Ullmann's Energy E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 3652

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

This three-volume handbook contains a wealth of information on energy sources, energy generation and storage, fossil and renewable fuels as well as the associated processing technology.

Fossil as well as renewable fuels, nuclear technology, power generation and storage technologies are treated side by side, providing a unique overview of the entire global energy industry. The result is an in-depth survey of industrial-scale energy technology.

• Your personal ULLMANN’S: A carefully selected "best of" compilation of topical articles brings the vast knowledge of the Ullmann’s encyclopedia to the desks of energy and process engineers
• Chemical and physical characteristics, production processes and production figures, main applications, toxicology and safety information are all found here in one single resource
• New or updated articles include classical topics such as coal technologies, oil and gas as well as cutting-edge technologies like biogas, thermoelectricty and solar technology

3 Volumes

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Symbols and Units

Conversion Factors

Abbreviations

Country Codes

Periodic Table of Elements

Part 1: Energy Resources, Generation and Storage

Batteries, 1. General

1. Introduction

2. History

3. Fundamental Laws

4. Battery Properties and Characteristics

5. Classification of Battery Systems

References

Batteries, 2. Primary Batteries

1. Introduction

2. Systems Employing an Aqueous Electrolyte

3. Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolyte

4. Reserve Batteries

References

Batteries, 3. Secondary Batteries

1. Introduction

2. Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte

3. Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolyte

References

Batteries, 4. Standards

1. General

2. National Standards

3. International Standards

4. Annex 1: IEC Standards on Batteries

5. Annex 2: Designations by Manufacturers (Table 1)

6. Annex 3, Examples of IEC Nomenclature Systems for Batteries

7. Annex 4, Denoting Electrochemical Systems

References

Batteries, 5. Disposal and Environmental Protection

1. Introduction

2. Programs to Collect Disposed Batteries

3. Recycling of Batteries

References

Biogas

1. Introduction

2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Biogas

3. Biological Methanogenesis

4. Technical Application of Anaerobic Digestion

5. Feedstock for Anaerobic Digestion

6. Process Parameters for Stable, Efficient Operation

7. Environmental Impact of AD

8. Storage, Pretreatment, Upgrading, and Uses of Biogas

References

Coal

1. Coal Petrology

2. Coalification

3. Occurrence

4. Classification

5. Chemical Structure of Coal

6. Coal Mining

7. Coal Preparation

8. Agglomeration

9. Coal Conversion (Uses)

10. Transportation

11. Coal Storage

12. Quality and Quality Testing

13. Economic Aspects

References

Coal Liquefaction

1. Introduction

2. Indirect Coal Liquefaction

3. Direct Coal Liquefaction

References

Coal Pyrolysis

1. Introduction

2. Thermoplastic Properties of Coal

3. Yield and Distribution of Pyrolysis Products

4. Kinetics

5. Hydropyrolysis

6. Pyrolysis Processes

References

Combustion

1. Introduction

2. History of Combustion

3. Combustion Fundamentals

4. Combustion Products and Pollutants

5. Fuels

6. Energy Conversion by Combustion

7. Combustion Processes and Combustors

8. Power Generation – Thermal Power Plants

9. Corrosion and Fouling

10. Energy Storage

11. Energy Transportation and Distribution

12. Special Industries Using Combustion

13. Combustion Diagnostics and Control

14. Safety

15. Sustainable Combustion – Climate Change Mitigation

16. Combustion Synthesis

17. Key Challenges and New Developments in Combustion

References

Fuel Cells

1. Introduction

2. Principles of Fuel Cells

3. Classification of Fuel Cell Systems

4. Examples of Application of Fuel Cells

References

Gas Production, 1. Introduction

1. Types of Gases; General Overview of Production Methods and Characteristics

2. Raw Materials for Gasification

3. Physicochemical Basis for Gas Production

4. Characteristics of the Basic Processes

5. Product Gas Treatment

6. Acknowledgement

References

Gas Production, 2. Processes

1. Steam Reforming of Natural Gas and Other Hydrocarbons

2. Noncatalytic Partial Oxidation and Special Gasification Processes for Higher-Boiling Hydrocarbons

3. Gas Production from Coal, Wood, and Other Solid Feedstocks

References

Further Reading

Gas Production, 3. Gas Treating

1. Introduction

2. Carbon Monoxide Shift Conversion

3. Carbonyl Sulfide Conversion

4. Methanation and Methane Synthesis

5. Absorption Processes

6. Adsorption Processes

7. Cryogenic Processes (→ Cryogenic Technology)

8. Gas Separation by Membranes (→ Membranes and Membrane Separation Processes)

9. Addition of Inerts or Other Substances

References

Heat Storage Media

1. Introduction

2. Practical Principles for Heat Storage Media

3. Storage of Sensible Heat

4. Storage of Latent Heat [10, 11, 14–18]

5. Storage of Chemical Heat [19, 20]

References

Natural Gas

1. Introduction

2. Treating

3. Liquefaction

4. Transmission, Storage, and Distribution

5. Economic Aspects

6. Testing and Analysis

7. Acknowledgement

References

Specific References

Nuclear Technology, 1. Fundamentals

1. Introduction

2. Design of a Nuclear Reactor

3. Physical Processes [18–26]

References

Nuclear Technology, 2. Power Reactors, Survey

1. Introduction, Scope of Utilization

2. Important Technical and Economic Parameters

3. Radiation Protection and Safety

4. Survey of Reactor Types

5. Acknowledgment

References

Nuclear Technology, 3. Fuel Cycle

1. Introduction

2. Uranium Production, Conversion, and Enrichment [11–13]

3. Fabrication of Fuel Elements

4. Chemical Reprocessing of Nuclear Fuels

5. Radioactive Waste Management

6. Safety Aspects in the Design of Reprocessing and Waste Treatment Plants

References

Oil and Gas, 1. Introduction

1. Introduction

2. Crude Oil

3. Natural Gas

4. History

5. Reserves

6. Resources

7. Supply and Demand of Oil and Gas

References

Oil and Gas, 2. Formation of Reservoirs

1. Source Rocks

2. Reservoir Rocks

3. Properties of Reservoir Rock

4. Reservoir Fluids

5. Reservoir Pressure and Temperature

6. Flow of Fluids through the Reservoir

References

Oil and Gas, 3. Exploration for Oil and Gas

1. Introduction

2. Scanning the Subsurface for Exploration Targets

3. Geology: Reservoir Model and Basin Simulation

4. Basin Modeling and Risking

5. Frontier Exploration Concepts: Crustal Structure and Continental Drift

References

Oil and Gas, 4. Drilling and Workover

1. Introduction

2. Rotary Drilling

3. Advanced Drilling Techniques

4. Offshore Drilling

5. Casing and Cementation

6. Workover

References

Oil and Gas, 5. Formation Evaluation

1. Introduction

2. Mud Logging

3. Coring

4. Wireline Logging

5. Formation Testing

6. Measurement While Drilling and Logging While Drilling

References

Oil and Gas, 6. Reservoir Performance

1. Introduction

2. Reservoir Characterization

3. Resource Determination

4. Reservoir Analysis

5. Reservoir Performance and Recovery

References

Oil and Gas, 7. Production

1. Introduction

2. Preparing for Production

3. Production Fundamentals

4. Oil Production

5. Natural Gas Production

6. Injection

7. Flow Assurance

8. Offshore Production

References

Oil and Gas, 8. Field Processing

1. Oil Field Processing

2. Gas Field Processing

References

Oil and Gas, 9. Health, Safety, Environmental and Economic Aspects

1. Health, Safety, and Environmental Aspects

2. Economic Aspects

References

Oil Refining

1. Introduction

2. Crude Oils and Products

3. Oil Refining Processes

4. Environmental Protection in Oil Refining

5. Integrated Refinery Models

6. Corrosion and Materials

7. Testing and Analysis

8. Storage and Transport

References

Further Reading

Oil Sands

1. Introduction

2. Definitions

3. Chemistry

4. Viscous Oil Origins, Geological Setting and Resource Base Estimates

5. In Situ Production Technologies

6. Upgrading and Transportation

7. Environmental Issues

References

Further Reading

Oil Shale

1. Introduction

2. Origin and Properties of Oil Shale

3. World Resources and Deposits

4. Exploitation

5. Mining Methods

6. Shale Preparation

7. Pyrolysis

8. Combustion

9. Gasification

10. Properties and Uses of the Products

11. Outlook

References

Photoelectricity

1. Introduction

2. External Photoeffect

3. Internal Photoeffect

4. Applications

References

Photovoltaic Cells

1. Introduction

2. The Need for Renewable Energies – History of Photovoltaics

3. Fundamentals

4. Types of Photovoltaic Cells

5. Uses

6. Economic Aspects and Market

7. Future of Photovoltaic Cells

8. Acknowledgement

References

Solar Technology

1. Introduction

2. Solar Thermal Energy

3. Passive Utilization of Solar Energy

4. Photovoltaic Systems

5. Photoelectrochemical Solar Energy Conversion

6. Economic Aspects

7. Acknowledgements

References

Thermoelectricity

1. Introduction

2. Theory

3. Thermoelectric Materials

4. Nanothermoelectrics

5. Application of Thermoelectric Devices

6. Economic Aspects

References

Wind Energy

1. Introduction

2. Power Content of Wind

3. The Wind in Wind Energy

4. Technology

5. Economic Aspects

References

Part 2: Fuels

Automobile Exhaust Control

Introduction

2. Pollutant Formation and Limitation → Automotive Fuels

3. Catalytic Exhaust Aftertreatment, General Concepts

4. Catalytic Aftertreatment of Stoichiometric Exhaust Gas

5. Exhaust Aftertreatment for Diesel Vehicles

6. Exhaust Aftertreatment for Lean-Burn Gasoline Engines

7. Conclusion and Outlook

References

Automotive Fuels

1. History

2. Engine Technology

3. Fuel Composition and Engine Efficiency

4. Fuel Components

5. Fuel Additives

6. Fuel Standardization and Testing

7. Storage and Transportation

8. Alternative Fuels

References

Aviation Turbine Fuels

1. History

2. Fuel Types and Specifications

3. Production

4. Handling, Storage, and Transportation

5. Legal Aspects

6. Environmental Aspects

7. Economic Aspects

8. Future Trends

References

Heating Oil

1. Domestic Heating Oil

2. Residual Fuel Oil

References

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

1. Introduction

2. Properties

3. Production and Processing

4. Purification

5. Storage and Transportation

6. Uses

7. Safety Aspects

8. Economic Aspects [11, 12]

References

Marine Fuels

1. History

2. Specifications

3. Composition

4. Properties

5. Outlook

Octane Enhancers

1. Introduction

2. Technical Information

3. Types of Octane Enhancers

4. Metal-Containing Additives

5. Ashless Octane Enhancers

References

Petroleum Coke

1. Introduction

2. Physical and Chemical Properties

3. Production

4. Uses and Economic Aspects

5. Quality Aspects

6. Environmental and Safety Aspects

References

Author Index

Subject Index

End User License Agreement

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Figure 10

Figure 11

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Part 1

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Ullmann's Energy:Resources, Processes, Products

Editor in Chief:

Dr. Barbara Elvers, Hamburg, Germany

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

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Print ISBN: 978-3-527-33370-7ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-69146-3ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-69147-0Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-69148-7

Preface

This handbook features selected articles from the 7th edition of ULLMANN'S Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, including newly written articles that have not been published in a printed edition before. True to the tradition of the ULLMANN'S Encyclopedia, products and processes are addressed from an industrial perspective, including production figures, quality standards and patent protection issues where appropriate. Safety and environmental aspects which are a key concern for modern process industries are likewise considered.

More content on related topics can be found in the complete edition of the ULLMANN'S Encyclopedia.

About ULLMANN'S

ULLMANN'S Encyclopedia is the world's largest reference in applied chemistry, industrial chemistry, and chemical engineering. In its current edition, the Encyclopedia contains more than 30,000 pages, 15,000 tables, 25,000 figures, and innumerable literature sources and cross-references, offering a wealth of comprehensive and well-structured information on all facets of industrial chemistry.

1,100 major articles cover the following main areas:

Agrochemicals

Analytical Techniques

Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Chemical Reactions

Dyes and Pigments

Energy

Environmental Protection and Industrial Safety

Fat, Oil, Food and Feed, Cosmetics

Inorganic Chemicals

Materials

Metals and Alloys

Organic Chemicals

Pharmaceuticals

Polymers and Plastics

Processes and Process Engineering

Renewable Resources

Special Topics

First published in 1914 by Professor Fritz Ullmann in Berlin, the Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie (as the German title read) quickly became the standard reference work in industrial chemistry. Generations of chemists have since relied on ULLMANN'S as their prime reference source. Three further German editions followed in 1928–1932, 1951–1970, and in 1972–1984. From 1985 to 1996, the 5th edition of ULLMANN'S Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry was the first edition to be published in English rather than German language. So far, two more complete English editions have been published; the 6th edition of 40 volumes in 2002, and the 7th edition in 2011, again comprising 40 volumes. In addition, a number of smaller topic-oriented editions have been published.

Since 1997, ULLMANN'S Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry has also been available in electronic format, first in a CD-ROM edition and, since 2000, in an enhanced online edition. Both electronic editions feature powerful search and navigation functions as well as regular content updates.

Symbols and Units

Symbols and units agree with SI standards (for conversion factors see page XI). The following list gives the most important symbols used in the encyclopedia. Articles with many specific units and symbols have a similar list as front matter.

Symbol

Unit

Physical Quantity

a

B

activity of substance B

A

r

relative atomic mass (atomic weight)

A

m

2

area

c

B

mol/m

3

, mol/L (M)

concentration of substance B

C

C/V

electric capacity

c

p

,

c

v

J kg

−1

K

−1

specific heat capacity

d

cm, m

diameter

d

relative density (ϱ/ϱwater)

D

m

2

/s

diffusion coefficient

D

Gy (=J/kg)

absorbed dose

e

C

elementary charge

E

J

energy

E

V/m

electric field strength

E

V

electromotive force

E

A

J

activation energy

f

activity coefficient

F

C/mol

Faraday constant

F

N

force

g

m/s

2

acceleration due to gravity

G

J

Gibbs free energy

h

m

height

ℏ

W·s

2

Planck constant

H

J

enthalpy

I

A

electric current

I

cd

luminous intensity

k

(variable)

rate constant of a chemical reaction

k

J/K

Boltzmann constant

K

(variable)

equilibrium constant

l

m

length

m

g, kg, t

mass

M

r

relative molecular mass (molecular weight)

refractive index (sodium D-line, 20 °C)

n

mol

amount of substance

N

A

mol

−1

Avogadro constant (6.023 × 10

23

mol

−1

)

P

Pa, bar

*

pressure

Q

J

quantity of heat

r

m

radius

R

JK

−1

mol

−1

gas constant

R

Ω

electric resistance

S

J/K

entropy

t

s, min, h, d, month, a

time

t

°C

temperature

T

K

absolute temperature

u

m/s

velocity

U

V

electric potential

U

J

internal energy

V

m

3

, L, mL, µL

volume

w

mass fraction

W

J

work

x

B

mole fraction of substance B

Z

proton number, atomic number

α

cubic expansion coefficient

α

Wm

−2

K

−1

heat-transfer coefficient (heat-transfer number)

α

degree of dissociation of electrolyte

[α]

10

−2

deg cm

2

g

−1

specific rotation

η

Pa·s

dynamic viscosity

θ

°C

temperature

ϰ

c

p

/

c

v

λ

Wm

−1

K

−1

thermal conductivity

λ

nm, m

wavelength

µ

chemical potential

ν

Hz, s

−1

frequency

ν

m

2

/s

kinematic viscosity (η/ϱ)

π

Pa

osmotic pressure

ϱ

g/cm

3

density

σ

N/m

surface tension

τ

Pa (N/m

2

)

shear stress

φ

volume fraction

χ

Pa

−1

(m

2

/N)

compressibility

*

The official unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa).

Conversion Factors

SI unit

Non-SI unit

From SI to non-SI multiply by

Mass

kg

pound (avoirdupois)

2.205

kg

ton (long)

9.842 × 10

−4

kg

ton (short)

1.102 × 10

−3

Volume

m

3

cubic inch

6.102 × 10

4

m

3

cubic foot

35.315

m

3

gallon (U.S., liquid)

2.642 × 10

2

m

3

gallon (Imperial)

2.200 × 10

2

Temperature

°C

°F

°C × l.8 + 32

Force

N

dyne

1.0 × 10

5

Energy, Work

J

Btu (int.)

9.480 × 10

−4

J

cal (int.)

2.389 × 10

−1

J

eV

6.242 × 10

18

J

erg

1.0 × 10

7

J

kW·h

2.778 × 10

−7

J

kp·m

1.020 × 10

−1

Pressure

MPa

at

10.20

MPa

atm

9.869

MPa

bar

10

kPa

mbar

10

kPa

mm Hg

7.502

kPa

psi

0.145

kPa

torr

7.502

Powers of Ten

E (exa)

10

18

d (deci)

10

−1

P (peta)

10

15

c (centi)

10

−2

T (tera)

10

12

m (milli)

10

−3

G (giga)

10

9

µ (micro)

10

−6

M (mega)

10

6

n (nano)

10

−9

k (kilo)

10

3

p (pico)

10

−12

h (hecto)

10

2

f (femto)

10

−15

da (deca)

10

a (atto)

10

−18

Abbreviations

The following is a list of the abbreviations used in the text. Common terms, the names of publications and institutions, and legal agreements are included along with their full identities. Other abbreviations will be defined wherever they first occur in an article. For further abbreviations, see page IX, Symbols and Units; page XVII, Frequently Cited Companies (Abbreviations), and page XVIII, Country Codes in patent references. The names of periodical publications are abbreviated exactly as done by Chemical Abstracts Service.

abs.

absolute

a.c.

alternating current

ACGIH

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

ACS

American Chemical Society

ADI

acceptable daily intake

ADN

accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par voie de navigation interieure (European agreement concerning the international transportation of dangerous goods by inland waterways)

ADNR

ADN par le Rhin (regulation concerning the transportation of dangerous goods on the Rhine and all national waterways of the countries concerned)

ADP

adenosine 5′-diphosphate

ADR

accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises dangereuses par route (European agreement concerning the international transportation of dangerous goods by road)

AEC

Atomic Energy Commission (United States)

a.i.

active ingredient

AIChE

American Institute of Chemical Engineers

AIME

American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

AMP

adenosine 5′-monophosphate

APhA

American Pharmaceutical Association

API

American Petroleum Institute

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

ATP

adenosine 5′-triphosphate

BAM

Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung (Federal Republic of Germany)

BAT

Biologischer Arbeitsstofftoleranzwert (biological tolerance value for a working material, established by MAK Commission, see MAK)

Beilstein

Beilstein's Handbook of Organic Chemistry, Springer, Berlin – Heidelberg – New York

BET

Brunauer – Emmett – Teller

BGA

Bundesgesundheitsamt (Federal Republic of Germany)

BGB1.

Bundesgesetzblatt (Federal Republic of Germany)

BIOS

British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee Report (see also FIAT)

BOD

biological oxygen demand

bp

boiling point

B.P.

British Pharmacopeia

BS

British Standard

ca.

circa

calcd.

calculated

CAS

Chemical Abstracts Service

cat.

catalyst, catalyzed

CEN

Comité Européen de Normalisation

cf.

compare

CFR

Code of Federal Regulations (United States)

cfu

colony forming units

Chap.

chapter

ChemG

Chemikaliengesetz (Federal Republic of Germany)

C.I.

Colour Index

CIOS

Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommitee Report (see also FIAT)

CLP

Classification, Labelling and Packaging

CNS

central nervous system

Co.

Company

COD

chemical oxygen demand

conc.

concentrated

const.

constant

Corp.