Traffic Engineering Handbook E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Get a complete look into modern traffic engineering solutions Traffic Engineering Handbook, Seventh Edition is a newly revised text that builds upon the reputation as the go-to source of essential traffic engineering solutions that this book has maintained for the past 70 years. The updated content reflects changes in key industry standards, and shines a spotlight on the needs of all users, the design of context-sensitive roadways, and the development of more sustainable transportation solutions. Additionally, this resource features a new organizational structure that promotes a more functionally-driven, multimodal approach to planning, designing, and implementing transportation solutions. A branch of civil engineering, traffic engineering concerns the safe and efficient movement of people and goods along roadways. Traffic flow, road geometry, sidewalks, crosswalks, cycle facilities, shared lane markings, traffic signs, traffic lights, and more--all of these elements must be considered when designing public and private sector transportation solutions. * Explore the fundamental concepts of traffic engineering as they relate to operation, design, and management * Access updated content that reflects changes in key industry-leading resources, such as the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), AASSHTO Policy on Geometric Design, Highway Safety Manual (HSM), and Americans with Disabilities Act * Understand the current state of the traffic engineering field * Leverage revised information that homes in on the key topics most relevant to traffic engineering in today's world, such as context-sensitive roadways and sustainable transportation solutions Traffic Engineering Handbook, Seventh Edition is an essential text for public and private sector transportation practitioners, transportation decision makers, public officials, and even upper-level undergraduate and graduate students who are studying transportation engineering.
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Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Editorial Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Traffic Engineering Handbook and Its Role in Evolving Practice
I. Background
II. The Vision for This Edition
III. Organization of the
Handbook
References
Chapter 2: Probability and Statistical Analyses Techniques for Traffic Engineering Performance Measurement
I. Introduction
II. Descriptive Statistics
III. Probability
IV. Probability Distributions
V. Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing
VI. Regression Modeling
VII. Financial Analysis and Engineering Economics
VIII. Fundamental Concepts in Engineering Economics
IX. Before-and-After Studies
References
Chapter 3: Road Users
I. Introduction
II. Basics
III. Types of Road Users
IV. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
V. Case Studies
VI. EMERGING TRENDS
VII. Further Information
References
Chapter 4: Traffic Engineering Studies
I. Introduction
II. Basic Principles and Guidance Resource
III. Professional Practice: Common Traffic Study Procedures
IV. Emerging Trends
References
Chapter 5: Level of Service Concepts in Multimodal Environments
I. Introduction
II. Basics: Conceptual Foundations of Level of Service
III. Approaches to Level of Service and Performance Measures for Different Modes
IV. Multimodal Environments
V. Types of Multimodal Environments
VI. Multimodal Level of Service Analysis
VII. Challenges to Using MMLOS
VIII. Case Studies
IX. Emerging Trends
References
Chapter 6: Forecasting Travel Demand
I. Introduction and Approach
II. Basic Principles
III. Professional Practice
IV. Case Studies
V. Emerging Trends
References
Chapter 7: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities
I. Introduction: Characterizing Traffic Flow for Analysis
II. Basics: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Performance Measurement
III. Professional Practice: Measuring Traffic Characteristics
IV. Traffic Flow Relationships for Uninterrupted Flow
V. Traffic Shock Waves
VI. Measuring Traffic Characteristics at Bottlenecks
VII. Quality of Service on Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities
VIII. Case Studies
References
Chapter 8: Design and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Rural Areas
I. Basic Principles and Reference Sources
II. Professional Practice
III. Case Studies
IV. Emerging Trends
References
Chapter 9: Planning, Design, and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Urban Areas
I. Introduction
II. Basic Principles
III. Professional Practice
IV. Case Studies
V. Emerging Trends
References
Chapter 10: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections
I. Basic Principles
II. Professional Practice
III. Case Studies
IV. Emerging Trends
V. Conclusions
References
Further Information
Chapter 11: Design and Operation of Complete Streets and Intersections
I. Basic Principles
F. Professional Practice
III. Case Studies
IV. Emerging Trends
References
Chapter 12: Access Management
I. Introduction
II. Basic Principles
III. Benefits of Access Management
IV. Professional Practice
V. Case Studies
VI. Emerging Trends
VII. Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Parking
I. Introduction
II. Basic Principles and Fundamentals
III. Professional Practice
IV. Case Studies
V. Emerging Trends
References
Chapter 14: Traffic Calming
I. Basic Principles and Reference Sources
II. Professional Practice
III. Toolbox
IV. Case Studies
V. Emerging Trends
References
Further Information
Chapter 15: Work Zone Maintenance of Traffic and Construction Staging
I. Basic Principles
II. Professional Practice
III. Implementing the Transportation Management Plan
IV. Other Practice Issues
V. Case Studies
VI. Emerging Trends
References
Chapter 16: Traffic Management for Planned, Unplanned, and Emergency Events
I. Basic Principles
II. Professional Practice
III. Current Practice
IV. Common Pitfalls
V. Case Studies
VI. Emerging Trends
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2: Probability and Statistical Analyses Techniques for Traffic Engineering Performance Measurement
Figure 2.1 Histogram of Spot Speeds
Figure 2.2 Sample Percentile (or Quartile) Speed Values (mph)
Figure 2.3 Relationships in Probability and Inferential Statistics
Figure 2.4 Sample Tree Diagram
Figure 2.5 Normal Distribution
Figure 2.6 Area under a Normal Distribution
Figure 2.7 Simplification of Cash Flow Diagram
Figure 2.8 Standard Cash Flow
Figure 2.9 Maintenance Expenses Cash Flow Diagram with G and A Factors
Figure 2.10 Cash Flow Diagram with G Factor
Figure 2.11 Cash Flow Diagram with A Factor
Figure 2.12 Incremental B/C Analysis Process
Figure 2.13 Breakeven Analysis
Figure 2.14 Decision Tree
Figure 2.15 Cash Flow Diagram
Figure 2.16 Breakeven Analysis
Figure 2.17 Regression to the Mean and Bias
Chapter 3: Road Users
Figure 3.1 The Relationship between Viewing Distance and Image Size
Figure 3.2 Useful Field of View
Figure 3.3 Percent of Fixation Time by Location as a Function of Trials for Open Driving (One Subject)
Figure 3.4 Percent of Fixation Time by Location as a Function of Trials for Car Following (One Subject)
Figure 3.5 From Bie Lo, & Wong (2008)
Figure 3.6 Perceived Risk of an Accident and Speed
Figure 3.7 Example of Bad Practice in Delineation of Road Path: View 740 ft (225 m) South of Area of Impact
Figure 3.8 Sign Placement Considerations
Figure 3.9 Lateral Peripheral Pavement Markings
Chapter 4: Traffic Engineering Studies
Figure 4.1 Urban Intersection
Figure 4.2 Departure Sight Triangles for Stop-Controlled Intersection (AASHTO, 2011)
Figure 4.3 Pedestrian Actions—Crossing at a Crosswalk in Foreground and Midblock in the Background
Figure 4.4 Regression-to-the-Mean and Regression-to-the-Mean Bias
Chapter 5: Level of Service Concepts in Multimodal Environments
Figure 5.1 Substituting Livability for Vehicular Service
Figure 5.2 Appropriate Domain for MMLOS Analysis
Figure 5.3a through 5.3d Auto LOS
Chapter 6: Forecasting Travel Demand
Figure 6.1 Four-Step Trip-Based Travel Demand Modeling Process
Figure 6.2 Conceptual Mode Choice “Nest”
Figure 6.3 Hierarchy of Models
Chapter 7: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities
Figure 7.1 FHWA Vehicle Classification Scheme
Figure 7.2 5-Minute Volume Variation and Relation to Flow Rates
Figure 7.3 Hourly Volume by Time of Day and Day of Week
Figure 7.4 Volume Variation by Day of Week
Figure 7.5 Variations in Daily Traffic as Percentage of Weekly Traffic
Figure 7.6 Variation of Hourly Volumes as Percentage of Daily Volume for Rural Routes
Figure 7.7 Volume Variation by Month of the Year
Figure 7.8 2013 AADT Map for Southern Brazos County, Texas
Figure 7.9 Illustration of Four Methods for Measuring Traffic Characteristics
Figure 7.10 Flow-Speed-Density Relationships for the Greenshields Model
Figure 7.14 Speed–Density Relationship for Edie Hypothesis
Figure 7.11 Greenshields Speed–Density Relationship Plotted Against Actual Speed and Density Data
Figure 7.20 Variation of Volume, Speed, and Occupancy Over 24 Hours
Figure 7.21 Shock Wave at Freeway Incident
Figure 7.22 Impact of Location on Capacity
Figure 7.23 Effect of Location on Measurement and Analysis
Figure 7.24 Space–Time Illustration of Example Shock Wave Analysis
Figure 7.25 HCM LOS for Basic Freeway Segments
Chapter 8: Design and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Rural Areas
Figure 8.1 Ball-Bank Indicator
Figure 8.2 Horizontal Curve Components
Figure 8.3 Example Superelevation Transition Profile
Figure 8.4 Vertical Curve Components
Figure 8.5 Scaling and Recording Sight Distances on Plans
Figure 8.6 Typical Rural Medians
Figure 8.7 Clear Zone Distance Curve
Figure 8.8 Common Interchange Forms
Figure 8.9 Interchange Selection Process Matrix
Figure 8.10 General Types of Ramps
Figure 8.11 Minimum Ramp Spacing Guidelines
Figure 8.12 Road Safety Management Process
Figure 8.13 Crash Diagram for a Roadway Segment
Figure 8.14 Typical Regulatory Signs
Figure 8.15 Typical Warning Signs
Figure 8.16 Typical Guide Signs
Figure 8.17 Typical Motorist Information Signs
Figure 8.18 Horizontal Alignment Warning Signs
Figure 8.19 Curve Warning Sign Used Where Advisory Speed Is 35 mph or Higher
Figure 8.20 Views of RSA Site (Oklahoma DOT RSA)
Figure 8.21 Example of DCM Graphical Output for a Roadway Segment
Chapter 9: Planning, Design, and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Urban Areas
Figure 9.1 Elevated Urban Freeway Segment
Figure 9.2 Conceptual Design of a Dual-Divided Urban Freeway
Figure 9.3 Shared-Use Path Parallel to I-5 near Olympia and Lacey, Washington
Figure 9.4 Diamond Interchange Configurations Common to the Urban Context
Figure 9.5 Paired Roundabouts at Diamond Interchange
Figure 9.6 Diverging Diamond Interchange
Figure 9.7 Partial Cloverleaf Interchanges Common in the Urban Context
Figure 9.8 Example of Grade-Separated Ramps
Figure 9.9 Typical Examples of Lane Balance
Figure 9.10 Common Weaving Configurations
Figure 9.11 Open Priced Dynamic Shoulder Lane
Figure 9.12 Typical Section of WA US 2 Dynamic Shoulder Lane
Figure 9.13 Peak Hour Travel Speed Before-and-After Shoulder Operation
Figure 9.14 DDI at I-494 and 34th Avenue South in Bloomington, Minnesota
Figure 9.15 LRT Blankout Signs at DDI Crossover Intersection—Bloomington, Minnesota
Figure 9.16 Lane Configurations Before and After CD Lanes
Figure 9.17 Interstate 20 Collector–Distributor Lanes, DeKalb County, Georgia
Figure 9.18 Summary of Project Interchange Types Evaluated
Figure 9.19 Interstate 5 ATM Corridor in Seattle, Washington
Figure 9.20 Interstate 5 ATM Electronic Sign Bridges
Figure 9.21 Original Interchange at I-70 and Pecos Street
Figure 9.22 Improved Interchange with Roundabouts
Figure 9.23 Improved Pedestrian Crossing with Hybrid Beacon
Figure 9.24 Cloverleaf of I-93 and I-95 in Woburn, Stoneham, and Reading, Massachusetts
Figure 9.25 Rendering of Alternative HS-OS for Improved I-93/I-95 Interchange
Figure 9.26 I-95 in South Florida with 95 Express Lanes
Figure 9.27 Travel Speed Profiles for Express Lane Build and No-Build Alternatives
Chapter 10: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections
Figure 10.1 Intersection Physical and Functional Areas (TRB, 2003)
Figure 10.2 Example of Roundabout from City of Lee Summit, Missouri
Figure 10.3 Functional Intersection Distances
Figure 10.4 Parallel and Tapered Offset Turn Lanes
Figure 10.5 Bicycle Boxes
Figure 10.6 Two-Stage Turn Queue Boxes in Portland, Oregon
Figure 10.7 Intersection Realignment Alternatives
Figure 10.8 Lane and Movement Group Designation
Figure 10.9 Ring Barrier Diagram
Figure 10.10 Lead–Lead Left-Turn Phasing Ring Barrier Diagram
Figure 10.11 Lag–Lag Left-Turn Phasing Ring Barrier Diagram
Figure 10.12 Lead–Lag Left-Turn Phasing
Figure 10.13 Typical Components of a Signal Timing Plan's Phases
Figure 10.14 Dilemma or Indecision Zone
Figure 10.15 Signalized Intersection Flow Rate as a Function of Time
Figure 10.16 Deterministic Queue Representation at an Unsaturated Signalized Intersection Approach
Figure 10.17 Turning Movements at Median U-Turn Intersections
Figure 10.18 Continuous Flow Intersection
Chapter 11: Design and Operation of Complete Streets and Intersections
Figure 11.1 Modal Hierarchy
Figure 11.2 Speed and Focus
Figure 11.3 Speed Reduction Mechanisms
Figure 11.4 Functional Classification
Figure 11.5 Arterial Examples
Figure 11.6 Truck Circulation
Figure 11.7 Process Stages
Figure 11.8 Sidewalk Zones
Figure 11.9 Street Trees and Sight Distance
Figure 11.10 Curb Radii
Figure 11.11 Channelized Right Turn
Figure 11.12 Layered Network
Figure 11.13 Main Street in Hamburg, New York
Figure 11.14 Streetscape Improvements in West Jefferson, North Carolina
Figure 11.15 Complete Street Transformation of 300 South in Salt Lake City, Utah
Figure 11.16 Sample Complete Streets Checklist
Figure 11.17 Shared Space Example
Figure 11.18 Tactical Urbanism Example
Chapter 12: Access Management
Figure 12.1 Trip Stages in a Functional Circulation System
Figure 12.2 Roadway Classification Based on a Continuum of Functions
Figure 12.3 Roadway Classification Based on Separation of Functions
Figure 12.4 Urban Arterial Spacing Guidelines
Figure 12.5 Access Relationship between Functional Categories
Figure 12.6 Progression Speed as a Function of Signal Spacing and Cycle Length
Figure 12.7 Schematic Illustration of Intersection Functional Area
Figure 12.8 Upstream Functional Intersection Area with and without a Turn Bay
Figure 12.9 Vehicular Conflict Points
Figure 12.10 Separating Conflict Areas Reduces Driver Workload and the Exposure of Bicycles and Pedestrians to Potential Crashes
Figure 12.11 Illustration of the Effect of Speed Differential between Turning Vehicles and Through Traffic on Crash Potential
Figure 12.12 Bypass Lane at a T-Intersection
Figure 12.13 Composite Crash Rate Indices
Figure 12.14 Variation in Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emission Rates as a Function of Cruise Speed
Figure 12.15 Hazardous Pedestrian Environment on Bridgeport Way, University Place, Washington, before the Improvement
Figure 12.16 Signalized Midblock Crossing Serving Transit Stops. Bridgeport Way, University Place, Washington
Figure 12.17 Bridgeport Way Multimodal Corridor Access Improvements; Bridgeport Way, City of University Place, Washington
Chapter 13: Parking
Figure 13.1 Parklet in San Francisco
Figure 13.2 Podium Parking
Figure 13.3 Wrapped Parking
Figure 13.4 Automated Mechanical Parking Facility
Figure 13.5 Wayfinding Phases
Figure 13.6 Critical Wayfinding Characteristics
Figure 13.7 U.S. Passenger Vehicle Sales—2013 Calendar Year
Figure 13.8 Sales of Vehicles by PCC Class
Figure 13.9 Parking Stall Layout Terminology
Figure 13.10 Alternative Parking Layouts Reflecting Operational Characteristics
Figure 13.11 Stall and Module Dimension Legend
Figure 13.12 Rotation of Stall for Angled Parking
Figure 13.13 Percent of Automobiles Appropriate for SCO Stalls
Figure 13.14 Restriping Parking to More Appropriate Dimensions
Figure 13.15 Angled and Parallel On-Street Parking
Figure 13.16 30-Degree Angled Parking
Figure 13.17 Back-In Angled Parking
Figure 13.18 On-Street Angled Parking with Dedicated Parking Aisle
Figure 13.19 Turning Bays in Two-Way Parking
Figure 13.20 Long-Span vs. Short-Span Design
Figure 13.21 Turning On/Off Slip Ramps at End Aisles
Figure 13.22 Differential Slope at Hinge Points
Figure 13.23 Bicycle and Motorcycle Parking at Lot Entry/Exit
Figure 13.24 Bicycle Center at Transit Station
Figure 13.25 Pedestrian Paths in Parking Facilities
Figure 13.26 Ideal Pedestrian and Vehicle Separation
Figure 13.27 Dedicated Pedestrian Walkway
Figure 13.28 Curb Ramps Cannot Be Placed in Access Aisle
Figure 13.29 Accessible Route from Stalls to Exterior
Figure 13.30 Accessible Parallel Parking Stall in Wide Sidewalks
Figure 13.31 Inappropriate Modification to a
MUTCD
Speed-Limit Sign
Figure 13.32 Inappropriate Modification to a
MUTCD
Stop Sign
Figure 13.33 Circulation Roads at a Shopping Center
Figure 13.34 Long-Span Construction with LED Light Fixtures
Figure 13.35 Effective and Ineffective Protection Options
Figure 13.36 Poor Visibility of Wheel Stops
Figure 13.37 Parking Guidance Signage on Public Street
Figure 13.38 Mobile Parking App to Find Parking
Figure 13.39 Parking Guidance Signage at Parking Structure Entry
Figure 13.40 Parking Guidance Signage Inside Parking Structure
Figure 13.41 Modifications to Grade Level to Resolve Gridlock
Figure 13.42 AMPF Loading Directly from Street
Figure 13.43 AMPF Loading via Off-Street Access Aisles
Chapter 14: Traffic Calming
Figure 14.1 A Speed Hump Helping to Make a Neighborhood Roadway Friendlier to Bicyclists in Portland, Oregon
Figure 14.2 An Early Traffic-Calming Installation in Berkeley, California
Figure 14.3 Flowchart Showing the Steps of a Neighborhood Traffic Calming Plan Development Process, Austin, Texas
Figure 14.4 A Neighborhood Map with Icons Placed by Resident Committee Members Identifying Their Initial Draft Plan
Figure 14.5 A Diagram Illustrating Midblock Chokers (Boston Transportation Department, 2013)
Figure 14.6 Educational Traffic Calming Campaign Flyer from San Antonio, Texas
Figure 14.7 Lane Striping Used to Reduce the Travelway Width in Laguna Hills, California
Figure 14.8 Speed Feedback Sign with Speed-Limit Sign Used Near a School in Murray, Utah
Figure 14.9 One of the First Speed Humps Installed in the United States in Brea, California
Figure 14.10 Speed Lumps in La Habra, California
Figure 14.11 Raised Crosswalk in San Diego, California
Figure 14.12 Traffic Circle Along a Bicycle Boulevard in Long Beach, California
Figure 14.13 Bulb-Outs in Salt Lake City, Utah
Figure 14.14 Median Barrier (with Through Bicycle Access) Along a Bicycle Boulevard in San Luis Obispo, California
Figure 14.15 Half Closure (with Through Bicycle Access) in Sacramento, California
Figure 14.16 A Speed Hump Restriped to Comply with Current
MUTCD
Striping Standards in Berkeley, California
Figure 14.17 Advisory Sign in Advance of Multiple Traffic-Calming Measures in La Habra, California
Figure 14.18 Multiple Speed Humps Along a Residential Block in Stockton, California
Figure 14.19 A Signed and Striped Crosswalk with a Median Island and Chokers in Aspen Hill, Maryland
Figure 14.20 A Raised Crosswalk with a Text-Based Advisory Sign and Stamped Concrete in Place of Crosswalk Striping in Salt Lake City, Utah
Figure 14.21 A Raised Crosswalk with a Pictorial Sign in Pomona, California
Figure 14.22 Landscaping Guidance from Austin, Texas
Figure 14.23 Speed Hump with Stamped Asphalt to Integrate into the Existing Surroundings in Charleston, South Carolina
Chapter 15: Work Zone Maintenance of Traffic and Construction Staging
Figure 15.1 Lane Shift Using Part of Shoulder as Temporary Traffic Lane
Figure 15.2 Freeway Left-Lane Closure
Figure 15.3 Full Shoulder Used as Temporary Traffic Lane
Figure 15.4 Two-Way Traffic on Half of a Normally Divided Highway Using Pavement Markings and Channelizers
Figure 15.5 Two-Way Traffic on Half of a Normally Divided Highway Using Positive Barrier Separation
Figure 15.6 Detour for Closed Road
Figure 15.7 Observed and Predicted Total, Fatal and Injury (FI), and Property Damage Only (PDO) Crashes vs. Traffic Density in Millions of Vehicle Miles of Travel (MVMT)
Figure 15.8 Truck-Mounted Attenuator on Shoulder
Figure 15.9 Temporary Interchange Entrance Ramp for Median Crossover
Figure 15.10 Temporary Interchange Exit Ramp for Median Crossover
Figure 15.11 There Is No Evidence that Higher Fines in Work Zones Are Effective in Changing Driver Behavior
Figure 15.12 Canopied Pathway for Pedestrians
Chapter 16: Traffic Management for Planned, Unplanned, and Emergency Events
Figure 16.1 Incident Scale, Public Preparedness, and Government/Jurisdiction Involvement
Figure 16.2 Transportation Functional Areas within NIMS
Figure 16.3 Emergency Planning Cycle
Figure 16.4 Emergency Preparedness Cycle
Figure 16.5 Sample Plan Eliminating Left Turns
Figure 16.6 Public Assisted Evacuation Plan Timeline
Figure 16.7 Simulated Evacuee Travel Time Improvements for Ramp Closure and Crossing Elimination
Figure 16.8 Interdependent Systems for Resilience
Figure 16.9 Resilience Precepts and Principles
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Traffic Engineering Handbook and Its Role in Evolving Practice
Table 1.1 Content Mapping from
TEH
6th Edition
Chapter 2: Probability and Statistical Analyses Techniques for Traffic Engineering Performance Measurement
Table 2.1 Random Spot Speeds on an Urban Arterial (mph)
Table 2.2 Spot Speeds on an Urban Arterial in Increasing Order (mph)
Table 2.3 Frequency Distribution for Spot Speed Data
Table 2.4 wo-Lane Rural Local Roadway Speed Data—Grouped
Table 2.5
Table 2.6
Table 2.7
Table 2.8
Table 2.9
Table 2.10
Table 2.11
Table 2.12
Table 2.13
Table 2.14
Table 2.15
Table 2.16
Table 2.17
Table 2.18
Table 2.19
Table 2.20
Table 2.21
Table 2.22
Table 2.23
Table 2.24 Four Before-and-After Study Types
Chapter 4: Traffic Engineering Studies
Table 4.1 Content of the ITE
Manual of Transportation Engineering Studies
(
MTES
)
Table 4.2 Standard Deviations of Spot Speeds for Sample Size Determination
Chapter 5: Level of Service Concepts in Multimodal Environments
Table 5.1 Typical Conventional Road Classification
Table 5.2 Multimodal Classification Scheme
Table 5.3a Comparison of Signal-Specific Design Effects on the
HCM
2010 MMLOS
Table 5.4 Multimodal Alternative Summary
Table 5.5 Retail Sales Growth in Pedestrian and Bike Enhancement Corridors Relative to Control Sites
Table 5.6 Inputs to Simplified MMLOS Methodology
Chapter 7: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities
Table 7.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Data Comparison
Table 7.2 Example K Factors by AADT
Table 7.3 Example Directional Distribution Values
Table 7.4 Typical Daily Adjustment Factors
Table 7.5 Typical Monthly Adjustment Factors
Table 7.6 Time- and Space-Mean Speed Calculations
Table 7.7 Equations Associated with the Greenshields Model
Table 7.8 Level of Service for Uninterrupted Flow Facilities
Table 7.9 Capacity Values for Basic Freeway Segments
Chapter 8: Design and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Rural Areas
Table 8.1 Design Vehicle Dimensions
Table 8.2 Passing Sight Distances for Design of Two-Lane Highways
Table 8.3 Clear Zone Adjustment Factors on Horizontal Curves
Table 8.4 Run-off-the-Road Crashes on a Section of Two-Lane Rural Highway
Table 8.5 Head-On Crashes on a Section of Two-Lane Rural Highway
Table 8.6 Recommended Minimum Letter Heights on Street Name Signs
Table 8.7 Challenges for Rural Transportation Planning
Table 8.8 Summary of Safety Issues and Suggestions Oklahoma DOT RSA
Chapter 10: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections
Table 10.1 Functional Intersection Distances
Table 10.2 Signal Timing Policy and Strategies
Table 10.3 Minimum Green Time to Satisfy Driver Expectations
Table 10.4 Minimum Green Requirements to Satisfy Queue Clearance
Chapter 11: Design and Operation of Complete Streets and Intersections
Table 11.1 Context Zone Characteristics
Table 11.2 Pedestrian Fatality Risk
Chapter 12: Access Management
Table 12.1 Trip Stage and Functional Roadway Category Compatibility
Table 12.2 Expansion of the Basic Functional Roadway Categories
Table 12.3 Comparable Public Street Classifications and Site Access and Circulation Elements
Table 12.4 Example of Separation of Conflict Points Based on Sight Distances
Table 12.5 Suggested Warrants for Left-Turn Lanes at Access Connections on an Urban or Suburban Arterial Based on Benefit/Cost Criteria
Table 12.6 Suggested Warrants for Left-Turn Lanes at Access Connections in Rural Areas
Table 12.7 Suggested Summary of Colorado DOT Deceleration Lane Warrants
Table 12.8 Minimum Design Length of a Left-Turn or Right-Turn Lane, Excluding Queue Storage
Table 12.9 Suggested Bypass Lane Warrants for Rural Two-Lane Highways
Table 12.10 Georgia Department of Transportation Warrants for Bypass Lanes
Table 12.11 Estimated Reduction in Crashes Following Turn Lane Installation on Major Approaches
Table 12.12 Access Points and Free-Flow Speed
Table 12.13 Percentage Increase in Travel Times as Signalized Density Increases
Table 12.14 Excess Hours of Delay per 1000 Speed Change Cycles
a
Table 12.15 Excess Fuel Consumption Due to Deceleration Followed by Acceleration to Initial Speed
a
Table 12.16 Excess Vehicular Emissions Due to Deceleration Followed by Acceleration to Original Speed
a
Table 12.17 Illustration of “Minimum” and “Permitted by Variance” Values for Access Management Standards
Table 12.18 Addressing Public Concerns about Medians
Table 12.19 Benefits Reported in Selected Case Studies
Chapter 13: Parking
Table 13.1 Cost to Own and Operate a New Parking Facility
Table 13.2 Dimensions of Passenger Vehicles
Table 13.3 Stall and Module Dimensions
Table 13.4 Single-Loaded On-Street Parking
Table 13.5 Parking Equipment Service Rates
Table 13.6 Recommended Maximum Walking Distances
Table 13.7 Accessible Spaces for On-Street Parking
Table 13.8 Recommended Maximums and Minimums for Covered Parking Lighting
Table 13.9 Projected PEV Sales and Percentage of Light Vehicles on Road
Table 13.10 Recommended Stalls for EVCSs in Workplace and Visitor Parking Facilities
Chapter 15: Work Zone Maintenance of Traffic and Construction Staging
Table 15.1 Summary of Work Zone Strategies
Table 15.2 General Guidelines for Vehicle Capacity through Work Zones in Vehicles per Hour (VPH)
Table 15.3 Observed Capacities for Typical Freeway Work Zones in Vehicles per Hour (VPH)
Table 15.4 Capacity of Long-Term Work Zones in Vehicles per Lane per Hour (VPH) (veh/h/ln)
Table 15.5 Estimated Capacity of a Shared Right-of-Way Work Zone Strategy (Two-Way, One-Lane Operation) in Vehicles per Hour (VPH)
Table 15.6 Index of Change Comparisons with and without Temporary Lane Closures during Periods of Work Activity
Table 15.7 Minimum Radii for Work Zone Horizontal Curves Retaining Normal Crown Cross-Slopes
Table 15.8 Taper Length Guidelines for Work Zones
Table 15.9 Suggested One-Way Traveled Way Minimum Widths
Table 15.10 Example of Clear Zone Widths for Work Zones
Table 15.11 Potential Treatment of Roadside Hazards in Work Zones
Table 15.12 Crash Pattern Identification and Potential Traffic Control Plan Changes
Chapter 16: Traffic Management for Planned, Unplanned, and Emergency Events
Table 16.1 Quick Start Reference Summary to Getting Started in the “Unusual Events” World
Table 16.2 Quick Start Suggested Actions Summary to Getting Started in the “Unusual Events” World
Table 16.3 ESFs and Typical Transportation Interactions
Table 16.4 TIM Program Key Elements
Table 16.5 TIM Performance Measures Focus States' Initiatives
Table 16.6 Example Hazards That Can Impact the Transportation System
Table 16.7 Example Event Types and Characteristics and Their Impacts on Transportation Systems
Table 16.8 Transportation Resources in the Major NIMS Functional Categories
Table 16.9 Transportation Operational Strategies
Table 16.10 Inclusive Transportation and Outreach for People with Access and Functional Needs
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING HANDBOOKSEVENTH EDITION
Institute of Transportation Engineers
Anurag Pande, Ph.D.Brian Wolshon, Ph.D., P.E., PTOECo-editors
Cover image: Boston Complete Streets Guidelines, Boston Transportation Department; Dunsmuir Separated Bike Lane © Paul Krueger
Cover design: Wiley
This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞
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The Institute of Transportation Engineers, Traffic Engineering Handbook, 7th Edition
Editorial Preface
As the transportation profession continues to broaden in scope as issues emerge and technologies advance, the Institute of Transportation Engineers has sought to keep pace through the evolution of the Traffic Engineering Handbook (TEH). The content of this latest edition reflects updates to the most prominent sources of transportation practice, including the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (the Green Book), Highway Safety Manual (HSM), and many others. This version of the Handbook also marks a significant departure from all prior versions of this publication.
Beyond the standard updates to reflect evolving changes in practice, this new edition of the Handbook also reflects the shifting philosophy of traffic engineering practice in which transportation professionals no longer serve as merely planners, designers, and operators of transportation systems. Rather, they are integral components of more comprehensive societal roles of community builders, influencers of social and economic change, and investors of public resources.
Just as transportation systems must be adapted to meet the changing expectations and needs of users and increasing costs and threats to the environment, the Traffic Engineering Handbook cannot be static. In this seventh edition, the handbook reflects an effort to reduce traditional modal stove-piping and promote a more inclusive approach to the planning, design, and operation of transportation systems. The goal of this shift is to serve the needs of all users and design context-sensitive transportation facilities, all with an eye toward developing more integrated, sustainable, and resilient transportation solutions to address modern problems and needs.
The expectation is for this edition to equip traffic engineers for the key roles that they will play in the evolution of communities into hubs of economic and social activity. The streets of the twenty-first century must meet the complex needs of society in a safe, efficient, and cost-effective manner. The organization of this Handbook is reflective of this complexity through a functionally driven multimodal approach to content categorization. In the development of this Handbook, the editors, along with ITE staff and teams of practicing professionals throughout North America, have worked to integrate the needs of all modes and all transportation system users through a holistic approach rather than just an afterthought. We hope that readers will also recognize, appreciate, and benefit from these changes.
Anurag Pande, Ph.D. and Brian Wolshon, Ph.D., P.E., PTOEEditors
Acknowledgments
Many individuals contributed to this seventh edition of the Traffic Engineering Handbook, including the authors, advisory panel members, reviewers, LeadershipITE (Class of 2014), and ITE staff. Many thanks for all of their efforts.
The advisory panel was comprised of a diverse group of transportation professionals with recognized expertise and active involvement in traffic engineering issues and practices. The panel members, listed below, worked with ITE staff and the handbook's co-editors, in the development of the scope of work and in defining a new approach for this handbook. These individuals served as mentors to each of the chapter authors as they developed the technical content for their chapters. They also participated in a series of critical reviews providing key feedback at various stages in the development process.
James Copeland
Joanna Kervin
John LaPlante
Keith Hines
Peter Koonce
Richard (Rick) Werts
Steve Brown
Thomas Hicks
Timothy Haagsma
Zaki Mustafa
The following subject-matter experts served as volunteer reviewers of the draft handbook chapters:
Alan Hampshire
Albert Letzkus
Angelo Rao
Arun Bhowmick
Bart Thrasher
Ben Powell
Borg Chan
Brad Strader
Charles (Charlie) Trask III
Chester Wilmot
Chris Cunningham
Christopher Milner
David McDonald
Dennis Cannon
Donald (Don) Monahan
Doug Hurl
Eagan Foster
Eli Veith
Emmanuel Anastasiadis
Fred Hanscom
Gary Schatz
George Butzer
George Dore
Herbert Levinson
Huaguo Hugo Zhou
Ilya Sher
Jamie Parks
Jerome Hall
Jerry Ogden
Jess Billmeyer
Jim Daisa
Jim Meads
John Davis
Joseph Hummer
Julie Conn
Julie Kroll
Julie Whitcher
Karl Rothermel
Kevin Phillips
Kordel Braley
Laurie Radow
Louis Rubenstein
Lucinda Gibson
Mary Miranda (Randy) Wade
Michael Moule
Michael Park
Mike King
Muhammad Arif
Muhammad Khan
Ousama Shebeeb
Paul Villaluz
Peter Yauch
Phani Rama Jammalamadaka
Praveen Pasumarthy
Randy McCourt
Richard (Rich) Coakley
Richard Nassi
Robert Brooks
Robert Wunderlich
Rock Miller
Roxann Hayes
Saeed Asadi Bagloee
Scott Batson
Scott Wainwright
Shared Uprety
Shourie Kondagari
Stephan Parker
Steve Pyburn
Steven Latoski
Sudhir Murthy
Sue Chrysler
Theodore Petritsch
Vishal Kakkad
Walter Kraft
William Sproule
Zaher Khatib
Several graduates from the LeadershipITE, Class of 2014, reviewed the second draft of the handbook to ensure that the content recognizes the need to approach planning, design and operations from a holistic perspective recognizing all modes and all users and included the following:
Amir Rizavi
Andy Kaplan
Carrie Falkenrath
Danielle Scharf
Irini Akhnoukh
J. Andrew (Andy) Swisher
K. Scott Walker
Katherine Kortum
Kati Tamashiro
Martin Gugel
Michael Hofener
Susan Paulus
In addition to the reviewers recognized above, we would also like to recognize the following two individuals who served as overall reviewers. This role entailed reviewing the handbook in its entirety to ensure that the new organization provided adequate content coverage and technical accuracy, as well as, consistency.
Beverly KuhnJohn LaPlante
ITE staff also provided valuable input to development process. Thomas W. Brahms provided overall guidance and vision for the handbook. Lisa Fontana Tierney managed the development process and helped keep the project on schedule. Courtney L. Day harmonized the flow of drafts between the authors, the volunteer reviewers and the editors and coordinated the final production stages with the publisher.
Anurag Pande, Ph.D.Brian Wolshon, Ph.D., P.E., PTOECo-editors
Chapter 1Introduction to the Traffic Engineering Handbook and Its Role in Evolving Practice
Anurag Pande Ph.D. and Brian Wolshon Ph.D., P.E., PTOE
I. Background
Traffic engineering is the subdiscipline of transportation engineering that addresses the planning, design, and operation of streets and highways, their networks, adjacent lands, and interaction with other modes of transportation (air, water, and rail) and their terminals. Over many decades, the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) has provided traffic engineering professionals with a comprehensive resource of fundamental traffic engineering concepts, as well as state-of-the-art practices, through the Traffic Engineering Handbook (TEH or Handbook). The Handbook's prior editions have been widely used by public agencies, consultants, and educational institutions as a basic day-to-day reference source on the proven techniques of the practice. The primary audience for this publication is practicing professionals responsible for the safe and efficient operation of the roadway transportation networks. The secondary audience includes academia in general and educators in particular. The Handbook can also be used as a reference by the general public and policymakers, but it is not written primarily for that audience.
The practice of traffic engineering continues to evolve even as fundamental concepts remain largely unchanged. At the time of publication of the first ITE Traffic Engineering Handbook in 1941, the focus of the traffic engineering profession was largely on providing and expanding road capacity—through the construction of new roads and the widening of existing ones. However, increasing congestion, even as the highway network continued to grow in subsequent decades, led to the realization that adding capacity, while useful for a period of time, was not the only solution to the congestion problem. As a result, the management of traffic demand also became part of the traffic engineering profession as a way to address congestion. The concept of demand management has now evolved into another fundamental tool used in the transportation paradigm by providing travel choices using multiple different modes (Schreffler et al., 2012).
Currently, traffic engineers are required to think differently than in the past to provide a range of design and control options that facilitate the safe and efficient movements of all users, in all modes, while providing context-sensitive solutions. In the case of urban streets, for example, traffic engineers need to consider alternative traffic designs that lead to slower travel speeds to create a safer environment for all users, encourage economic activity in downtown areas, and contribute to revitalized city centers that facilitate urban economic growth.
II. The Vision for This Edition
As one of the definitive technical resources in traffic engineering for nearly 70 years and 6 prior editions, the ITE Traffic Engineering Handbook has served as a concise yet comprehensive source for the fundamental principles, proven techniques, and practical applications in the field. Through periodic revisions and updates, the TEH has remained current with emerging knowledge and advancements in practice by including topics such as transportation communications, traffic calming, and access management, among many others. In the seventh edition ITE has once again evolved this publication by incorporating the latest traffic engineering principles and techniques, while integrating the changing needs and thinking within the practice. This edition also makes a significant departure from prior editions in terms of its structure, organization, and presentation of the content.
Among the most significant of these changes is the move away from traditional automobile-centric approaches to traffic engineering. In this edition, traffic engineering principles are presented as tools to meet broader societal needs to facilitate the safe and efficient movement of all road users. The authors have sought to incorporate in this publication the needs of the full range of users (pedestrians, bicyclists, automobile/public-transit users of all ages and abilities, and emergency- and commercial-vehicle operators) that rely on the surface transportation system, while keeping it true to its roots as the “go-to” resource on the fundamental principles and applications of traffic planning, operations, control, design, and analysis. This shift is in recognition of the fact that traditional, narrowly focused solutions have, at times, been inadequate to address the needs of all users.
This edition of the Handbook also integrates contemporary approaches to traffic engineering and planning to include context-sensitive solutions, resiliency, environmental sensitivity, system reliability, and sustainability. By emphasizing the application of performance-based design and analysis philosophies and promoting a comprehensive design approach, it tries to eliminate the long-standing sequestrations that exist in the specialized fields within traffic engineering. Performance-based design seeks to design, analyze, and build transportation systems that are economical and adaptable to the changing demands, user preferences, and conditions placed upon them. Under this approach, planners and engineers attempt to quantify performance before, during, and after construction so that decisions can be made based on a number of quantifiable cost-and-benefit performance measures instead of solely on the cost of construction. Similarly, benefits have, in the past, been measured narrowly in terms of level of service and reduced crash frequency/rate, when in reality there are many other measures that can be applied. It has been suggested that, in addition to their roles as quantitative analysts of traffic performance, traffic engineers of the future can use these approaches to serve as “financial advisors” for strategic investment of public funds for the improvement of mobility and creation of more sustainable, resilient, and livable communities.
III. Organization of the Handbook
To reflect evolving views of traffic engineering and the variety of approaches, ITE has significantly changed the organization and presentation of the traditional technical content for this publication. This edition of the Handbook is divided into four functional content areas that group chapters by related topics based on traffic engineering roles and tasks. Functional content areas deliver traditional technical material, a mainstay of prior editions, within inclusive, integrated, and overlapping topical areas. These areas are aimed at encouraging a concurrent, multimodal, and multiuse approach to planning, design, operation, and management of roads and streets. The organization of each chapter within a functional content area follows a similar pattern of coverage. First and foremost, each chapter covers the basics, which include the fundamental elements of the subject area along with relevant references (e.g., Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets” (AASHTO Green Book), Highway Safety Manual (HSM), the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), and Public Rights-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines (PROWAG), among others. Then, the application of these concepts is described, including how these individual elements fit together within a holistic approach to design and analysis that can be sequenced for implementation.
The goal of this format is to better connect the roadway with the surrounding land-use environment, considering all user categories and other relevant elements. This is a departure from the traditional layered approach, which typically considers vehicular traffic first and then considers user groups such as pedestrians and persons with disabilities. The intent is that providing a harmonization of the material will build an awareness of and appreciation for the integration and interaction of one specific topic with another.
Even as the new functional content areas of this edition deliver traditional technical material, a mainstay of prior editions, the organization of the Handbook represents a significant departure from the traditional layered approach to traffic engineering.
In the first functional content area, the editors provide a foundational mathematical and scientific basis for key fundamentals of the traffic engineering profession. The chapters in this content area include concepts from probability and statistics, engineering economics (Chapter 2), and human factors (Chapter 3). Next, ideas and processes for conducting traffic engineering studies are included in Chapter 4. Concepts of multimodal level of service (LOS; Chapter 5), as well as forecasting of travel demand (Chapter 6), are also part of this content area. Examples of how these concepts are applied in professional practice are provided in the individual chapters.
In the remaining three functional content areas, the Handbook groups traffic engineering practice into categories of roadway functional operation to serve the needs of readers in terms of facility location, users, and the expected operational environment. These three content areas include:
Design and Operation of Uninterrupted Flow Facilities (freeways, multilane highways, and two-lane rural roadways)
—covering the fundamentals of uninterrupted traffic flow, along with design and operations of uninterrupted flow facilities in urban and rural areas.
Design and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and Neighborhoods
—incorporating the multimodal LOS concepts for the design and operation of complete streets. This functional area also incorporates issues related to the management of access, traffic calming, and parking on urban and suburban streets.
Special Operational Considerations
—this topical area includes coverage of issues related to planning, design, control, management, and operations for planned special events, transportation-incident conditions, and emergencies. Areas of discussion include managed lanes, work zones, planned-event traffic management, evacuations, and disaster recovery.
Under this format, there are no exclusive chapters that address concepts such as ITS (intelligent-transportation systems), safety, traffic signals, and communication strategies. To further aid the reader in locating relevant content, we note chapters that cover some of these important topical areas here:
ITS: Adaptive components of transportation systems are part and parcel of the modern traffic engineer's arsenal. ITE, in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA) Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Joint Program Office (JPO) and ITS America, produced the
ITS ePrimer
(
www.pcb.its.dot.gov/ePrimer.aspx
), which describes these systems in great depth in the form of up-to-date web-based modules (
Knowledge Exchange: ePrimer
). In the
Handbook
, the ITS components are discussed in
Chapter 8
,
Chapter 9
,
Chapter 10
,
Chapter 13
, and
Chapter 15
in the context of problems they are designed to solve. These provide appropriate background and context to support application of the
ePrimer
.
Safety: The concept of safety in the
HSM
is described as nominal and substantive safety. Nominal safety is achieved by making sure that all the components of design and traffic control meet the criteria prescribed in the governing manuals. The idea of nominal safety in terms of the human factors associated with these standards is described in
Chapter 3
. This foundation is then reinforced within the context of design functions in later chapters of this book.
Substantive safety
is described by the measure of safety expressed in the form of expected number of crashes on a facility. The statistical concepts related to substantive-safety measurement are first presented in
Chapter 2
.
Chapter 4
describes the relevant procedures in detail, which are then applied in the context of rural uninterrupted flow in
Chapter 8
. Specific safety issues are also discussed in the context of urban uninterrupted flow (
Chapter 9
), urban streets/intersections (
Chapter 10
), and access management (
Chapter 12
).
Traffic signals: In the previous edition of the
Handbook
, the subject of traffic signals was covered in a single chapter. Signals are traffic control devices, and their application is context-sensitive. In this edition, the signals to implement ramp metering are covered in
Chapter 9
, because their application concerns urban uninterrupted flow. In contrast, the basics of signal control are discussed in
Chapter 10
as part of the basics of interrupted flow within a multimodal environment. Finally,
Chapter 11
adds to the discussion by highlighting traffic-signal applications within the context of complete streets.
Communication strategies: Communicating with the public through various channels is a crucial aspect of a traffic engineer's function. Instead of addressing this need in an isolated chapter, we address community engagement in varying levels of detail in the context of mitigating traffic impacts (
Chapter 6
), phasing in complete streets with multimodal traffic streams (
Chapter 11
), access management (
Chapter 12
), traffic calming (
Chapter 14
), work zone scheduling (
Chapter 15
), and emergency- and event-traffic management (
Chapter 16
).
To guide readers familiar with previous editions of the Handbook through the content reorganization, Table 1.1 maps the content of the previous edition to the functional content areas and chapters of this edition. Content from some of the chapters from the sixth edition (e.g., Chapter 4, “Traffic and Flow Characteristics”) still map to individual chapters in the current edition, whereas content from several individual chapters from the sixth edition (e.g., Chapter 5, “Safety” and Chapter 12, “Traffic Control Signals”) is now distributed over multiple chapters.
Table 1.1 Content Mapping from TEH 6th Edition
Chapter (
TEH
6th Edition)
Functional Content Area(s) (
TEH
7th Edition)
Chapter(s) (
TEH
7th Edition)
Chapter 2: Road Users
Background and Fundamentals
Chapter 3
: Road Users
Chapter 3: Vehicles
Background and FundamentalsUninterrupted-Flow Facilities
Chapter 3
: Road Users
Chapter 7
: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities
Chapter 8
: Design and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Rural Areas
Chapter 4: Traffic and Flow Characteristics
Uninterrupted-Flow FacilitiesDesign and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and Neighborhoods
Chapter 7
: Traffic Flow Characteristics for Uninterrupted-Flow Facilities
Chapter 10
: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections
Chapter 5: Safety
*
Background and FundamentalsUninterrupted-Flow FacilitiesDesign and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and Neighborhoods
Chapter 2
: Probability and Statistical Analyses Techniques for Traffic Engineering Performance Measurement
Chapter 4
: Traffic Engineering Studies
Chapter 8
: Design and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Rural Areas
Chapter 9
: Planning, Design, and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Urban Areas
Chapter 10
: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections
Chapter 11
: Design and Operation of Complete Streets and Intersections
Chapter 12
: Access Management
Chapter 14
: Traffic Calming
Chapter 6: Probability and Statistics
Background and Fundamentals
Chapter 2
: Probability and Statistical Analyses Techniques for Traffic Engineering Performance Measurement
Chapter 7: Geometric Design for Traffic
*
Uninterrupted-Flow FacilitiesDesign and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and Neighborhoods
Chapter 8
: Design and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Rural Areas
Chapter 9
: Planning, Design, and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Urban Areas
Chapter 10
: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections
Chapter 11
: Design and Operation of Complete Streets and Intersections
Chapter 8: Traffic Engineering Studies
Background and Fundamentals
Chapter 4
: Traffic Engineering Studies
Chapter 9: Planning for Operations
Background and Fundamentals
Chapter 6
: Forecasting Travel Demand
Chapter 10: Managing Traffic Demand to Address Congestion:Providing Travelers with Choices
Background and Fundamentals
Chapter 6
: Forecasting Travel Demand
Chapter 11: Signs and Pavement Markings
*
Uninterrupted-Flow FacilitiesDesign and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and NeighborhoodsSpecial Operational Considerations
Chapter 8
: Design and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Rural Areas
Chapter 9
: Planning, Design, and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Urban Areas
Chapter 10
: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections
Chapter 11
: Design and Operations of Complete Streets and Intersections
Chapter 13
: Parking
Chapter 14
: Traffic Calming
Chapter 15
: Work Zone Maintenance of Traffic and Construction Staging
Chapter 12: Traffic Control Signals
*
Uninterrupted-Flow FacilitiesDesign and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and Neighborhoods
Chapter 9
: Planning, Design, and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Urban Areas
Chapter 10
: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections
Chapter 11
: Design and Operation of Complete Streets and Intersections
Chapter 13: Access Management
Design and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and Neighborhoods
Chapter 12
: Access Management
Chapter 14: Parking
Design and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and Neighborhoods
Chapter 13
: Parking
Chapter 15: Traffic Calming
Design and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and Neighborhoods
Chapter 14
: Traffic Calming
Chapter 16: Effective Communication for Transportation Projects
*
Background and FundamentalsDesign and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and NeighborhoodsSpecial Operational Considerations
Chapter 6
: Forecasting Travel Demand
Chapter 11
: Design and Operation of Complete Streets and Intersections
Chapter 14
: Traffic Calming
Chapter 15
: Work Zone Maintenance of Traffic and Construction Staging
Chapter 16
: Traffic Management for Planned, Unplanned, and Emergency Events
Chapter 17: Traffic Regulation and Control
*
Uninterrupted-Flow FacilitiesDesign and Operation of Complete Streets in Town Centers and NeighborhoodsSpecial Operational Considerations
Chapter 8
: Design and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Rural Areas
Chapter 9
: Planning, Design, and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Urban Areas
Chapter 10
: Design and Control for Interrupted Traffic Flow through Intersections
Chapter 11
: Design and Operation of Complete Streets and Intersections
Chapter 12
: Access Management
Chapter 13
: Parking
Chapter 14
: Traffic Calming
Chapter 15
: Work Zone Maintenance of Traffic and Construction Staging
Chapter 18: Maintenance-of-Traffic Design and Construction Staging
Special Operational Considerations
Chapter 15
: Work Zone Maintenance of Traffic and Construction Staging
* Content from the chapter in the previous edition is now distributed over multiple chapters to ensure that the relevant concepts are presented within the right context.
Beyond mapping the content of the sixth edition, we have also covered several new areas of emerging interest to traffic engineers: namely, traffic management during planned and unplanned emergency events and, of course, multimodal LOS. Conversely, it should also be noted that not all content from the sixth edition has made it into the seventh edition. For example, in addressing the concepts of interrupted flow, the readers are now referred to the Traffic Control Devices Handbook (Seyfried, 2013) for a discussion of traffic control equipment standards and maintenance. Perhaps most important to note is that the breadth of the topics within the field is so vast that it is not realistically possible to capture the full breadth of all topics within a single book. Nevertheless, within that reality, the level of coverage here provides valuable background and foundational information to support judgments and decision making, as well as to guide readers to resources and publications that contain more specific details on topics of interest.
The new approach to the Traffic Engineering Handbook may present challenges for educators who use this publication in the classroom. However, it is expected that the academic community will be able to use these changes to take a holistic approach to traffic engineering and use it to educate students to become traffic engineering practitioners of the twenty-first century.
In its entirety, it is expected that this edition of the Handbook will provide readers with broader and more comprehensive perspectives and approaches to traffic engineering. This publication is meant to serve the needs of the practitioner community, with knowledge generally applicable to any location, road type, and user group, as well as the students and researchers of the academic community who are seeking to learn about and build upon the foundational concepts of the traffic engineering profession. While this approach may present some initial challenges for educators who use this publication in the classroom, it is expected that the academic community will use this challenge as an opportunity to take a holistic approach to traffic engineering in educating their students to become holistic traffic engineering practitioners of the twenty-first century.
References
Schreffler, E. N., Gopalakrishna, D., Smith, E., and Berman, W. (2012). Integrating demand management into the transportation planning process.
ITE Journal
82(1).
Seyfried, R. (ed.). (2013).
