Transformation of Biomass E-Book

Andreas Hornung

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 647

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Biomass is a key resource for meeting the energy and material demands of mankind in the future. As a result, businesses and technologies are developing around biomass processing and its applications.

Transformation of Biomass: Theory to Practice explores the modern applications of biomass and bio-based residues for the generation of energy, heat and chemical products. The first chapter presents readers with a broad overview of biomass and its composition, conversion routes and products. The following chapters deal with specific technologies, including anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis and gasification, as well as hydrothermal and supercritical conversion. Each chapter details current practises, recent developments, business case models and comprehensive analysis of the problems associated with each approach, and how to optimize them.

Topics covered include:

• Anaerobic digestion
• Reactor design
• Pyrolysis
• Catalysis in biomass transformation
• Engines for combined heat and power
• Influence of feedstocks on performance and products
• Bio-hydrogen from biomass
• Analysis of bio-oils
• Numerical simulation and formal kinetic parameters evaluation
• Business case development

This textbook will provide students, researchers and industry professionals with a practical and accessible guide to the essential skills required to advance in the field of bioenergy.

Leseprobe

Transformation of Biomass

Theory to Practice

Editor

ANDREAS HORNUNG

Fraunhofer UMSICHT - Institute Branch

Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany

and

Chair in Bioenergy

School of Chemical Engineering

College of Engineering and Physical Sciences

University of Birmingham, UK

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The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Transformation of biomass : theory to practice / editor, Andreas Hornung. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-119-97327-0 (hardback) 1. Biomass chemicals. 2. Biomass. I. Hornung, Andreas. TP248.B55T73 2014 662′.88–dc23 2014004300

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781119973270

Contents

About the Editor

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1: Biomass, Conversion Routes and Products – An Overview

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Features of the Different Generations of Biomass

1.3 Analysis of Biomass

1.4 Biomass Conversion Routes

1.5 Bio-Oil Characteristics and Biochar

1.6 Scope of Pyrolysis Process Control and Yield Ranges

1.7 Catalytic Bio-Oil Upgradation

1.8 Bio-Oil Reforming

1.9 Sub and Supercritical Water Hydrolysis and Gasification

Questions

References

Chapter 2: Anaerobic Digestion

2.1 Introduction

Questions

References

Chapter 3: Reactor Design and Its Impact on Performance and Products

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Thermochemical Conversion Reactors

3.3 Design Considerations

3.4 Reactions and their Impact on the Products

3.5 Mass and Energy Balance

3.6 Reactor Sizing and Configuration

3.7 Reactor Performance and Products

3.8 New Reactor Design and Performance

Nomenclature

Questions

References

Chapter 4: Pyrolysis

4.1 Introduction

4.2 How Pyrolysis Reactors Differ

4.3 Fast Pyrolysis

4.4 Fast Pyrolysis Reactors

4.5 Intermediate Pyrolysis

4.6 Slow Pyrolysis

4.7 Comparison of Different Pyrolysis Techniques

4.8 Future Directions

4.9 Pyrolysis in Application

4.10 Pyrolysis of Low Grade Biomass Using the Pyroformer Technology

Questions

References

Books and Reviews

Chapter 5: Catalysis in Biomass Transformation

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Biomass, Biofuels and Catalysis

5.3 Biomass Transformation Examples

5.4 Hydrogen Production

5.5 Catalytic Barriers and Challenges in Transformation

Questions

References

Chapter 5.A: Catalytic Reforming of Brewers Spent Grain

5.A.1 Biomass Characterisation

5.A.2 Permanent Gas Analysis

5.A.3 Pyrolysis and Catalytic Reforming without Steam

5.A.4 Pyrolysis and Catalytic Reforming with Steam

Reference

Chapter 6: Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The Thermochemical Conversion Process

6.3 Combustion

6.4 Gasification

6.5 Historical Perspective on Gasification Technology

6.6 Gasification Technology

6.7 Open-Top Dual Air Entry Reaction Design – the IISc's Invention

6.8 Technology Package

Questions

References

Chapter 7: Engines for Combined Heat and Power

7.1 Spark-Ignited Gas Engines and Syngas

7.2 Dual-Fuel Engines and Biofuels

7.3 Advanced Systems: Biowaste Derived Pyrolysis Oils for Diesel Engine Application

7.4 Advanced CHP Application: Dual-Fuel Engine Application for CHP Using Pyrolysis Oil and Pyrolysis Gas from Deinking-Sludge

Questions

References

Chapter 8: Hydrothermal Liquefaction – Upgrading

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Chemistry of Hydrothermal Liquefaction

8.3 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Carbohydrates

8.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignin

8.5 Technical Application

8.6 Conclusion

Questions

References

Chapter 9: Supercritical Conversion of Biomass

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Supercritical Water Gasification

9.3 Supercritical Water Oxidation

9.4 Water–Gas Shift Reaction under the Supercritical Conditions

9.5 Catalysts in the Supercritical Processes

9.6 The Solubilities of Gases in the Supercritical Water

9.7 Fugacities of Gases in the Supercritical Water

9.8 Mechanism of the Supercritical Water Gasification

9.9 Corrosion in the Supercritical Water

9.10 Advantages of the Supercritical Conversion of Biomass

9.11 Conclusion

Questions

References

Chapter 10: Influence of Feedstocks on Performance and Products of Processes

10.1 Humidity of Feedstocks

10.2 Heteroatoms in Feedstocks

References

Chapter 11: Integrated Processes Including Intermediate Pyrolysis

11.1 Coupling of Anaerobic Digestion, Pyrolysis and Gasification

11.2 Intermediate Pyrolysis, CHP in Combination with Combustion

11.3 Integration of Intermediate Pyrolysis with Anaerobic Digestion and CHP

11.4 Pyrolysis Reforming

11.5 The BIOBATTERY

11.6 Pyrolysis BAF Application

11.7 Birmingham 2026

11.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Bio-Hydrogen from Biomass

12.1 World Hydrogen Production

12.2 Bio-hydrogen

12.3 Routes to Hydrogen

12.4 Costs of Hydrogen

12.5 Conclusion

References

Further Reading

Chapter 13: Analysis of Bio-Oils

13.1 Definition

13.2 Introduction

13.3 General Aspects

13.4 Whole Oil Analyses

13.5 Fractionation Techniques

Questions

References

Chapter 14: Formal Kinetic Parameters – Problems and Solutions in Deriving Proper Values

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Chemical Kinetics on Thermal Decomposition of Biomass

14.3 Kinetic Evaluation Methods

14.4 Experimental Kinetic Analysis Techniques

14.5 Complex Reaction

14.6 Variation in Kinetic Parameters

14.7 Case Study: Kinetic Analysis of Lignocellulosic Derived Materials under Isothermal Conditions

14.8 Conclusion

Nomenclature

Questions

References

Chapter 15: Numerical Simulation of the Thermal Degradation of Biomass – Approaches and Simplifications

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Kinetic Schemes Applied in Complex Models

15.3 Thermal Aspects of Biomass Degradation Modeling

15.4 Conclusion

Questions

Nomenclature

References

Chapter 16: Business Case Development

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Biomass for Power Generation and CHP

16.3 Business Perspective

16.4 The Role of Business Models

16.5 Financial Model Based on Intermediate Pyrolysis Technology

References

Chapter 17: Production of Biochar and Activated Carbon via Intermediate Pyrolysis – Recent Studies for Non-Woody Biomass

17.1 Biochar

References

Further Reading

17.2 Activated Carbon

References

Further Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.5

Table 1.6

Table 1.7

Table 1.8

Table 1.9

Table 1.10

Table 1.11

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 3.6

Table 3.7

Table 3.8

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Table 5.6

Table 5.7

Table 5.8

Chapter 5A

Table 5.A.1

Table 5.A.2

Table 5.A.3

Table 5.A.4

Table 5.A.5

Table 5.A.6

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 7.6

Table 7.7

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 10.5

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Table 13.4

Table 13.5

Table 13.6

Table 13.7

Table 13.8

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3

Table 16.4

Table 16.5

Table 16.6

Table 16.7

Chapter 17

Table 17.1.1

Table 17.1.2

Table 17.1.3

Table 17.1.4

Table 17.1.5

Table 17.2.1

Table 17.2.2

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

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About the Editor

Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dipl.-Ing Andreas Hornung CEng FIChemE FRSC completed his studies at the TU Darmstadt in Germany, where he graduated as an engineer in chemistry in 1991. He did his PhD at the TU Kaiserslautern in Germany whilst developing reactor systems for the pyrolysis-based recycling of plastics. He continued to work at the TU Karls- ruhe in Germany in developing reactor systems for the recycling of resins and electronic scrap, and expanded his topic to the conversion of biomass from 1996 onward. From 2000 to 2002, Hornung worked for companies in Austria and Italy on the development of the first prototypes. Such units have been used since 2001 at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, where he worked until 2007 as head of the pyrolysis and gas treatment division. In 2007, he took over the chair in chemical engineering and applied chemistry at Aston University in Birmingham, UK. In 2008, he founded the European Bioenergy Research Institute EBRI which he led as director until the end of 2013. At the beginning of 2013 he became the director of the Institute Branch Sulzbach-Rosenberg of Fraunhofer UMSICHT. Since 2010 he has been a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (England), a Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers as well as chartered engineer in Britain, and he became Green Leader of the West Midlands in 2012. In 2013, his technology received the British National Climate Week Award in the breakthrough category. He holds 18 patents and has published more than 150 scientific publications to date. His institutes employed, in 2013, about 120 staff members and are carrying out applied research in various sustainable topics. In May 2014 he has been appointed as chair in bioenergy at the University of Birmingham, UK.

The main strategic topic of Hornung's work today is the development of decentralised power providing units combined with pyrolysis, gasification and digestion units – called the Biobattery.

In a biogas scenario, a Biobattery installation seeks to use peaks in energy supply to add to the energy output from a biogas installation and enable the thermochemical transformation of the more recalcitrant lignin-based components of digestion feedstocks. The use of digestate solids as feedstock for intermediate pyrolysis means that the amount of digestate for application to land is reduced to the liquid fraction. This is desirable where there is an oversupply of nitrogenous materials for application to land, such as in areas of intensive livestock production, since digestates can be a source of both greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen losses to water bodies. Hence, the Biobattery not only adds to the flexibility of energy supply and storage, it also increases the energy and financial gain achieved from existing biogas infrastructure, while reducing their environmental impact.

The Biobattery concept aims to deliver local integrated system solutions, to capture peaks in available power from solar and wind sources and convert and store this power over periods of varying durations (minutes to days), thereby enabling the delivery of on-demand power compensation. The Biobattery concept uses a pool of renewable energy technologies, that is high and low temperature thermal storage systems, thermochemical biomass processes, for example intermediate pyrolysis and gasification, thereby delivering solid, liquid and gaseous energy products which can be stored and used to produce either energy on an on-demand basis, or sold as products for other use.

List of Contributors

Gökçen Akgül

 Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Turkey

S. Dasappa

 Indian Institute of Science, India

Matthias Franke

 Fraunhofer UMSICHT – Institute Branch Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany

Andreas Hornung

 Fraunhofer UMSICHT – Institute Branch Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany and Chair in Bioenergy, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK

Ursel Hornung

 Karlsruhe Institut für technologie – Institut für Katalyseforschung und–Technologie, Germany

Andrea Kruse

 Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Agrartechnik, Konversionstechnologie und Systembewertung nachwachsender Rohstoffe, Germany

Asad Mahmood

 European Bioenergy Research Institute (EBRI), Aston University, UK

Yassir T. Makkawi

 European Bioenergy Research Institute (EBRI), Aston University, UK

István Marsi

 Faculty of Education, Department of Chemical Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary

Dietrich Meier

 Thünen-Institut für Holzforschung, Germany

Lynsey Melville

 Centre for Low Carbon Research (CLCR), Birmingham City University, UK

Pravakar Mohanty

 Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India

Miloud Ouadi

 European Bioenergy Research Institute (EBRI), Aston University, UK

K.K. Pant

 Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India

Neeranuch Phusunti

 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand

Sudhakar Sagi

 European Bioenergy Research Institute (EBRI), Aston University, UK

Elisabeth Schröder

 Karlsruher Institut für Technologie – Institut für Kern-und Energietechnik, Germany

James O. Titiloye

 Chemical & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, UK

Andreas Weger

 Fraunhofer UMSICHT – Institute Branch Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany

Sonja Wiesgickl

 Fraunhofer UMSICHT – Institute Branch Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany

Michael Windt

 Thünen Institut für Holzforschung, Germany

Yang Yang

 European Bioenergy Research Institute (EBRI), Aston University, UK

Preface

Biomass is seen as a key feed material for the energy and material demands of mankind in the future. New businesses and technologies are therefore developing around biomass and its application. This textbook aims to help create an understanding of such processes related to the conversion of biomass into energy, heat and chemical products: processes based on biological or thermal routes.