Ullmann's Polymers and Plastics E-Book
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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Your personal Ullmann's: A carefully selected "best of" compilation of more than 60 topical articles from the Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. This four-volume handbook contains a wealth of reliable and comprehensive information on the production and use of all industrially relevant polymers and plastics, including organic and inorganic polymers, fibers, foams and resins. Chemical and physical characteristics, production processes and production figures, main applications, toxicology and safety information are all to be found here in one single resource -- bringing the vast knowledge of the Ullmann's Encyclopedia to the desks of industrial chemists and chemical engineers.
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Seitenzahl: 4913
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Symbols and Units
Conversion Factors
Abbreviations
Country Codes
Periodic Table of Elements
Part 1: Fundamentals
Plastics, General Survey, 1. Definition, Molecular Structure and Properties
1. Introduction
2. Molecular Structure of Polymers [1–12]
3. Polymer Manufacture
4. Plastics Manufacture [103]
5. Supermolecular Structures (→ Plastics, Properties and Testing) [114–116]
6. Thermal Properties [116]
7. Rheological Properties [125, 126]
8. Mechanical Properties [116, 129, 130]
9. Electric Properties [116, 126, 133, 134]
10. Optical Properties [116]
11. Polymer Composites (→ Composite Materials) [138]
12. Plastics and Sustainability (→ Plastics, Recycling)
References
Plastics, General Survey, 2. Production of Polymers and Plastics
1. Polymer Manufacture
2. Plastics Manufacture [27]
References
Plastics, General Survey, 3. Supermolecular Structures
1. Supermolecular Structures (→ Plastics, Properties and Testing) [1–3]
References
Plastics, General Survey, 4. Polymer Composites
1. Overview
2. Mixture Rules
3. Filled Polymers
4. Homogeneous Blends [13, 14]
5. Heterogeneous Blends [13, 14, 17, 18]
6. Expanded Plastics (→ Foamed Plastics) [21, 22]
References
Plastics, General Survey, 5. Plastics and Sustainability
1. Plastics and Environment [1–5]
2. Green Polymer Chemistry [6, 7] and Life Cycle Assessment [8]
3. Plastics Waste Recycling
4. Polymers for Sustainable Development [7]
References
Plastics, Analysis
1. Introduction
2. Polymer Isolation
3. Preliminary Tests for Polymer Identification
4. Chemical Analysis
5. Molecular Mass Determination
6. Determination of Sequential Structure
7. Determination of Chemical Heterogeneity
References
Polymerization Processes, 1. Fundamentals
1. Introduction
2. Polymerization Mechanisms and Kinetics
3. Kinetics of Step Polymerization
4. Basic Concepts of Molecular Mass Distribution (MMD)
5. Chain Polymerization
6. Free-Radical Polymerization
7. Copolymerization
8. Living Polymerization
9. Polymers with Branches and Crosslinks
List of Symbols
General References
Specific References
Polymerization Processes, 2. Modeling of Processes and Reactors
1. Introduction
2. Fundamental Effects of Reactor Types
3. Processes and Reactor Modeling for Step Polymerization
4. Processes and Reactor Modeling for Chain Polymerization
5. Bulk and Solution Polymerization
6. Precipitation and Dispersion Polymerization
7. Suspension Polymerization
8. Emulsion Polymerization
General References
Specific References
Plastics Processing, 1. Processing of Thermoplastics
1. Introduction
2. Compounding Processes
3. Pressureless Processing Techniques
4. Processing under Pressure
5. Forming Processes
References
Plastics, Processing, 2. Processing of Thermosets
1. Vinyl Ester Resins, and Phenol – Formaldehyde Resins
2. Curable Molding Compounds and Laminates
References
Plastics Processing, 3. Machining, Bonding, Surface Treatment
1. Machining
2. Bonding
3. Surface Treatment
References
Plastics, Properties and Testing
1. States of Order of Polymers
2. Properties and Testing
Abbreviations
References
Plastics, Additives
1. Introduction
2. Antioxidants
3. Light Stabilizers
4. Heat Stabilizers for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
5. Lubricants, Slip, Antiblocking, and Mold-Release Agents
6. Flame Retardants [73–78] See also → Flame Retardants
7. Fillers and Coupling Agents
8. Dyes and Pigments [110–112]
9. Miscellaneous Additives
References
Plasticizers
1. Introduction
2. Plasticizers in Common Use
3. Mechanism of Plasticizer Action
4. Plasticized PVC
5. Plasticization of Polymers Other Than PVC
6. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
References
Part 2: Organic Polymers
Fluoropolymers, Organic
1. Introduction
2. Fluoroplastics
3. Fluoroelastomers (→ Rubber, 4. Emulsion Rubbers, Chap. 6)
4. Toxicology and Occupational Health
5. Economic Aspects
References
Polyacrylamides and Poly(Acrylic Acids)
1. Introduction
2. Raw Materials
3. Production
4. Properties
5. Uses
6. Economic Aspects
7. Toxicology, Occupational Health, and Environmental Aspects
References
Polyacrylates
1. Introduction
2. Raw Materials
3. Production
4. Properties
5. Uses
6. Economic Aspects
References
Polyamides
1. Introduction
2. Nomenclature
3. General Considerations in Polyamidation
4. Other Polymerization Techniques
5. Commercial Processes
6. Properties
7. Processing
8. Uses
9. Ecological Aspects and Toxicology
10. Economic Aspects
References
Polyaspartates and Polysuccinimide
1. Introduction
2. Synthesis and Production of Polyaspartates
3. Analytical Characterization and Detection
4. Toxicological Properties and Environmental Fate
5. Function and Applications
6. Polysuccinimide
References
Polybutenes
1. Poly(1-Butene)
2. Polyisobutylene
References
Polycarbonates
1. Introduction
2. Properties
3. Blends
4. Production
5. Processing
6. Applications
7. Recycling
8. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
References
Polyester Resins, Unsaturated
1. Introduction
2. Raw Materials
3. Production
4. Additives
5. Curing
6. Types of UP Resins
7. Testing and Properties
8. Uses and Economic Aspects
9. Occupational Health and Environmental Aspects [9]
References
Polyesters
1. Introduction
2. Polyesters as Intermediates for Polyurethanes
3. Thermoplastic Polyesters [19-25]
References
Polyethylene
1. Introduction
2. Properties
3. Polymerization Chemistry
4. Raw Materials
5. Production Processes
6. Uses
7. Environmental Aspects
References
Polyimides
1. Introduction
2. Physical and Chemical Properties
3. Synthesis
4. Uses
5. Photoimageable Polyimides
References
Polymethacrylates
1. Introduction
2. Properties
3. Raw Materials
4. Production Processes
5. Uses
6. Toxicology
7. Environmental Aspects
References
Polyoxyalkylenes
1. Introduction
2. Properties
3. Production
4. Toxicity [112]
5. Handling
6. Uses
7. Economic Aspects [121]
References
Polyoxymethylenes
1. Introduction
2. Physical and Chemical Properties
3. Production
4. Economic Aspects
5. Quality Specifications and Analysis
6. Product Range and Processing
7. Uses
8. Recycling
9. Toxicology and Occupational Health
References
Poly(Phenylene Oxides)
1. Introduction
2. Production
3. PPE Blends
4. Processing
5. Uses
6. Acknowledgement
References
Polypropylene
1. Historical Overview
2. Polymer Structure
3. Raw Materials
4. Polymerization Mechanism [35]
5. Industrial Polymerization Processes [40]
6. Product Finishing
7. Properties
8. Processing and Applications
9. Environmental Aspects
References
Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers
1. Polystyrene
2. Styrene–Acrylonitrile (SAN) Copolymers
3. Barrier Resins
4. Other Copolymers
5. Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) Polymers
References
Polyureas
1. Introduction
2. Synthesis
3. Polyureas as Starting Materials for Other Polymers
4. Homopolyureas
5. Copolyureas
6. Structure
7. Properties
8. Uses
9. Safety and Environmental Aspects
References
Polyurethanes
1. Introduction
2. Basic Reactions [3, 4, 8]
3. Starting Materials [3]
4. Structure and Morphology
5. Production of Polyurethanes
6. Processing of Polyurethanes
7. Foams
8. Noncellular Polyurethanes
9. Polyurethane Coatings [199–201]
10. Polyurethane Adhesives [202–204]
11. Polyurethane Fibers [205]
12. Polyurethanes and Isocyanates as Binders [219]
13. Special Products
14. Safety and Ecology
15. Economic Aspects
References
Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
1. Introduction
2. Physical and Chemical Properties
3. Resources and Raw Materials
4. Production
5. Environmental Protection
6. Quality Specifications and Analysis
7. Storage and Transportation
8. Processing and End Uses
9. Economic Aspects
10. Toxicology and Occupational Health
References
Polyvinyl Compounds, Others
1. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)
2. Poly(Vinyl Acetals)
3. Poly(N-Vinyllactams) and Poly(N-Vinylamines)
References
Poly(Vinyl Esters)
1. Introduction
2. Raw Materials
3. Polymer Structure
4. Production
5. Industrially Important Poly(Vinyl Esters)
6. Properties
7. Quality Specifications, Trade Names, Storage and Transport, Wastewater
8. Uses, Toxicology, and Economic Aspects
References
Poly(Vinyl Ethers)
1. Introduction
2. Production
3. Industrial Processes
4. Properties and Uses
5. Copolymers
6. Toxicology
References
Poly(Vinylidene Chloride)
1. Introduction
2. Production
3. Structure and Properties [10-12]
4. Processing and Uses
5. Economic Aspects
6. Toxicology and Occupational Health [46, 47]
References
Polymer Blends
1. Introduction
2. Market Requirements
3. Blend Technologies
4. Property and Application Profiles of Selected Blends
5. General Application Technology
6. Future Developments
7. Acknowledgement
References
Polymers, Biodegradable
1. Glossary and Abbreviations
2. Introduction
3. Biodegradability and Toxicology
4. Biodegradable Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Suppliers
5. Processing and Additives
6. Market Overview and Growth Drivers
7. Value of Biodegradability — Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
8. Applications
9. Production Capacity
10. Outlook
Abbreviations
References
Polymers, Electrically Conducting
1. Introduction
2. Synthetic Routes
3. Principles of Electrical Conduction
4. Orientation Processes
5. Types of Electrically Conducting Organic Materials
6. Uses
References
Polymers, High-Temperature
1. Introduction
2. Polyetherimides
3. Polyaryletherketones
4. Polysulfones
5. Poly(Phenylene Sulfide)
6. Liquid Crystal Polymers
References
Reinforced Plastics
1. Introduction, Classification
2. Reinforced Plastic Components
3. Fabrication of Polymer Composites (→ Composite Materials, Chap. 5.; → Plastics, Processing, 2. Processing of Thermosets)
4. Physical and Chemical Properties
5. Quality Specifications
6. Economic Aspects
References
Specialty Plastics
1. Introduction
2. Polyphenylenes
3. Poly( p-Xylylenes)
4. Polybenzocyclobutenes
5. Ionomers and Related Polymers
References
Thermoplastic Elastomers
1. Thermoplastic Polyolefin Elastomers
2. Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers (Polyurethane Rubbers, see → Rubber, 7. Synthesis by Polyaddition, Polycondensation, and Other Mechanisms, Chap. 2; see also → Polyurethanes)
3. Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers
4. Thermoplastic Polyamide Elastomers
5. Styrenic Block Copolymers
Abbreviations for Polymers and Monomers:
Other Abbreviations Used
References
Part 3: Films, Fibers, Foams
Films
1. Introduction
2. Production Technology [2]
3. Additives
4. Delivery Forms
5. Test Methods [18–24]
6. Film Products [20, 26, 27]
7. Summary of Uses [2, 10, 26, 27]
8. Environmental Aspects
References
Polyamide Fibers
1. Properties
2. Polyamides for Synthetic Fibers
3. Special Requirements for Polyamides
4. Modifying Additions
5. Technology of Melt Spinning
6. Uses
7. Economic Aspects
References
Polyester Fibers
1. Production
2. Structure and Properties
3. Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers
4. Other Polyester Fibers
5. Uses
6. Economic Aspects
References
Polyurethane Fibers
1. Physical Properties
2. Chemical Properties
3. Raw Materials
4. Production of Polymer
5. Spinning Processes
6. Uses
References
Polyolefin Fibers
1. Polypropylene Fiber
2. Polyolefin Film Yarns and Split Yarns
3. Monofilaments
4. High-Modulus Polyolefin Yarns
References
Polyacrylonitrile Fibers
1. Physical Properties
2. Chemical Properties [3]
3. Production
4. Analysis
5. Types of Fibers [40]
6. Economic Aspects
References
Polyvinyl Fibers
1. Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Poly (Vinylidene Chloride) Fibers
2. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Fibers
References
Polytetrafluoroethylene Fibers
1. Physical and Chemical Properties
2. Production
3. Uses
References
High-Performance Fibers
1. Introduction
2. Heat Resistant Fibers
3. High-Strength and High-Modulus Fibers
References
Foamed Plastics
1. Introduction
2. Production (→ Plastics, Processing 1. Processing of Thermoplastics)
3. Properties
4. Specific Foamed Plastics
5. Testing (→ Plastics, Properties and Testing)
6. Economic Aspects
7. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
8. Abbreviations used in this article:
References
Part 4: Resins
Alkyd Resins
1. Introduction
2. Production
3. Film Formation by Coatings Based on Alkyd Resins
4. Modified Alkyds
5. Low-Solvent Coatings
6. Markets and End Uses
References
Amino Resins
1. Introduction
2. Physical Properties
3. Chemical Properties
4. Raw Materials
5. Production
6. Environmental Protection
7. Types of Resins and Their Properties
8. Analysis
9. Storage and Transportation
10. Uses
11. Economic Aspects
References
Epoxy Resins
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Industry Overview
4. Classes of Epoxy Resins and Manufacturing Processes
5. Liquid Epoxy Resins (DGEBA)
6. Solid Epoxy Resins Based on DGEBA
7. Halogenated Epoxy Resins
8. Multifunctional Epoxy Resins
9. Specialty Epoxy Resins
10. Monofunctional Glycidyl Ethers and Aliphatic Glycidyl Ethers
11. Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins and Epoxidized Vegetable Oils
12. Epoxy Esters and Derivatives
13. Characterization of Uncured Epoxies
14. Curing of Epoxy Resins
15. Coreactive Curing Agents
16. Catalytic Cure
17. Formulation Development With Epoxy Resins
18. Epoxy Curing Process
19. Formulation Modifiers
20. Coatings Applications
21. Structural Applications
22. Health and Safety Factors
23. Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Phenolic Resins
1. Introduction
2. Physical Properties
3. Raw Materials
4. Production
5. Storage and Transportation
6. Testing and Analysis
7. Uses
8. Economic Aspects
9. Toxicology and Occupational Health
References
Resins, Synthetic
1. Definition
2. Hydrocarbon Resins
3. Resins by Condensation
4. Natural and Synthetic Resins — Toxicology and Legislation
References
Part 5: Inorganic Polymers
Inorganic Polymers
1. Introduction
2. Polysilanes, Polygermanes, and Polystannanes
3. Poly(Carborane – Siloxanes), Polycarbosilanes and Polysilazanes
4. Polyphosphazenes
5. Poly(Boron Nitride)
6. Poly(Sulfur Nitride)
7. Polysulfur
8. Organometallic Polymers
9. Sol – Gel Inorganic Polymers
10. Inorganic Fibers and Whiskers
11. Biomedical and Antimicrobial Polymers
12. Boron Polymers
13. Aluminum Polymers
14. Polymers with –Si–O–M–O– Backbones
15. Poly(Carbon Disulfide), Poly(Carbon Diselenide), and Polythiocyanogen
16. Phosphorus-Containing Polymers
17. Traditional and Metal-Matrix Composites
References
Author Index
Subject Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Part 1
Chapter 1
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Ullmann's Polymers and Plastics
Products and Processes
Editor in Chief:
Dr. Barbara Elvers, Hamburg, Germany
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Preface
This handbook features selected articles from the 7th edition of ULLMANN'S Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
