Twentieth-Century War and Conflict E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1361

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

TWENTIETH-CENTURY WAR AND CONFLICT

“With rich entries that highlight the political context, strategic significance, and tactical detail of each conflict, this encyclopedia is an essential reference for students of military history and strategic studies.”
Theo Farrell, King’s College London

Drawn from the award-winning five-volume Encyclopedia ofWar (Choice Outstanding Academic Title 2013), the single-volume Twentieth-Century War and Conflict provides an essential guide to the conflicts and concepts that shaped warfare in the twentieth-century and up to the present day. This concise reference contains a range of entries from 1,000 to 6,000 words long, each written by a leading international scholar.

This concise encyclopedia provides full coverage of global conflicts and themes in twentieth-century war. World Wars I and II are covered by 10 separate entries. Lesser conflicts are also incorporated in this volume, including the Russo-Japanese War, the Greco-Turkish War, the Falklands War, the Soviet War in Afghanistan, the Gulf Wars, and more. Issues such as chemical warfare, ethnic cleansing, psychological warfare, and women and war also receive substantial treatment, making this an invaluable resource for students and general readers alike.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

List of Entries

List of Maps

Chronological Guide to Entries

About the Editors

Notes on Contributors

Editor’s Preface

A

Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962)

Angolan Civil Wars (1975–2002)

Arab–Israeli Conflict

B

Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

Biological Warfare: Past, Present, and Future

C

Chechnya Wars (1990s–Present)

Chemical Warfare

China, Invasion of (1931, 1937–1945)

Chinese Civil War (Modern)

Combat Film

Congo Wars (1960s 2000s)

E

Ethnic Cleansing

F

Falklands War (1982)

First Indochina War (1945–1954)

G

Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

Gulf Wars (1990–1991, 2003–Present)

I

Indo-Pakistani Wars (1947–1948, 1965, 1971)

Iraq–Iran War (1980–1988)

Irish Revolution, Wars of the

Italo-Abyssinian Wars

K

Korean War (1949–1953)

L

Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)

M

Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)

Mau Mau Emergency (1952–1960)

N

National Liberation, Wars of

Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)

P

Peacekeeping

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Psychological Warfare

R

Russian Civil War (1917–1920)

Russo-Finnish War (1939–1940)

Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)

Russo-Polish War (1919–1920)

Rwandan Genocide

S

Somalia Civil War (2006)

Soviet War in Afghanistan (1979–1992)

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

Sri Lankan Civil War

Submarine Warfare

T

Terrorism, War Against

Turco-Italian War (1911–1912)

V

Veterans

Vietnam War (1959–1975)

W

War and Cinema

War and Sexuality

War Crimes

War Photography

War Poetry

War Propaganda

Women and War

World War I: Afro-Asian Theaters

World War I: Eastern Front

World War I: Southern Front

World War I: Western Front

World War II: Battle of Britain

World War II: Eastern Front

World War II: Invasion of Normandy to the Surrender of Germany

World War II: Mediterranean Campaign

World War II: The Defeat and Occupation of France

World War II: War in Asia

Y

Yugoslav Succession, Wars of (1990–1999)

Slovenia and the 10-Day War

The War in Croatia

The War in Bosnia-Hercegovina

The Kosovo War

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 12

Table 1 United Nations peacekeeping operations (multiple operations have taken place in some locations)

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Map 9 Arab–Israeli conflict.

Chapter 02

Map 10 Balkan wars, 1912–1913.

Chapter 03

Map 11 Invasion of China.

Map 12 Guomindang and the Japanese occupation.

Chapter 06

Map 13 Greco-Turkish War, 1919–1922.

Chapter 11

Map 14 Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970.

Chapter 14

Map 15 Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939.

Chapter 17

Map 16 The Gallipoli Campaign, 1915–1916.

Map 17 World War I: Eastern Front.

Map 18 World War I: Western Front.

Map 19 German invasion of Poland, 1939.

Map 20 Operation Barbarossa, 1941.

Map 21 World War II: War in Asia.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

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Twentieth-Century War and Conflict

A Concise Encyclopedia

Edited by

Gordon Martel

This edition first published 2015© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Offices350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148–5020, USA9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for

Paperback ISBN: 978-1-118-88463-8

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: © Jack Sullivan / Alamy.

List of Entries

Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962)

Angolan Civil Wars (1975–2002)

Arab–Israeli Conflict

Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

Biological Warfare: Past, Present, and Future

Chechnya Wars (1990s–Present)

Chemical Warfare

China, Invasion of (1931, 1937–1945)

Chinese Civil War (Modern)

Combat Film

Congo Wars (1960s–2000s)

Ethnic Cleansing

Falklands War (1982)

First Indochina War (1945–1954)

Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

Gulf Wars (1990–1991, 2003–Present)

Indo-Pakistani Wars (1947–1948, 1965, 1971)

Iraq–Iran War (1980–1988)

Irish Revolution, Wars of the

Italo-Abyssinian Wars

Korean War (1949–1953)

Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)

Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)

Mau Mau Emergency (1952–1960)

National Liberation, Wars of

Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)

Peacekeeping

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Psychological Warfare

Russian Civil War (1917–1920)

Russo-Finnish War (1939–1940)

Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)

Russo-Polish War (1919–1920)

Rwandan Genocide

Somalia Civil War (2006)

Soviet War in Afghanistan (1979–1992)

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

Sri Lankan Civil War

Submarine Warfare

Terrorism, War Against

Turco-Italian War (1911–1912)

Veterans

Vietnam War (1959–1975)

War and Cinema

War and Sexuality

War Crimes

War Photography

War Poetry

War Propaganda

Women and War

World War I: Afro-Asian Theaters

World War I: Eastern Front

World War I: Southern Front

World War I: Western Front

World War II: Battle of Britain

World War II: Eastern Front

World War II: Invasion of Normandy to the Surrender of Germany

World War II: Mediterranean Campaign

World War II: The Defeat and Occupation of France

World War II: War in Asia

Yugoslav Succession, Wars of (1990–1999)

List of Maps

General Maps

Colonial Africa, 1914

Colonialism in Asia, 1914

Ottoman Empire: disintegration

The Japanese Empire

German-occupied Europe, 1942

Africa: decolonization

Cold War Europe

Contemporary Middle East

Specific Maps

Arab–Israeli conflict

Balkan wars, 1912–1913

Invasion of China

Guomindang and the Japanese occupation

Greco-Turkish War, 1919–1922

Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970

Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

The Gallipoli Campaign, 1915–1916

World War I: Eastern Front

World War I: Western Front

German invasion of Poland, 1939

Operation Barbarossa, 1941

World War II: War in Asia

Chronological Guide to Entries

Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)

Turco-Italian War (1911–1912)

Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

Chinese Civil War (Modern)

World War I: Western Front

World War I: Eastern Front

World War I: Afro-Asian Theaters

World War I: Southern Front

Irish Revolution, Wars of the

Russian Civil War (1917–1920)

Russo-Polish War (1919–1920)

Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

China, Invasion of (1931, 1937–1945)

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

Italo-Abyssinian Wars

Russo-Finnish War (1939–1940)

World War II: The Defeat and Occupation of France

World War II: Battle of Britain

World War II: Eastern Front

World War II: Invasion of Normandy to the Surrender of Germany

World War II: Mediterranean Campaign

World War II: War in Asia

Indo-Pakistani Wars (1947–1948, 1965, 1971)

Arab–Israeli Conflict

First Indochina War (1945–1954)

Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)

Korean War (1949–1953)

Mau Mau Emergency (1952–1960)

Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962)

Vietnam War (1959–1975)

Congo Wars (1960s–2000s)

Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970)

Angola Civil Wars (1975–2002)

Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)

Soviet War in Afghanistan (1979–1992)

Iraq-Iran War (1980–1988)

Falklands War (1982)

Sri Lankan Civil War

Yugoslav Succession, Wars of (1990–1999)

Chechnya Wars (1990s–Present)

Gulf Wars (1990–1991, 2003–Present)

Terrorism: War Against

Somalia Civil War (2006)

Rwandan Genocide

About the Editors

Editor-in-Chief:

Gordon Martel is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Northern British Columbia and Adjunct Professor at the University of Victoria. He has written widely on the history of modern war. Among his best-known books are Imperial Diplomacy (1985) and The Origins of the First World War (revised 3rd edition, 2008). He was one of the founding editors of the leading scholarly journal, The International History Review, and is editor of “Seminar Studies in History.” He has edited numerous scholarly publications, including The World War Two Reader (2004), A Companion to Europe, 1900–1945 (Blackwell, 2006), and A Companion to International History, 1900–2001 (Blackwell, 2007). His The Month That Changed the World: July 1914 was published in June 2014.

Board of Advisory Editors:

Richard Bonney is Emeritus Professor at the University of Leicester and Professorial Research Fellow in South Asian Security at the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI), Whitehall.

Brian Campbell is Professor of Roman History in the School of History and Anthropology at Queen’s University of Belfast.

Karl Friday is Professor of History at the University of Georgia.

Susan R. Grayzel is Professor of History at the University of Mississippi.

John Lamphear was Professor of History at the University of Texas until his retirement.

S. P. Mackenzie is Caroline McKissick Dial Professor of History at the University of South Carolina.

Stephen C. Neff is Reader in Public International Law at the University of Edinburgh.

Helen J. Nicholson is a Reader in History at Cardiff University, Wales, and publishes on the military orders, crusades, and related subjects.

Mark A. Stoler is Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Vermont where he taught US diplomatic and military history from 1970 to 2007.

David R. Stone is Pickett Professor of Military History at Kansas State University.

Bruce Vandervort is Professor of Modern European and African History at the Virginia Military Institute and is also the editor of the Journal of Military History.

Geoffrey Wawro is the General Olinto Mark Barsanti Professor of Military History and Director of the Military History Center at the University of North Texas.

Contributing Editors:

Virginia H. Aksan is Professor of History at McMaster University.

Stephen Badsey, MA (Cantab.), FRHistS, is Professor in Conflict Studies in the School of Law, Social Sciences, and Communications at the University of Wolverhampton, UK.

Stephen Conway is Professor of History at University College, London.

Kelly DeVries is Professor of History at Loyola University Maryland and Honorary Historical Consultant at the Royal Armouries, United Kingdom.

Alan Forrest is Professor of Modern History at the University of York.

J. Michael Francis is Professor of History at the University of North Florida.

Michael D. Gambone is Professor of History at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania.

Gian P. Gentile is a serving Army colonel and currently runs the Military History Program at West Point.

Kate Gilliver is Senior Lecturer in Ancient History at Cardiff University.

David M. Glantz is chief editor of the Journal of Slavic Military Studies.

John Haldon is Professor of History at Princeton University.

Matthew Hughes is Reader in History at Brunel University.

Norrie MacQueen is Honorary Research Fellow in the School of International Relations at the University of St Andrews.

K. A. J. McLay is Head of the Department of History and Archaeology at the University of Chester.

Alexander Mikaberidze is Assistant Professor of History at Louisiana State University (Shreveport).

Stephen Morillo is the Jane and Frederic M. Hadley Chair in History at Wabash College.

Douglas M. Peers is Dean of Graduate Studies at York University.

Heather R. Perry is Assistant Professor of German and Medical History at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

Brian Holden Reid is Professor of American History and Military Institutions, King’s College, London.

Richard Reid is Reader in the History of Africa at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

Clifford J. Rogers is a Professor of History at the United States Military Academy.

Michael Sage is Professor in the Department of Classics at the University of Cincinnati.

Pedro Santoni is Professor of History and Department Chair at California State University, San Bernardino.

Matthew S. Seligmann is Reader in History at the University of Northampton.

Dennis Showalter is Professor of History at Colorado College.

Louis Sicking is Lecturer in History at the University of Leiden.

Jennifer Siegel is Associate Professor at the Ohio State University.

Armstrong Starkey is a Professor of History at Adelphi University.

Carol B. Stevens, PhD (University of Michigan, 1985), is Professor in the History Department at Colgate University, Hamilton, New York.

Frank Tallett is Head of the School of Humanities at the University of Reading.

Blair Turner holds appointments as Professor in the Departments of History and of International Studies and Political Science at the Virginia Military Institute and is an editor of the Journal of Military History.

Anne Sharp Wells is assistant editor of the Journal of Military History and assistant editor of The Papers of George Catlett Marshall (volume 6) for the George C. Marshall Foundation.

Peter H. Wilson is G. F. Grant Professor of History at the University of Hull.

David Zimmerman is Professor at the University of Victoria, Canada.

Notes on Contributors

Mary Elizabeth Ailes is a Professor of History at the University of Nebraska at Kearney. Her publications include Military Migration and State Formation: The British Military Community in Seventeenth-Century Sweden (2002) and “Wars, Widows, and State Formation in 17th-Century Sweden,” Scandinavian Journal of History (March 2006).

John E. Ashbrook is an Associate Professor of History at Sweet Briar College. He teaches Modern European History and researches political and military history of eastern and central Europe and the Balkans.

Donald Avery is Professor Emeritus and Adjunct Research Professor in the Department of History, University of Western Ontario. His publications on biological and chemical warfare include The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War (1998).

Stephen Badsey, MA (Cantab.), FRHistS, is Professor in Conflict Studies in the School of Law, Social Sciences, and Communications at the University of Wolverhampton, UK. His personal website is www.stephenbadsey.com

Pradeep P. Barua is Professor of History at the University of Nebraska at Kearney. He is the author of Gentlemen of the Raj: The Indian Army Officer Corps 1817–1949 (2003) and The State at War in South Asia (2005). He has published several articles on the military history of South Asia and the developing world.

Colin F. Baxter received his MA and PhD degrees from the University of Georgia. He is Emeritus Professor of History at East Tennessee State University where he served as chair of the department until 2008. His books include The Normandy Campaign, 1944: A Selected Bibliography (1992), The War in North Africa, 1940–1943: A Selected Bibliography (1996), and Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887–1976: A Selected Bibliography (1999).

Gary J. Bjorge is an Associate Professor in the Military History Department of the US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. His degrees include an MA in political science and a PhD in Chinese language and literature from the University of Wisconsin. His publications include English translations of Chinese fiction and articles and books on Chinese military history topics.

Laura Brandon is Historian, Art and War, at the Canadian War Museum and an Adjunct Professor in the School for Studies in Art and Culture at Carleton University, Ottawa. She is the author of Art or Memorial? The Forgotten History of Canada’s War Art (2006) and Art and War (2007).

Ahron (Ronnie) Bregman was born in Israel in 1958. After six years of army service, during which he took part in the 1982 Lebanon war and reached the rank of captain, he left the army to work at the Knesset as a parliamentary assistant. He studied in Jerusalem and London, completing a doctorate in War Studies at King’s College, London, in 1994. He is the author of The Fifty Years War (1998), Israel’s Wars: A History since 1947 (2000), A History of Israel (2002), and Elusive Peace (2005). He teaches at the Department of War Studies, King’s College, London.

James Chapman is Professor of Film Studies at the University of Leicester. He has wide-ranging research interests in the history of film and television and in the representation of war and history in the media. His books include The British at War: Cinema, State and Propaganda, 1939–1945 (1998), Past and Present: National Identity and the British Historical Film (2005), War and Film (2008), and The New Film History: Sources, Methods, Approaches (co-edited with Mark Glancy and Sue Harper, 2007).

Richard L. DiNardo is Professor For National Security Affairs at the United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College, Quantico, Virginia. He is the author of numerous books and articles on a wide variety of topics in military history. His most recent work, Breakthrough: The Gorlice–Tarnow Campaign 1915, was published in 2010.

Kenneth W. Estes, a US Marine Corps officer 1969–1993, earned a doctorate in European history (1984) and taught Military, European, and US History at Duke University, the US Naval Academy, and in adjunct positions in Seattle and Europe. He has written or edited over a dozen books, and published numerous articles.

Brian P. Farrell has been teaching military history at the National University of Singapore since 1993. His research focuses on the military history of the British empire and on problems of coalition warfare.

Giuseppe Finaldi teaches history at the University of Western Australia. He is the author of Mussolini and Italian Fascism (2008) and Italian National Identity and the Scramble for Africa (2009).

Michael D. Gambone received his doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1993. He is the author of Capturing the Revolution: The United States, Central America, and Nicaragua, 1961–1972 (2001) and The Greatest Generation Comes Home: The Veteran in American Society (2005). Dr Gambone is currently a Professor of History at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania. He is a veteran of the 82nd Airborne Division. In 2006, Dr Gambone deployed to Iraq and served in the city of Mosul.

David M. Glantz is chief editor of the Journal of Slavic Military Studies and one of the first US members of the Soviet (now Russian) Academy of Natural Sciences.

Christopher E. Goscha is an Associate Professor in the History Department at the Université du Québec à Montréal. He has published widely on the Indochina War and colonial and postcolonial Indochina.

Susan R. Grayzel is Professor of History at the University of Mississippi. She is the author of Women’s Identities At War: Gender, Motherhood, and Politics in Britain and France during the First World War (1999), Women and the First World War (2002), a global history, At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz (2011), and The First World War: A Brief History with Documents (2013).

Richard C. Hall is a Professor of History at Georgia Southwestern State University. He has served in the US Army and also taught at Ohio State University, University of Nebraska, Minnesota State University, and the Air War College. He is the author of Bulgaria’s Road to the First World War (1996), The Balkan Wars 1912–1913 (2000), Consumed by War : European Conflict in the 20th Century (2009), and Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918 (2010).

José María Herrera earned his PhD in history from Purdue University in 2008. He is currently Assistant Professor at the University of Houston-Downtown in the Department of Urban Education. He specializes in United States foreign relations with Latin America, early national Mexican history, and twentieth-century guerrilla movements in the Southern Cone.

Chalmers Hood received his PhD from the University of Maryland. His Royal Republicans: The French Naval Dynasties between the World Wars (1985) examined the French naval officer corps later involved at Vichy. Currently, he is writing a biography of Admiral François Darlan, based on recently released papers. He teaches at the University of Mary Washington.

Matthew Hughes is Reader in History at Brunel University and from 2008 to 2010 he held the Major-General Matthew C. Horner Chair in Military Theory at the US Marine Corps University. His recent publications include co-editing Palgrave Advances in Modern Military History (2006).

Michael P. Infranco teaches in the Department of Political Science at Washington State University. Dr Infranco also instructs graduate courses in international relations and international law at Troy University’s Western Region sites.

Douglas V. Johnson, II is a retired US Army officer with a PhD from Temple University. He was with the US Army Strategic Studies Institute from 1985 until 2009, first as Strategic Research Analyst and then as Research Professor of National Security Affairs.

Artemy Kalinovsky is an Assistant Professor of East European Studies at the University of Amsterdam and holds a PhD from the London School of Economics. He writes and teaches on Russia and the Soviet Union, the Cold War, and other aspects of international history.

W. H. Kautt received his PhD in modern history from the University of Ulster at Jordanstown and is the author of The Anglo-Irish War (1999) and Ambushes and Armour (2010). He is an Associate Professor of Military History at the US Army Command and General Staff College and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.

John T. Kuehn is a retired naval aviator and serves on the faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College. He is the author of the well-received Agents of Innovation (2008) and, with Dennis Giangreco, Eyewitness Pacific Theater (2008).

Steven Hugh Lee is Associate Professor of History at the University of British Columbia. He is author of Outposts of Empire: Korea, Vietnam, and the Origins of the Cold War in Asia, 1949–1954 (1996) and The Korean War (2001), and co-editor, with Chang Yun-Shik, of Transformations in Twentieth-Century Korea (2006).

Norrie MacQueen is Honorary Research Fellow in the School of International Relations at the University of St Andrews. His most recent books include: The United Nations: a Beginner's Guide (Oneworld, 2010); The United Nations, Peace Operations and the Cold War (Pearson, 2011); and Humanitarian Intervention and the United Nations (Edinburgh University Press, 2011). He was an electoral adviser in the UN peacekeeping mission in Timor-Leste.

Randal Marlin has taught in the Philosophy Department at Carleton University, Ottawa, since 1966, specializing in philosophy of law, existentialism, and, more recently, in propaganda studies. He is the author of Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion (2002) and many newspaper articles. In 1979–1980 he held a Department of National Defense Fellowship enabling him to study with Jacques Ellul in Bordeaux, France.

Jennifer Gayle Mathers is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of International Politics at Aberystwyth University. Her published work includes “Women, Society and the Military: Women Soldiers in Post-Soviet Russia,” in Military and Society in Post-Soviet Russia, edited by Stephen L. Webber and Jennifer G. Mathers (2006), and “Women and State Militaries,” in Women and Wars: Contested Histories, Uncertain Futures, edited by Carol Cohn (2011).

Sean McGlynn is History Lecturer for the University of Plymouth at Strode College and the Open University. He is the author of By Sword and Fire: Cruelty and Atrocity in Medieval Warfare (2008) and Blood Cries Afar: The Forgotten Invasion of England 1216 (2011). He is currently working on commissioned studies of medieval generals and the Albigensian Crusade.

John C. McManus is Associate Professor of US Military History at Missouri University of Science and Technology. He has authored nine books on the United States in World War II and the modern combat experience.

Seumas Miller is Professor of Philosophy at the Australian National University, Foundation Professor of Philosophy at Charles Sturt University (1994), and Foundation Director of the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, an Australian Research Council Special Research Centre (2000–2007). He is also a Senior Research Fellow at the 3TU Centre for Ethics and Technology at Delft University of Technology. His extensive publications include writings on social action and institutions, terrorism, business ethics, and police ethics.

Edwin Moïse (PhD University of Michigan, 1977), a historian of the Vietnam War and of modern China and Vietnam, is a Professor of History at Clemson University. He is the author of Land Reform in China and North Vietnam (1983), Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (1996), and other books.

Dražen Petrović is the Principal Legal Officer of the International Labor Office (ILO) in Geneva. He received his LLB from the University in Sarajevo, MA from the University of Belgrade, LLM from the European University Institute in Florence, and PhD from the University of Geneva. He has been associated with both international organizations and universities.

Gervase Phillips is Principal Lecturer in History at the Manchester Metropolitan University. He is the author of The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513–1550 (1999) and has contributed to the Journal of Military History, War in History, War and Society, Technology and Culture, and the Scottish Historical Review.

David Pizzo is a Professor of History at Murray State University in Murray, Kentucky. He teaches courses on European, African, and imperial history as well as courses focusing on war and genocide. He has published a monograph on colonial warfare in German East Africa.

Fiona Reid lectures in history at the University of Glamorgan. She has published Mending Mentally Broken Men: Shell Shock, Treatment and Recovery in Britain, 1914–1930 (2010). She has recently written on the French Exode (1940), and her interests include the broader medical and social history of modern warfare.

Stuart Robson is a graduate of the University of British Columbia and Oxford. He taught at Trent University for 34 years and now teaches at the University of Victoria. He specializes in German history and the two world wars.

David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye is Professor of Russian History at Brock University. His research interests focus on eighteenth-and nineteenth-century cultural, intellectual, diplomatic, and military history. He is the author of, among other works, Toward the Rising Sun and Russian Orientalism.

Timothy J. Stapleton is a Professor of African History at Trent University in Canada. He has taught history at Rhodes University and the University of Fort Hare in South Africa and was a Research Associate at the University of Zimbabwe. His books include Maqoma: Xhosa Resistance to Colonial Advance 1798–1873 (1994), Faku: Rulership and Colonialism in the Mpondo Kingdom 1780–1867 (2001), and No Insignificant Part: The Rhodesia Native Regiment and the East African Campaign of the First World War (2006).

David R. Stone received his PhD in history in 1997 from Yale University and is currently Pickett Professor of Military History at Kansas State University. He is the author of numerous books and articles on Russian/Soviet military and diplomatic history.

Michael Sturma is Chair of the History Program at Murdoch University in Perth, Australia. His books include Death at a Distance: The Loss of the Legendary USS Harder (2006) and The USS Flier: Death and Survival on a World War II Submarine (2008).

Blair Turner holds appointments as Professor in the Departments of History and of International Studies and Political Science at the Virginia Military Institute and is an editor of the Journal of Military History.

Ian van der Waag, MA (Pretoria), PhD (Cape Town), is Associate Professor of Military History at Stellenbosch University, South Africa. Recent publications include “Wyndhams, Parktown, 1901–1923: Domesticity and Servitude in an Early Twentieth-Century South African Household,” Journal of Family History (2007); and “Rural Struggles and the Politics of a Colonial Command: The Southern Mounted Rifles of the Transvaal Volunteers, 1905–1912,” in Soldiers and Settlers in Africa, 1850–1918, edited by S. Miller (2009). He is working on the first single-volume military history of South Africa.

Bruce Vandervort received a PhD in modern European history from the University of Virginia in 1989. He is a Professor of Modern European and African History at the Virginia Military Institute and is also the editor of the Journal of Military History.

James A. Winn is William Fairfield Warren Professor at Boston University, Director of the Boston University Humanities Foundation. His eight books include a prizewinning biography of Dryden. The Poetry of War (2008), Winn’s book for general readers, is available from Cambridge University Press.

David R. Woodward is Professor Emeritus at Marshall University. His publications include David Lloyd George and the Generals (1983); Military Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir William Robertson (1989); Field Marshal Sir William Robertson (1998); Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918 (2003); Hell in the Holy Land (2006); America and World War I: A Selected Annotated Bibliography of English-Language Sources (2007), andWorld War I Almanac (2009).

Eyal Zisser is Director of the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies and the former Head of the Department of Middle Eastern and African History, both at Tel Aviv University. Professor Zisser has written extensively on the history and modern politics of Syria and Lebanon and the Arab–Israeli conflict.

Editor’s Preface

The articles in this collection are drawn from the five-volume Encyclopedia of War (2012). It is the hope of the general editor, and the advisory and contributing editors, that this concise one-volume paperback version devoted to the twentieth century (and beyond) will make it accessible to students and general readers. We believe that the selection here will provide a useful introduction to the subject of war since 1900. Unfortunately, given the limitations of space and the wish to keep the price within reach of students, many of the entries in the full encyclopedia could not be included. In particular, the numerous biographical entries devoted to people like Churchill, Stalin, and Hitler (and less well-known figures such as generals Brusilov, Liman von Sanders, and Nogi Maresuke) have been omitted here. Neither was there space for separate entries devoted to specific battles, such as the battles of Khalkin Gol and Stalingrad, the Gallipoli Campaign, and Operation Barbarossa. Many students will have access to the complete list of entries via their university library’s subscription to the online version of the full encyclopedia, however.

I would like to thank the contributors to this concise version for their willingness to revise their articles and to bring up to date their suggestions for further reading.

Gordon MartelVictoriaNovember 2013

Map 1 Colonial Africa, 1914.

Map 2 Colonialism in Asia, 1914.

Map 3 Ottoman Empire: disintegration.

Map 4 The Japanese Empire.

Map 5 German-occupied Europe, 1942.

Map 6 Africa: decolonization.

Map 7 Cold War Europe.

Map 8 Contemporary Middle East.

A

Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962)

BRIAN P. FARRELL

The Algerian War of Independence was one of the most controversial military conflicts associated with “decolonization,” the dismantling of European overseas empires after World War II. The great majority of Algeria’s population live in a long coastal plain along the southwestern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, and in mixed forest and mountain country intermingled with that coastal plain. Its location made Algeria coveted by ambitious empires throughout its history. Conflict between France and the Ottoman Turkish Empire prompted a French invasion in 1830, which framed the twentieth-century war of independence.