Transport Modeling for Environmental Engineers and Scientists E-Book

Mark M. Clark

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 841

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Transport Modeling for Environmental Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition, builds on integrated transport courses in chemical engineering curricula, demonstrating the underlying unity of mass and momentum transport processes. It describes how these processes underlie the mechanics common to both pollutant transport and pollution control processes.

Leseprobe

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

LIST OF SYMBOLS

1 CONSERVATION LAWS AND CONTINUA

1.1. INTRODUCTION

1.2. CONSERVATION LAWS: SYSTEMS APPROACH

1.3. CONSERVATION LAWS: CONTROL VOLUME APPROACH

1.4. CONSERVATION LAWS: DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT APPROACH

1.5. CONTINUA

1.6. SOURCES, SINKS, REACTIONS, AND BOX MODELS

1.7. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

2 LOW-CONCENTRATION PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS AND FLOWS

2.1. INTRODUCTION

2.2. DRAG ON A SPHERE

2.3. DRAG FORCE ON NONSPHERICAL PARTICLES

2.4. LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER PARTICLE DYNAMICS AND STOKES’ LAW

2.5. PARTICLE MOTIONS IN ELECTRIC FIELDS

2.6. QUIESCENT AND PERFECT-MIX BATCH SEDIMENTATION

2.7. CONTINUOUS SEDIMENTATION PROCESSES

2.8. INERTIAL FORCES ON PARTICLES AND STOPPING DISTANCE

2.9. INERTIAL FORCES IN PARTICLE FLOWS

2.10. ROTATING FLOWS

2.11. CENTRIFUGATION

2.12. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

3 INTERACTIONS OF SMALL CHARGED PARTICLES

3.1. INTRODUCTION

3.2. IMPORTANCE OF SURFACE

3.3. ACQUISITION OF SURFACE CHARGE

3.4. PARTICLE SIZE, SHAPE, AND POLYDISPERSITY

3.5. THE DOUBLE LAYER AND COLLOIDAL STABILITY

3.6. THE SCHULZE–HARDY RULE

3.7. ELECTROPHORESIS AND ZETA POTENTIAL

3.8. PARTICLE COLLISION AND FAST COAGULATION

3.9. SLOW COAGULATION

3.10. SUMMARY

EXERCISES

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

4 ADSORPTION, PARTITIONING, AND INTERFACES

4.1. INTRODUCTION

4.2. ACCUMULATION OF SOLUTES AT INTERFACES

4.3. ADSORPTION AT SOLID-LIQUID AND SOLID-GAS INTERFACES

4.4. ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS

4.5. LINEAR EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING BETWEEN TWO PHASES

4.6. PARTITIONING AND SEPARATION IN FLOW SYSTEMS

4.7. SUMMARY

EXERCISES

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

5 BASIC FLUID MECHANICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT

5.1. INTRODUCTION

5.2. THE JOY OF FLUID MECHANICS

5.3. THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

5.4. FLUID STATICS AND THE BUOYANCY FORCE

5.5. CAPILLARITY AND INTERFACIAL TENSION

5.6. THE MODIFIED PRESSURE AND FREE-SURFACE FLOWS

5.7. STEADY UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOWS AND STEADY CIRCULAR STREAMLINE FLOWS

5.8. FLUID SHEAR STRESSES AND THE VISCOSITY OF NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

5.9. SLIP FLOW

5.10. FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION

5.11. NONSTEADY UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOWS: STOKES’ FIRST PROBLEM

5.12. LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER FLOWS

5.13. IDEAL FLUIDS, POTENTIAL FLOWS, AND STREAM FUNCTIONS

5.14. THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

5.15. STEADY VISCOUS MOMENTUM BOUNDARY LAYERS

5.16. TURBULENT FLOWS

5.17. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

6 DIFFUSIVE MASS TRANSPORT

6.1. INTRODUCTION

6.2. THERMODYNAMICS OF DIFFUSION

6.3. FICK’s FIRST LAW AND GENERAL DIFFUSIVE TRANSPORT

6.4. THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT

6.5. STEADY-STATE DIFFUSION PROBLEMS WITH NO OVERALL DIFFUSIVE MASS TRANSFER

6.6. STEADY-STATE MASS BALANCES OVER DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENTS

6.7. FICK’s SECOND LAW AND NONSTEADY-STATE DIFFUSION

6.8. EFFECTIVE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN POROUS MEDIA

6.9. HINDERED DIFFUSION

6.10. WHEN CHEMICALS DIFFUSE AGAINST A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

6.11. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

7 CONVECTIVE DIFFUSION, DISPERSION, AND MASS TRANSFER

7.1. INTRODUCTION AND SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF CONVECTIVE DIFFUSION

7.2. THE CONVECTIVE-DIFFUSION EQUATION

7.3. MASS TRANSPORT IN STEADY LAMINAR FLOW IN A CYLINDRICAL TUBE

7.4. TAYLOR-ARIS DISPERSION

7.5. TURBULENT DISPERSION: THE LAGRANGIAN APPROACH

7.6. TURBULENT DISPERSION: THE EULERIAN APPROACH

7.7. MASS TRANSFER IN LAMINAR FLOW ALONG REACTING OR DISSOLVING SOLID SURFACES

7.8. MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS, MODELS, AND CORRELATIONS FOR LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOWS

7.9. INTERPHASE MASS TRANSPORT AND RESISTANCE MODELS

7.10. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

8 FILTRATION AND MASS TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA

8.1. INTRODUCTION

8.2. POROSITY, VELOCITY, AND POROUS MEDIA CONTINUA

8.3. COEFFICIENTS OF MECHANICAL, MOLECULAR, AND HYDRODYNAMIC DISPERSION

8.4. POROUS MEDIA DISPERSION EQUATION IN A HOMOGENEOUS ISOTROPIC MEDIUM

8.5. SOLUTION OF THE DISPERSION EQUATION IN AN INFINITE ONE-DIMENSIONAL MEDIUM

8.6. ANALYTICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY

8.7. FILTRATION

8.8. OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND REVERSE OSMOSIS

8.9. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

9 REACTION KINETICS

9.1. INTRODUCTION

9.2. FIRST-ORDER REACTIONS

9.3. SECOND-ORDER REACTIONS

9.4. PSEUDO-FIRST-ORDER REACTIONS

9.5. ZERO-ORDER REACTIONS

9.6. ELEMENTARY AND NONELEMENTARY REACTIONS

9.7. SIMPLE SERIES AND PARALLEL REACTIONS

9.8. REVERSIBLE REACTIONS

9.9. CHARACTERISTIC REACTION TIMES

9.10. ARRHENIUS’ LAW AND THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON REACTION RATE

9.11. THE FASTEST REACTIONS: DIFFUSION-CONTROLLED REACTIONS

9.12. SUMMARY

EXERCISES

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

10 MIXING AND REACTOR MODELING

10.1. INTRODUCTION

10.2. SIMPLE CLOSED-REACTOR AND RESIDENCE-TIME DISTRIBUTIONS

10.3. MEASUREMENT OF RESIDENCE-TIME DISTRIBUTIONS

10.4. RESIDENCE-TIME DISTRIBUTIONS FROM DISCRETE DATA

10.5. PERFECT MIXING AND IDEAL PLUG FLOW

10.6. F, W, AND DISINFECTION

10.7. MOMENTS OF RESIDENCE-TIME DISTRIBUTIONS

10.8. OTHER RESIDENCE-TIME MODELS

10.9. AXIAL-DISPERSION MODEL

10.10. FITTING RESIDENCE-TIME DISTRIBUTIONS TO DATA

10.11. MIXING AND REACTIONS

10.12. SUMMARY

EXERCISES

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX I. SI uNITS AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

APPENDIX II. REVIEW OF VECTORS

APPENDIX III. EQUATIONS OF FLUID mECHANICS AND CONVECTIVE DIFFUSION IN RECTANGULAR, CYLINDRICAL, AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES

APPENDIX IV. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AND AIR

INDEX

Copyright © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Clark, Mark M.

Transport modeling for environmental engineers and scientists /Mark M. Clark. - 2nd ed. p. cm.

Summary: “Transport Modeling for Environmental Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition, builds on integrated transport courses in chemical engineering curricula, demonstrating the underlying unity of mass and momentum transport processes. It describes how these processes underlie the mechanics common to both pollutant transport and pollution control processes”–Provided by publisher.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-26072-2

1. Environmental chemistry–Mathematical models. 2. Transport theory–Mathematical models. I. Title.

TD193.C55 2009

628.5'2-dc22

2009025905

Consider how all events are interconnected. When we see the lightning, we listen for the thunder; when we hear the wind, we look for the waves on the sea; in the chill autumn, the leaves fall. Everywhere order reigns, so that when some circum-stances have been noted we can foresee that others will also be present. The progress of science consists in observing these interconnections and in showing with patient ingenuity that the events of this evershifting world are but examples of a few general connections or relations called laws. To see what is general in what is particular and what is permanent in what is transitory is the aim of scientific thought.

—Alfred North Whitehead, Introduction to Mathematics, Barnes and Noble Publishing, 2005 (originally published in 1911)

PREFACE

The second edition of Transport Modeling for Environmental Engineers and Scientists continues to be an effort to provide students an introduction to modeling of mass- and momentum-transport processes in the environment and pollution control equipment. The book strives to present material relevant to transport processes in air, water, and soil, and several areas have been updated in the second edition. However, since its original publication in 1996, our field has increasingly incorporated techniques from biotechnology and nanotechnology; therefore, the second edition has an increased focus on the physical chemistry of selected biological analyses and nano-scale phenomena.

The following areas have been expanded on in the second edition: Cascade impactors; ultracentrifugation and biomolecules; coagulation modeling and breakup; zeta-potential, streaming-potential, and surface forces; octanol–water partition coefficients; Langmuir adsorption; hydrogen bonds and surfactants; chromatography and flow-field fractionation; nanofluidics and slip flows; capillarity, contact angle, and hydrophobicty; Donnan, hindered, and Knudsen diffusion; osmotic pressure and reverse osmosis; disinfection and disinfection byproducts; catalysis and enzymes; diffusion-controlled reactions; and tracers. More than 30 new exercises have been added in the second edition. For professors who have adopted this book and desire access to the solutions manual, please be advised that it is currently being prepared and that a link to it will be made available in the next few months, accessible via the Wiley website for this title: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd0470260726.xhtml

SI units are used almost exclusively throughout the book, but other systems of units are occasionally used when they are more traditional. Many approximations, such as >> or <<, and >>> or <<<, are also used. In this book, these symbols have the following meanings:

< or >Less than or greater than.<< or >>Much less than, or much greater than. The compared quantities differ by at least a factor of 10.<<< or >>>Much, much less than, or much, much greater than. The compared quantities differ by at least a factor of 100.

A good deal of algebra and simple differential equations are used in the book, so anyone with an engineering, physics, or chemistry background should find the mathematics quite accessible. Previous course work in dynamics, fluid mechanics, mass or heat transfer, and physical chemistry would be useful, but are not required. The book has been used as an introduction to mathematical modeling in several graduate environmental engineering programs, but I have found that undergraduates in these classes have always fared well.

Finally, a reviewer of the first edition suggested that the book could help students understand how things work. That is indeed the greatest contribution I would wish for this book.

MARK M. CLARK

Evanston, Illinois

2009

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

With completion of the Second edition of this book, and looking back at my career, I would like to acknowledge the following teachers, colleagues, students and staff members who greatly influenced my training and growth as an environmental engineer and scientist, as well as those who made specific contributions to the book: Shankha Banerji, Mriganka Ghosh, Louis Hemphill, Henry Liu, John Novak, John T. O’Connor, Donald Fancisco, Donald Lauria, Stanley Corrsin, Martin Maxey, Charles O’Melia, M. Gorden Wolman, Georges Belfort, Jean-Luc Bersillon, François Fiessinger, Joël Mallevialle, Jean-Yves Bottero, René David, Bruce Nauman, Rhodes Trussell, Philippe Aptel, Jeffrey Collett, Claudia Cook, Wayland Eheart, David Freedman, Marcelo Garcia, Edwin Herricks, Susan Larson, Valentina Lazarova, Helen Mardis, Paul Newton, Gary Peyton, Massoud Rostam-Abadi, Eberhard Morgenroth, Thanh H. (Helen) Nguyen, Bruce Rittmann, Mark Rood, Vernon Snoeyink, Timm Strathmann, Joan Stolz, Albert Valocchi, Charley Werth, Ron Winburn, Julie Zilles, Bill Batchelor, Jean-Francois Gaillard, Mark N. Goltz, Mark Wiesner, Betsy Andrews, Mesenia Atenas, Richard Bernard, Fred Cannon, Joseph Flora, Catherine Jucker, Jaehong Kim, Mary Jo Kirisits, Detlef Knappe, Jean-Michel Laîné, Mark Rhodes, Samer Adham, Ravindra Srivastava, Timothy Kramer, Joel Ducoste, Kerry Howe, Yonghun Lee, Adrienne Menniti, Won-Young Ahn, David Ladner, and Manish Kumar.