Transients of Modern Power Electronics E-Book

Hua Bai

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 339

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

In high power, high voltage electronics systems, a strategy to manage short timescale energy imbalances is fundamental to the system reliability. Without a theoretical framework, harmful local convergence of energy can affect the dynamic process of transformation, transmission, and storage which create an unreliable system.

With an original approach that encourages understanding of both macroscopic and microscopic factors, the authors offer a solution. They demonstrate the essential theory and methodology for the design, modeling and prototyping of modern power electronics converters to create highly effective systems. Current applications such as renewable energy systems and hybrid electric vehicles are discussed in detail by the authors.

Key features:

• offers a logical guide that is widely applicable to power electronics across power supplies, renewable energy systems, and many other areas
• analyses the short-scale (nano-micro second) transient phenomena and the transient processes in nearly all major timescales, from device switching processes at the nanoscale level, to thermal and mechanical processes at second level
• explores transient causes and shows how to correct them by changing the control algorithm or peripheral circuit
• includes two case studies on power electronics in hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy systems

Practitioners in major power electronic companies will benefit from this reference, especially design engineers aiming for optimal system performance. It will also be of value to faculty staff and graduate students specializing in power electronics within academia.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

About the Authors

Preface

Chapter 1: Power Electronic Devices, Circuits, Topology, and Control

1.1 Power Electronics

1.2 The Evolution of Power Device Technology

1.3 Power Electronic Circuit Topology

1.4 Pulse-width Modulation Control

1.5 Typical Power Electronic Converters and their Applications

1.6 Transient Processes in Power Electronics and Book Organization

References

Chapter 2: Macroscopic and Microscopic Factors in Power Electronic Systems

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Microelectronics vs. Power Electronics

2.3 State of the Art of Research in Short-timescale Transients

2.4 Typical Influential Factors and Transient Processes

2.5 Methods to Study the Short-timescale Transients

2.6 Summary

References

Chapter 3: Power Semiconductor Devices, Integrated Power Circuits, and their Short-timescale Transients

3.1 Major Characteristics of Semiconductors

3.2 Modeling Methods of Semiconductors

3.3 IGBT

3.4 IGCT

3.5 Silicon Carbide Junction field Effect Transistor

3.6 System-level SOA

3.7 Soft-switching Control and its Application in high-power Converters

References

Chapter 4: Power Electronics in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

4.1 Introduction of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

4.2 Architecture and Control of HEVs

4.3 Power Electronics in HEVs

4.4 Battery Chargers for EVs and PHEVs

References

Chapter 5: Power Electronics in Alternative Energy and Advanced Power Systems

5.1 Typical Alternative Energy Systems

5.2 Transients in Alternative Energy Systems

5.3 Power Electronics, Alternative Energy, and Future Micro-grid Systems

5.4 Dynamic Process in the Multi-source System

5.5 Speciality of Control and Analyzing Methods in Alternative Energy Systems

5.6 Application of Power Electronics in Advanced Electric Power Systems

References

Chapter 6: Power Electronics in Battery Management Systems

6.1 Application of Power Electronics in Rechargeable Batteries

6.2 Battery Charge Management

6.3 Cell Balancing

6.4 SOA of Battery Power Electronics

References

Chapter 7: Dead-band Effect and Minimum Pulse Width

7.1 Dead-band Effect in DC–AC Inverters

7.2 Dead-band Effect in DC–DC Converters

7.3 Control Strategy for the Dead-band Compensation

7.4 Minimum Pulse Width (MPW)

7.5 Summary

References

Chapter 8: Modulated Error in Power Electronic Systems

8.1 Modulated Error Between Information flow and Power Flow

8.2 Modulated Error in Switching Power Semiconductors

8.3 Modulated Error in the DC–AC Inverter

8.4 Modulated Error in the DC–DC Converter

8.5 Summary

References

Chapter 9: Future Trends of Power Electronics

9.1 New Materials and Devices

9.2 Topology, Systems, and Applications

9.3 Passive Components

9.4 Power Electronics Packaging

9.5 Power Line Communication

9.6 Transients in Future Power Electronics

References

Index

This edition first published 2011

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Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Bai, Hua, 1980-

Transients of modern power electronics / Hua Bai, Chris Mi.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-68664-5 (hardback)

1. Power electronics. 2. Transients (Electricity) 3. Electric current converters–Design and construction. I. Mi, Chris. II. Title.

TK7881.15B34 2011

621.381′044–dc22

2011009746

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 978-0-470-68664-5

ePDF ISBN: 978-1-119-97172-6

oBook ISBN: 978-1-119-97171-9

ePub ISBN: 978-1-119-97276-1

Mobi ISBN: 978-1-119-97277-8

About the Authors

Hua (Kevin) Bai received his BS and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China in 2002 and 2007, respectively. He was a post doctoral fellow from 2007 to 2009 and an assistant research scientist from 2009 to 2010 at the University of Michigan–Dearborn in the United States. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kettering University, Michigan. His research interest is in the dynamic processes and transient pulsed power phenomena of power electronic systems, including variable frequency motor drive systems, high-voltage and high-power DC–DC converters, renewable energy systems, and hybrid electric vehicles.

Dr. Chris Mi is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Director of DTE Power Electronics Laboratory at the University of Michigan–Dearborn, Michigan in the United States.

Dr. Mi has conducted extensive research in electric and hybrid vehicles and has published more than 100 articles and delivered more than 50 invited talks and keynote speeches, as well as serving as a panelist.

Dr. Mi is the recipient of the 2009 Distinguished Research Award of the University of Michigan–Dearborn, the 2007 SAE Environmental Excellence in Transportation (also know as E2T) Award for “Innovative Education and Training Program in Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles,” the 2005 Distinguished Teaching Award of the University of Michigan–Dearborn, the IEEE Region 4 Outstanding Engineer Award, and the IEEE Southeastern Michigan Section Outstanding Professional Award. He is also the recipient of the National Innovation Award (1992) and the Government Special Allowance Award (1994) from the China Central Government. In December 2007, Dr. Mi became a member of the Eta Kappa Nu, the Electrical and Computer Engineering Honor Society, for being “a leader in education and an example of good moral character.”

Dr. Mi holds BS and MS degrees from Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China, and a PhD degree from the University of Toronto, Canada. He was the Chief Technical Officer of 1Power Solutions from 2008 to 2010 and worked with General Electric Company from 2000 to 2001. From 1988 to 1994, he was a member of the faculty of Northwestern Polytechnical University, and from 1994 to 1996 he was an Associate Professor and an Associate Chair in the Department of Automatic Control Systems, Xi'an Petroleum University, China.

Dr. Mi is the Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics – Letters, associate editor of the Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers (2007–2009); editorial board member of International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles; editorial board member of IET Transactions on Electrical Systems in Transportation; a Guest Editor of IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Special Issue on Vehicle Power and Propulsion (2009–2010), and Guest Editor of International Journal of Power Electronics, Special Issue on Vehicular Power Electronics and Motor Drives (2009–2010). He served as the Vice Chair (2006, 2007) and Chair (2008) of the IEEE Southeastern Michigan Section. He was the General Chair of the Fifth IEEE International Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference held in Dearborn, MI, September 7–11, 2009. He has also served on the review panel for the National Science Foundation, the US Department of Energy (2006–2010), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (2010).

Dr. Mi is one of the two Topic Coordinators for the 2011 IEEE International Future Energy Challenge Competition.

Preface

Power electronics is a major branch of electrical engineering. The past few decades have witnessed exponential growth due to emerging applications in electric power systems, alternative energy, and hybrid electric vehicles. However, a popular view among many engineers and scholars is that power electronics has matured. In many circumstances, particularly among those who have only a cursory understanding of power electronic systems, power electronics are regarded as black boxes which could be sourced from the market. System integration is interpreted as sourcing these boxes, connecting them to other components, assembling them into the system, and then testing the system in environments that approximate those expected in the application.

This situation exists for several reasons. One is that power electronics lacks an instructive theoretical framework and design methodology. This deficiency directly leads to the empirical, vague, and inaccurate popularizing of power electronics as a black box. Realistically, a power electronics course should be multidisciplinary and involve semiconductor physics, digital signal processing, controls, circuits, computers, mechanical design, thermal and electromagnetic phenomena, and other disciplines. Understanding power electronics requires comprehension from macroscopic perspectives and microscopic factors. However, most of us still stay in the macroscopic world of control, topology, and circuits. Thus, compared to other courses like power systems and high-voltage engineering, power electronics has the lowest knowledge threshold to enter and it is assumed to behave like a pure applied engineering or even technician's discipline. Empirical coefficients, unconvincing simulation, unsophisticated electrical and mechanical concepts, and extensive reliance on testing often guide the design of power electronics.

As a matter of fact, the development of power electronic technology finds its roots in the development of semiconductor technology. One generation of power electronic systems is accompanied with one generation of semiconductor devices. Lacking an understanding of the physics of power semiconductor devices leads to the absence of the research fundamentals. Therefore, laboratory research activities which only care about macroscopic performance and ignore semiconductor physics are often accompanied by many unexpected failures. The switching actions of semiconductor devices introduce many transient processes which can challenge the safe operation of the power electronic systems. Statistically, nearly 70% of power electronic system failures happen in the transient processes instead of the steady state operations. However, in the mainstream of power electronics developments, critical transient processes are ignored and analysis methods are limited to averaged, steady state behavior. Topology, efficiency, total harmonic distortion, and output voltage ripples are often addressed and the voltage spike, in-rush current, minimum pulse width, and so on, are ignored.

The authors, whose point of view is validated by past experiences, believe the only way to simultaneously reach high performance, high reliability, and high design accuracy is to combine the analysis of the macroscopic control and microscopic transient processes. In order to establish a precise and instructive theoretical framework, collecting data from a variety of power electronic topologies is the first step in developing a theoretical framework for integrating microscopic and macroscopic phenomena. The authors have been involved in the development of: (i) a 6000 V, 1.25 MW three-level inverter, (ii) a 10 kW bidirectional isolated DC–DC converter, (iii) 10 kW battery chargers for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and (iv) a SiC JFET-based inverter. In conducting these research and development activities, the conflict between reliability and performance, the balancing of steady state and transient processes, and the struggle between the macroscopic and microscopic worlds were repeated for each development activity. In the high-power or high-power-density applications, observing, comprehending, and solving those transient processes is one of the most important steps. This has stimulated the writing of this book, entitled Transients of Modern Power Electronics. The authors hope that the book will inspire students and engineers to comprehend both the microscopic and macroscopic aspects of power electronics.

Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to the state of the art of power electronics development which will facilitate readers' understanding of the present need in this domain. In Chapters 2 and 3, the major transient processes are addressed. The power electronic system is presented as an energy loop, energy components, and energy control. Typical transient processes are detailed in Chapter 4 for power electronics associated with hybrid electric vehicles, in Chapter 5 for alternative energy, and in Chapter 6 for battery management systems. In Chapters 7 and 8, the dead-band effect, minimum pulse width, and calculating errors, all critical elements of power electronics design, are detailed. Finally, Chapter 9 discusses future trends.

Since this work is a bold attempt and the data samples are limited in number, and although the authors have many years of experience in this domain, mistakes are unavoidable. Also, the authors have proposed many novel concepts in this book; however, these might not yet be accurate and may need improvement. The authors welcome all feedback that can be used to improve the contents of the book in future editions.

This work has been greatly supported by State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment in Tsinghua University, China, the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Michigan–Dearborn, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Kettering University. The authors are grateful to all those who helped to complete the book. In particular, a large portion of the material presented in this book is the result of many years of work by the authors as well as other members of the research group of Professor Chris Mi and Professor Hua Bai. The authors are grateful to the many dedicated staff and graduate students who have made enormous contributions and provided supporting material for this book. The authors would like to thank Mr. Mariano Filippa who helped proofread chapter 1 to 3 of this book.

The authors would like to acknowledge various sources which granted permission to use certain materials or figures in the book. Best efforts were made to obtain permission for the use of these materials. If any of these sources were missed, the authors apologize sincerely for that oversight, and will gratefully rectify the situation in future editions of the book if it is brought to the attention of the publisher.

The authors would like to acknowledge The MathWorks, Inc. and ANSYS for providing software and support for their studies.

The authors also owe a debt of gratitude to their families, who have given tremendous support and made sacrifices during the process of writing this book.

Finally, they are extremely grateful to John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and its editorial staff for the opportunity to publish this book and helping in all possible ways.

Chapter 1

Power Electronic Devices, Circuits, Topology, and Control

1.1 Power Electronics

Power electronics is a branch of engineering that combines the generation, transformation, and distribution of electrical energy through electronic means. In 1974, W. Newell described power electronics as a combination of electrical engineering, electronics, and control theory, which has been widely accepted today [1].

Power electronics has merged into various residential, commercial, and industrial domains. Application of power electronics encompasses renewable energy, transportation, defense, communication, manufacturing, utilities, and appliances. In the renewable energy field, power electronics covers distributed generation, control of electric power quality, wind power generation, and solar energy conversion. Modern power electronics consists of the research and development of novel power electronic semiconductors, new topologies, and new control algorithms. Power electronics is an interdisciplinary subject that involves traditional electrical engineering, electromagnetics, microelectronics, control, thermal fluid dynamics, and computer science.

More specifically, research in power electronics includes but is not limited to:

1. Theory, manufacture, and application of power electronic semiconductor devices.

2. Power electronic circuits, devices, systems and their relevant modeling, simulation, and computer-aided design.

3. Prediction and improvement of system reliability.

4. Motor drive design, traction, and automation control.

5. Techniques for electromagnetic design and measurement.

6. Power electronics-based flexible AC transmission systems (FACTSs).

7. Advanced control techniques.

The study of power semiconductor devices is the foundation of modern power electronics. It began with the introduction of thyristors in the late 1950s. Today there are several types of power semiconductor devices available for power electronics applications, including gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs), power Darlington transistors, power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs), insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), and integrated-gate commutated thyristors (IGCTs). Recently, new materials with wideband energy gaps, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium arsenide (GaS), are leading the direction of next-generation power semiconductor devices.