

ZC

Zhadoff–Chu

CSI

Channel State Information

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

CSMA/CS

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Sensing

LATS

Location Aware Training Scheme

NMSE

Normalized Mean Square Error

QoS

Quality of Service

SINR

Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio

SNR

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

SIR

Signal-to-Interference ratio

INR

Interference-to-Noise Ratio

PPP

Poisson Point Processes

MINLP

Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming

NE

Nash Equilibrium

PSO

Particle Swarm Optimization

OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

ITIS

Information-Theoretic Independent Sets

CU

Cellular User

ZF

Zero-Forcing

MC

Mobile Cloud

PCH

Primary Cluster Head

SCH

Secondary Cluster Head

MR-D

Maximum Rate towards Destination

RTS

Request To Send

CTS

Clear To Send

SIB

System Information Block

QoE

Quality of Experience

Chapter 10

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

EE

Energy Efficiency

QoS

Quality of Service

AWGN

Additive White Gaussian Noise

DOF

Degree(s) of Freedom

SE

Spectral Efficiency

CSI

Channel State Information

CNR

Channel gain to Noise Ratio

LDD

Lagrange Dual Decomposition

MDSA

Maximum Downlink Subcarrier Assignment

MUSA

Maximizing Uplink Subcarrier Assignment

BPA

Bisection Power search Algorithm

LT

Luby Transform

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

PA

Power Amplifier

Chapter 11

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

SV-MIMO

Smart Vertical MIMO

SIMO

Single Input Multiple Output

NOMA

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

SDMA

Spatial Division Multiple Access

OMA

Orthogonal Multiple Access

LTE

Long-Term Evolution

SU-MIMO

Single User MIMO

MU-MIMO

Multi-User MIMO

RAT

Radio Access Technology

ICIC

Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

CoMP

Coordinated Multi-Point

IRC

Interference Rejection Combining

MMSE

Minimum Mean Squared Error

NAICS

Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation and Suppression

MLD

Maximum Likelihood Detection

SIC

Successive Interference Cancellation

AAS

Active Antenna System

FD-MIMO

Full Dimensional MIMO

LOS

Line-Of-Sight

NLOS

Non Line-Of-Sight

SINR

Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio

BS

Base Station

UE

User Equipment

AWGN

Additive White Gaussian Noise

CSI

Channel State Information

CQI

Channel Quality Indicator

SLIC

Symbol-Level Interference Cancellation

CWIC

Codeword Level Interference Cancellation

LLR

Log-Likelihood Ratio

MRC

Maximal Ratio Combining

BLER

Block Error Rate

RS

Reference Signal

C-RS

Common Reference Signal

UE-RS

UE-specific Reference Signal

SCM

Spatial Channel Model

HARQ

Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest

MCS

Modulation and Coding Scheme

MCPS

Modulation, Coding, and Power Set

TPA

Transmit Power Allocation

FSPA

Full Search Power Allocation

SFBC

Space Frequency Block Coding

CDD

Cyclic Delay Diversity

CRS

Cell Specific Reference Signal

BF

Beamforming

BB

Base-Band

PSS

Primary Synchronization Signal

SSS

Secondary Synchronization Signal

PDCCH

Physical Downlink Control Channel

EPDCCH

Enhanced PDCCH

PBCH

Physical Broadcast Channel

PDSCH

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

DM-RS

Demodulation Reference Signal

MS

Mobile Station

Chapter 12

RFID

Radio Frequency Identification

EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

RAN

Radio Access Network

UE

User Equipment

BS

Base Station

MME

Mobility Management Entity

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network

EAB

Extended Access Barring

ACB

Access Class Barring

eNB

Evolved Node B (base station)

RF

Radio Frequency

PMU

Power Management Unit

BOM

Bill of Material

FFT

Fast Fourier Transform

TBS

Transport Block Size

PRACH

Physical Random Access Channel

PUSCH

Physical Uplink Shared Channel

PUCCH

Physical Uplink Control Channel

PDSCH

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PBCH

Physical Broadcast Channel

EPDCCH

Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel

PSS

Primary Synchronization Signal

SSS

Secondary Synchronization Signal

MIB

Master Information Block

SIB

System Information Blocks

MCL

Maximum Coupling Loss

PRB

Physical Resource Block

NB

Narrow-Band

NB-IoT

Narrow-Band Internet of Things

TDM

Time Division Multiplexing

Chapter 13

PHY

Physical layer

HARQ

Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest

AIC

Advanced Interference Cancellation

LOS

Line Of Sight

NLOS

Non Line Of Sight

CP

Cyclic Prefix

GP

Guard Period

TA

Timing Alignment

Tx

Transmission

Rx

Reception

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network

FCC

Federal Communications Commission

BF

Beam-Forming

CRS

Common Reference Symbol

DLCRS

Downlink Common Reference Symbol

DLCCH

Downlink Control Channels

ACK

Acknowledgement

DLSCH

Downlink Shared Channel

DMRS

Demodulation Reference Symbols

ULCRS

Uplink Common Reference Symbols

ULSCH

Uplink Shared Channel

ULDCH

Uplink Data Channel

RACH

Random Access Channel

ULCCH

Uplink Control Channel

MCS

Modulation and Coding Scheme

Chapter 14

PHY

Physical layer

DFT

Discrete Fourier Transform

MTC

Machine-Type Communication

IoT

Internet of Things

RACH

Random Access Channel

CoMP

Coordinated Multi-Point

CP

Cyclic Prefix

CS

Cyclic Suffix

FBMC

Filter Bank Multi-Carrier

TTI

Transmission Time Interval

ICI

Inter-Carrier Interference

GI

Guard Interval

ISI

Inter-Symbol Interference

IDMA

Interleave-Division Multiple Access

PRACH

Physical Layer Random Access Channel

D-PRACH

Data PRACH

ATA

Autonomous Timing Advance

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

UFMC

Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (also UF-OFDM)

FFT

Fast Fourier Transform

IFFT

Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

CFO

Carrier Frequency Offset

MUD

Multi-User Detection

MPR

Multi Packet Reception

MMC

Massive Machine Communication

GFDM

Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing

AWGN

Additive White Gaussian Noise

MF

Matched Filter

ZF

Zero-Forcing

MMSE

Minimum Mean Square Error

DZT

Discrete Zak Transform

STC

Space Time Coding

TR-STC

Time-Reversal Space Time Coding

GFDM

Generalized Frequency Division Multiple Access

BER

Bit Error Rate

OQAM

Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

FS-FBMC

Frequency Spreading FBMC

PPN-FBMC

Poly-Phase Network FBMC

SINR

Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio

MQAM

M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

BFDM

Bi-orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

PUSCH

Physical Uplink Shared Channel

ACK/NACK

Acknowledgment/Negative Acknowledgment

Chapter 15

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

CoMP

Coordinated Multi-Point

FD-MIMO

Full Dimension MIMO

SU-MIMO

Single-User MIMO

MU-MIMO

Multi-User MIMO

CRS

Common Reference Signals

CSI-RS

Channel State Information Reference Signals

DMRS

Dedicated Modulation Reference Signals

UE

User Equipment

CS

Coordinated Scheduling

CB

Coordinated Beamforming

DPS

Dynamic Point Selection

JP

Joint Processing

JT

Joint Transmission

NIB

Non-Ideal Backhaul

FDD

Frequency Division Duplexing

TDD

Time Division Duplexing

LOS

Line-of-Sight

NLOS

Non-Line-of-Sight

SNR

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

PMI

Precoder Matrix Indicator

AP

Access Point

RFIC

RF Integrated Circuit

MMIC

Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit

LTCC

Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic

LCP

Liquid Crystal Polymer

QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Chapter 16

LTE

Long-Term Evolution

SNR

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output

PHY

Physical Layer

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

PCB

Printed Circuit Board

WARP

Wireless Open Access Research Platform

LO

Local Oscillator

ADC

Analog to Digital Converter

PAPR

Peak to Average Power Ratio

QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

AGC

Automatic Gain Control

LNA

Low Noise Amplifier

IQ

Inphase/Quadrature

USRP

Universal Software Radio Peripheral

RS

Rohde–Schwarz

QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

FD

Full Duplex

HD

Half Duplex

Chapter 17

BS

Base Station

MS

Mobile Station

CoMP

Coordinated Multi-Point

PMP

Point-to-Multipoint

AGW

Access Gateway

BL

Backhaul Link

AL

Access Link

UL

Uplink

DL

Downlink

ISD

Inter-Site Distance

LOS

Line-of-Sight

NLOS

Non-Line-of-Sight

SDM

Spatial Division Multiplexing

TDM

Time Division Multiplexing

SDMA

Space Division Multiple Access

SIR

Signal to Interference Ratio

W-BS

Wired BS

U-BS

Unwired BS

TDD

Time Division Duplex

Chapter 18

SDN

Software Defined Networking

NFV

Network Function Virtualization

EPC

Evolved Packet Core

CSP

Communication Service Provider

KPI

Key Performance Indicator

BGR

Border Gateway Router

TOC

Total Cost of Ownership

SEGW

Service Edge Gateway

PCRF

Policy Rules Charging Function

PGW

Packet Gateway

UP

User Plane

NAS

Non-Access Stratum

HSS

Home Subscription Server

TEID

Tunnel End Point Identifier

VoIP

Voice over IP

About the Companion Website

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Part IOverview of 5G

1Introduction

Shilpa Talwar and Rath Vannithamby

Intel Corporation, USA

1.1 Evolution of Cellular Systems through the Generations

The first large-scale commercial cellular communications systems were deployed in the 1980s and these became known as first-generation (1G) systems. 1G systems were built on narrowband analog technology, and provided a basic voice service. These were replaced by second-generation (2G) cellular telecom networks by the early 1990s. 2G networks marked the start of the digital voice communication era, and provided a secure and reliable communication channel. 2G systems use either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple access (CDMA) technologies, and provided higher rates. The European Global System for Mobile Communications system is based on TDMA technology while IS-95 (also known as CDMA One) is based on CDMA technology. These 2G digital technologies provide expanded capacity, improved sound quality, better security and unique services such as caller ID, call forwarding, and short messaging. A critical feature was seamless roaming, which let subscribers move across provider boundaries.

The third-generation (3G) – International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) – is a set of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications services fulfilling the recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union-Radio (ITU-R). 3G mobile networks became popular due to ability of users to access the Internet over mobile devices and laptops. The speed of data transmission on a 3G network is up to 2 Mbps, and therefore the network enables voice and video calling, file transmission, internet surfing, online TV, playing of games and much more. 3G uses CDMA technology in various forms. Wideband CDMA and High Speed Packet Access technologies were developed as part of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) organization, and CDMA2000 was developed as part of the 3GPP2 organization.

Fourth-generation (4G) requirements – the International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification – were specified by ITU-R in March 2008. The key requirements specified 4G peak service speeds of 100 Mbps for high-mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbps for low-mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users). A 4G system not only provides voice and other 3G services but also provides ultra-broadband network access to mobile devices. Applications vary from IP telephony, HD mobile television, video conferencing to gaming services and cloud computing. There are two 4G technologies: Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). LTE was developed as part of 3GPP and WiMAX was developed as part of IEEE. LTE uses orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) in the downlink and single carrier frequency division multiple access in the uplink whereas WiMAX uses OFDMA in both uplink and downlink.

1.2 Moving Towards 5G

4G standards were completed in 2011 and networks are currently being deployed. The attention of the mobile research community is now shifting towards what will be the next set of innovations in wireless communication technologies, which we will refer to collectively as 5G (fifth-generation technologies). Given a historical 10-year cycle for every generation of cellular advancement, it is expected that networks with 5G technologies will be deployed around 2020. Similar to 3G/4G, where ITU-R issued a recommendation for IMT-2000/IMT-Advanced [1], ITU-R has recently released a recommendation for the framework and overall objectives of the future development of systems for 2020 and beyond [2]. This highlights the emerging consensus on the use cases and requirements that systems deployed in 2020 must address. These include requirements for new services such as smart grids, e-health, autonomous transport, augmented reality, wireless industry automation, remote tactile control and so on, which cannot be met by IMT-2000 systems.

The usage scenarios envisioned for IMT for 2020 and beyond can be broadly classified as follows:

Enhanced Mobile Broadband

The dramatic growth in the number of smartphones, tablets, wearables, and other data-consuming devices, coupled with the advent of enhanced multimedia applications, has resulted in a tremendous increase in the volume of mobile data traffic. According to industry estimates, this increase in data traffic is expected to continue in the coming years and around 2020 cellular networks might need to deliver as much as 100–1000 times the capacity of current commercial cellular systems [3, 4]. While the roll-out of 4G technologies with their expected enhancements will address some of capacity demands of future mobile broadband users, a mobile broadband user in 2020 will expect to be seamlessly connected all the time, at any location, to any device. This poses stringent requirements on the 5G network, which must provide users with a uniform and seamless connectivity experience regardless of where they are and what device/network they connect to.

Massive Machine-type Communications

This use case refers to the growing interest in the area of machine-to-machine (M2M) communications and the Internet-of-Things (IoT). Together, these represent a future in which billions of everyday objects are connected and managed through wireless networks and management servers [5]. One can envisage creating an immensely rich set of applications by connecting the thousands of objects surrounding us. Examples include:

smart homes, in which intelligent appliances autonomously minimize energy use and cost

remote monitoring of expensive industrial or medical equipment

remote sensing of environmental metrics such as water pressure, air pollution and so on.

These applications and services demand communication architectures and protocols that are different from traditional human-based networks. The integration of human and machine-type traffic in a single 5G network is therefore a challenge. In addition, IoT traffic can be quite diverse, from low to high bandwidth, from delay-sensitive to delay-tolerant, from error-tolerant to high reliability, which poses additional complexity. This use case focuses on applications where a very large number of connected devices transmit relatively low volumes of non-delay-sensitive data. The devices are typically low-cost and low-complexity, and require a very long battery life.

Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communications.

This use case addresses IoT applications that have stringent requirements for reliability, latency, and network availability. Examples include:

connected cars, which react in real time to prevent accidents

body area networks, which track vital signs and trigger an emergency response when life is at risk

wireless control of industrial manufacturing or production processes.

As evidenced by diverse set of usages anticipated by 2020, the 5G system will require enhancements to performance metrics beyond the “hard” metrics of 3G/4G, which included peak rate, coverage, spectral efficiency, and latency. The 5G system will see expanded performance metrics centered on the user’s quality of experience (QoE), including factors such as ease of connectivity with nearby devices, connection density, area traffic capacity, and improved energy efficiency. The eight parameters in Table 1.1 are considered to be key capabilities of IMT-2020 systems. Their target values are also summarized. These are currently recommendations, and subject to further research and technological development [2].

Table 1.1 Key parameters of IMT-2020 systems.

Parameter

Details

Target

Peak data rate

Maximum achievable data rate under ideal conditions per user/device

10–20 Gbps

User-experienced data rate

Achievable data rate that is available ubiquitously across the coverage area to a mobile user/device

100 Mbps–1 Gbps, depending on wide-area or hotspot coverage

Latency

Time contribution by the radio network from the time from when the source sends a packet to when the destination receives it

1 ms over-the-air latency

Mobility

Maximum speed at which a defined QoS and seamless transfer between radio nodes which may belong to different layers and/or radio access technologies (multi-layer/-RAT) can be achieved

To provide high mobility up to 500 km/h with acceptable QoS

Connection density

Total number of connected and/or accessible devices per unit area

To support a connection density of up to 10

6

/km

2

, for example in massive machine-type communication scenarios

Energy efficiency

(a) Network side

Quantity of information bits transmitted to/received from users, per unit of energy consumption of the radio access network (RAN) (in bit/Joule)

Target is at least 10x on network energy efficiency The 5G network must not consume more energy, while providing enhanced features

(b) Device side

Quantity of information bits per unit of energy consumption of the communication module (in bit/Joule)

Spectrum efficiency

Average data throughput per unit of spectrum resource and per cell (bit/s/Hz)

3–5× increase in spectrum efficiency

Area traffic capacity

Total traffic throughput served per geographic area

10 Mbit/s/m

2

in hotspot scenarios

1.3 5G Networks and Devices

As it can be seen from the description above, 5G networks will have to accommodate diverse types of traffic, spectrum, and devices. The network itself is anticipated to consist of hierarchical nodes of various characteristics and capacities. The 5G network will support multiple radio access technologies (RATs), such as 3G/4G/5G, WiFi, and WiGig, and also multiple modes ranging from ultradense small cells, device-to-device (D2D) communications, and new sub-networks oriented toward wearable devices. Inevitably, the user experience and quality will need to be maintained as users move along various networks and get connected to the various types of node. 5G networks will likely use a multi-layer network architecture, where the macro layer provides coverage to users moving at high speeds or for secure control channels, while a lower layer comprising network nodes with smaller capabilities provides high data rates and connectivity to other RATS (say, WiFi or new mmWave RATs). Moreover, a 5G device may have simultaneous active connections to more than one network node, with the same or different RATs, each connection serving a specific purpose, for example one connection to a given node for data and a second connection to another node for control. In addition, the use of remote radio heads connected to central processing nodes with the aid of ultra-high-speed backhaul is expected to be extended to more areas. Fast and high-capacity backhaul will enable tighter coordination between network nodes in a larger area. All of these changes will require a high level of integration of different nodes in the network and of technologies located even within the same node. In short, the 5G system will need to provide a flexible technological framework in which networks, devices, and applications can be co-optimized to meet the great diversity of requirements anticipated by 2020.

As the 5G usage models and networks evolve, 5G device architectures will also be more complex than in 4G. Devices will be capable of operating in multiple spectrum bands, ranging from RF to mmWave, while being compatible with existing technologies such as 3G and 4G. The need to support several RATs with multiple RF-chains will impose tremendous challenges for 5G device chipset and front-end module suppliers, as well as system and platform integrators. Another key feature of 5G devices will be their advanced interference suppression capabilities. The dense deployment of network nodes and increasing sources of interference will require that the devices deployed autonomously detect, characterize, and suppress interference from any source: intra-cell, inter-cell, or D2D. The task of interference cancellation will be exacerbated by the existence of strong self-interference in the case of simultaneous transmission and reception. In addition, devices will be required to actively manage all the available network connections, including D2D links, as well as to share contextual information with network layers so that network resources can be efficiently utilized. All of these enhanced features will need to be implemented in such a way that energy consumption is optimized for a small wireless device platform.

1.4 Outline of the Book

In this book we bring together a group of visionaries and technical experts from academia and industry to discuss the applications and technologies that will comprise the 5G system. It is expected that some of the new technologies comprising 5G will be evolutionary, covering gaps and enhancements from 4G systems, while some of the technologies will be disruptive, covering fundamentally new waveforms, duplexing methods, and new spectrum. These technologies will encompass the end-to-end wireless system: from wireless network infrastructure to spectrum availability to device innovations.

The book is organized into three parts. Part I has four chapters. In Part I, we provide an overview of 5G, address trends in applications and services, and summarize 5G requirements that will be need to be addressed in next-generation technologies and system architectures. We also provide an overview of some 5G research programs around the world: Horizon 2020 in Europe and Intel’s 5G University Research Program in USA.

Part II has nine chapters. In Part II, we address evolutionary technologies that will be needed to meet 5G requirements, including:

co-operative radio access architectures to enable greater energy efficiency and network performance

small-cell networks with in-built caching

multiple RAT integration, which is inevitable to provide a seamless user experience

distributed resource allocation

advances in device-to-device communications

energy-efficient network design

multi-antenna processing and interference co-ordination techniques