Transfusion-Free Medicine and Surgery E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 700

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

This book aims to be a guide to the practice of blood conservation. The first chapter discusses the legal and administrative aspects of bloodless medicine describing the legal principles and practical issues relatd to refusal of transfusion. The second is on balancing the risks and benefits of transfusion includes clinical vignettes of appropriate and inappropriate transfusion. The remainder of the book covers the principles and practice of bloodless medicine, including a chapter on the scientific issues of haemostasis and the investigation of bleeding idsorders. The book concludes with chapters on blood conservation in neonatal and paediatric surgery, the costs associated with blood transfusion and the quest for artifical blood. New chapters will be included to address blood utilization in oncology and geriatric patients.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1: History of blood transfusion and patient blood management

Introduction

Blood: early beliefs and practice

Blood transfusion

Transfusion with animal blood

First human blood transfusion

Karl Landsteiner to the twenty-first century

New transfusion issues emerge

The new paradigm

References

Chapter 2: The ethical complexities of transfusion-free medicine, surgery and research

Introduction

Ethics and informed consent

Children, assent, and consent

Professionalism and transfusion-free practices

Jehovah's witnesses

Organ transplantation

Research ethics

References

Chapter 3: Transfusion therapy—Balancing the risks and benefits

Introduction/overview

The clinical utility of transfusion therapy

Summary and conclusions

References

Chapter 4: The physiology of anemia and the threshold for blood transfusion

Introduction

Etiologies of anemia

Physiologic response to anemia

The transfusion threshold

Risks of blood transfusion

Summary

References

Chapter 5: Blood transfusion in surgery

Introduction

The cost-effectiveness of blood products: a surgical perspective

Pre-operative optimization of the surgical patient

Intra-operative approach to blood conservation

Post-operative care

Trends in transfusion-free surgery

Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Current view of coagulation system

Normal hemostasis

Regulation of hemostasis

Abnormal hemostasis

Evaluation of hemostasis

Management of intraoperative coagulation

Hemostatic drug therapy

References

Chapter 7: Topical hemostatic agents

Introduction

History of hemostatics

The biology of hemostasis

Hemostasis in surgery

Safety of hemostatics

Topical hemostatics

Adhesive hemostatics (fibrin glues)

Topical hemostatics (Passive agents)

References

Chapter 8: Intraoperative strategies for transfusion-free medicine

Introduction

General considerations

Autologous blood

Pharmacologic agents for blood conservation

Controlled hypotension

Summary

References

Chapter 9: Post-operative management in transfusion-free medicine and surgery in the ICU

Introduction

Anemia in the ICU

Role of transfusion in resuscitation

Monitoring the adequacy of oxygenation

Reducing transfusion requirements

Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: The changing transfusion practice of neonatal and pediatric surgery

Introduction

Transfusion considerations specific to the pediatric population

Strategies to limit need or transfusion

Applications of transfusion-limiting strategies to specific surgical situations

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 11: Current management of anemia in oncology

Overview

Epidemiology and pattern of treatment

Prognostic significance and rationale for correcting anemia in oncology

Pathophysiology of anemia in cancer patients

Diagnostic evaluation and risk assessment

Treatment options

Peripheral red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion

Trend of increased transfusions because of decreased ESA use

Current recommendations

Evolving concepts

Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Artificial blood

Background

Basics of blood oxygen transportation

Defining the need for artificial oxygen carriers

Hb-based oxygen carriers

Perfluorocarbons

Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Translational strategies to minimize transfusion requirement in liver surgery and transplantation: Targeting ischemia-reperfusion injury

Introduction

Role of ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver surgery and transplantation

Surgical and pharmacological strategies to mimimize I/R injury in liver surgery and transplantation

Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Legal and administrative issues related to transfusion-free medicine and surgery programs

Introduction

History of Jehovah's Witnesses and blood

Acceptable products, treatments, and procedures

Overview of legal principles related to refusal of blood

Evolution of bloodless programs

Legal structure of bloodless program

Future expansion of transfusion-free programs

References

Chapter 15: Basic principles of bloodless medicine and surgery

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: History of blood transfusion and patient blood management

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.12

Figure 6.13

Figure 7.1

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 12.1

Figure 13.1

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 3.1

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Table 8.5

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Table 11.3

Table 12.1

Transfusion-Free Medicine and Surgery

Second Edition

Edited by

Nicolas Jabbour, MD

Professor of Surgery

Chairman Service de Chirurgie et transplantation abdominale

Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc

Bruxelles, Belgium

This edition first published 2014 © 2005, 2014 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Transfusion-free medicine and surgery / edited by Nicolas Jabbour. — Second edition.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-67408-6 (cloth)

I. Jabbour, Nicolas, editor of compilation.

[DNLM: 1. Bloodless Medical and Surgical Procedures. 2. Blood Substitutes--therapeutic use. WH 450]

RD33.35

615′.39—dc23

2014004643

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: iStock #11024906 © mediaphotos

Cover design by Garth Stewart

To my family: Banu, Nicole and Jacques

Contributors

Katrina A. Bramstedt, PhD

Associate Professor

Medical Ethics and Professionalism

Bond University School of Medicine

Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

Jason Bryant, MD

Staff Anesthesiologist

Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine

Nationwide Children's Hospital;

Department of Anesthesiology

The Ohio State University

Columbus, OH, USA

Fabrizio Di Benedettom, MD, PhD

Professor of Surgery

Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery and

Liver Transplantation Unit

University of Modena and Reggio Emilia

Modena, Italy

Elia Elia, MD

Clinical Associate Professor

Department of Anesthesiology

Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Medical College

Philadelphia, PA, USA

Shannon L. Farmer

Adjunct Research Fellow

School of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences

University of Western Australia

Perth, Western, Australia;

Adjunct Senior Research Fellow

Centre for Population Health Research,

Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute

Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia

Lance W Griffin, MD

Instructor of General Surgery

University of Texas Medical Branch

Galveston, TX, USA

Randy Henderson

Program Director

Transfusion-Free Surgery and Patient Blood Program Management

Keck Medical Center and Keck Hospital of USC

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, CA, USA

James Isbister BSc(Med), MBBS, FRACP, FRCPA

Clinical Professor of Medicine

University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia;

Adjunct Professor

University of Technology, Sydney;

Adjunct Professor

Monash University, Melbourne;

Conjoin Professor of Medicine

University of New South Wales

Sydney, Australia;

Emeritus Consultant

Haematology & Transfusion Medicine

Royal North Shore Hospital

Sydney, NSW, Australia

Nicolas Jabbour, MD

Professor of Surgery

Chairman Service de Chirurgie et transplantation abdominale

Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc

Bruxelles, Belgium

Mazyar Javidroozi, MD, PhD

Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine

Englewood Hospital and Medical Center

Englewood, NJ, USA

Yoogoo Kang, MD

Professor

Department of Anesthesiology

Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Medical College

Philadelphia, PA, USA

S. Kamran Hejazi Kenari, MD

Assistant Professor of Surgery

Division of Organ Transplantation

Department of Surgery

Rhode Island Hospital

Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Providence, RI, USA

Pamela J. Kling MD

Professor

Meriter Hospital and University of Wisconsin

Madison School of Medicine and Public Health

Madison, WI, USA

Senthil G. Krishna, MD

Staff Anesthesiologist

Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital;

Department of Anesthesiology The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA

Michael F. Leahy, MB ChB, FRACP, FRCP, FRCPath.

Consultant Haematologist

Head of Department of Haematology

Fremantle Hospital and Health Service;

Clinical Professor in Medicine

School of Medicine and Pharmacology

University of Western Australia

Perth, WA, Australia

Irina Maramica, MD PhD

Associate Professor Health Sciences

Medical Director of Transfusion Medicine

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

University of California Irvine Medical Center

Orange, CA, USA

Seth Perelman, MD

Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine

Englewood Hospital and Medical Center

Englewood, NJ, USA

Reza F. Saidi, MD, FICS, FACS

Assistant Professor of Surgery

Division of Organ Transplantation

Department of Surgery

Rhode Island Hospital

Alpert Medical School of Brown University

Providence, RI, USA

Aryeh Shander, MD, FCCM, FCCP

Chief, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, Pain Management and Hyperbaric Medicine

Englewood Hospital & Medical Center Englewood, NJ

Shelly Sharma, MD

Clinical Research Fellow

Department of Radiation Oncology

St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

Memphis, TN, USA

Sharad Sharma, MD, MRCS

Assistant Professor

Department Of Transplant Surgery, UTMB

Galveston, TX, USA

Ira A. Shulman, MD

Vice Chair and Professor of Pathology

Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (USC)

Director of the USC Transfusion Medicine Services Group

Los Angeles, CA, USA

Ahsan Syed, MD

Staff Anesthesiologist

Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital;

Department of Anesthesiology The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA

Giuseppe Tarantino, MD

Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery and

Liver Transplantation Unit

University of Modena and Reggio Emilia

Modena, Italy

Joseph D. Tobias, MD

Chairman

Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital;

Department of Anesthesiology The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA

Jean-Louis Vincent, MD, PhD

Professor of Intensive Care

Head, Department of Intensive Care

Erasme Hospital

Université libre de Bruxelles

Brussels, Belgium

Preface

This is the second edition of the book entitled Transfusion-Free Medicine and Surgery, which was first published in 2005.

Since its first publication, there have been some noticeable changes in the field.

As a result of more expended testing of blood donors, the blood has become safer; however, as mentioned in the first edition, blood will never be 100% safe because of the inherent risk of it's administration and storage such as clerical error. Therefore, the benefit of avoiding blood transfusion cannot be underestimated.

In most hospitals and in several services, we noticed that the notion of transfusion-free medicine and surgery is no longer limited to Jehovah's witness patients. The medical community pays more attention to blood utilization and has installed stricter criteria for blood transfusion both in and outside the operation room, in particular, in the intensive care unit.

In the area of artificial blood products, there is currently no real breakthrough, but ongoing research hopefully will lead to a product on the market in the near future.

Topical hemostasis has been more studied, and several new products were introduced in the operating room with measurable success in terms of control of bleeding and blood utilization.

Seemingly remote basic research in certain areas, such as reperfusion injury in organ transplantation, has contributed to the understanding of intraoperative bleeding.

The fact remains, however, that more than 50% of blood transfusion is prescribed by surgeons, and we as physicians in general and surgeons in particular have the responsibility of objectively assessing the risk, availability, and cost of blood products.

Blood conservation is still a measure of higher standard of care and has more room to grow.

Chapter 1History of blood transfusion and patient blood management

Shannon L. Farmer1, James Isbister2, and Michael F. Leahy3

1School of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia; Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia

2University of Sydney, Sydney, AustraliaUniversity of Technology, Sydney, AustraliaMonash University, Melbourne, Australia University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;Haematology & Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia

3Department of Haematology, Fremantle Hospital and Health Service, Fremantle, Western Australia;School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia

Introduction

For more than two decades authorities have been calling for a major change in transfusion practice [1]. This is now even more urgent as new challenges continue to emerge. These include supply difficulties due to a diminishing donor pool and an increasing aging and consuming population, spiraling costs of blood and ongoing safety issues. Knowledge of transfusion limitations continues to grow, while a burgeoning literature demonstrates a strong dose-dependent relationship between transfusion and adverse patient outcomes [2, 3]. These factors combine to now make change vital [4].

Historically, changing long-standing medical practice has been challenging—perhaps even more so in transfusion. Despite professional guidelines and educational initiatives, wide variations in transfusion practice exist between countries, institutions and even between individual clinicians within the same institution [5–8]. This suggests that much practice may be based on misconceptions, belief and habit rather than evidence.

It is not the first time strongly entrenched belief has been an impediment to scientific progress. Edwin Hubble's description of an expanding universe in 1929 has been hailed as one of the great intellectual revolutions of the twentieth century. However, it has been suggested that, because of knowledge of Newton's law of gravity, an expanding universe could have been predicted over two hundred years earlier [9]. What slowed scientific progress? The widely held belief in a static universe prevailed. The belief was so strong at the time that in 1915 Einstein even modified his theory of relativity to accommodate it [9].