Urban China in Transition E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Studies in Urban and Social Change
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 712

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Using an innovative approach, this book interprets the unprecedented transformation of contemporary China's major cities. It deals with a diversity of trends and analyzes their sources. * Offers a multi-dimensional analysis of urban life in China * Highlights a diversity of trends in the areas of migration, criminal victimization, gated communities, and the status of women, suburbanization, and neighbourhood associations * Each chapter includes input from both an expert on urban life in China and an 'outside' expert from the fields of sociology, geography, economics, planning, political science, history, demography, architecture, or anthropology * An alternative theoretical perspective comparing the Chinese experience with other urban settings in the United States, Poland, Russia, Vietnam, East and South East Asia, and South America

Leseprobe

Contents

Notes on the Contributors

Series Editors’ Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction: Urban China in Comparative Perspective

Modernization

Dependency and World System Theory

Theories of the Developmentalist State

Transition from Socialism

The Context of Urban Change

Appropriate Comparisons

REFERENCES

Part I Market Transition in Work Units and the Labor Market

1 Two Decades of Reform: The Changing Organization Dynamics of Chinese Industrial Firms

Introduction

Reforming China’s Industry

Coordinating Urban with Industrial Change

From State-Owned Enterprises to Modern Firms

Creating a World-Class Corporate System

Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NOTES

REFERENCES

2 The Myth of the “New Urban Poverty”? Trends in Urban Poverty in China, 1988–2002

Introduction

International Patterns of Poverty Reduction and Growth

The Literature on Trends in Urban Poverty

New Evidence on Trends in Poverty, Inequality and Growth

Discussion and Conclusions

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

3 Class Structure and Class Inequality in Urban China and Russia: Effects of Institutional Change or Economic Performance?

Introduction

Class and Reforms in China and Russia: Brief Historical Background

Competing Explanations: Institutional Change or Economic Growth?

Logic of Comparison

Data and Measures

Results

Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

4 Gender and the Labor Market in China and Poland

Introduction

Neoclassical Perspective

The Socialist State

Market Transition and the Developmentalist State

Feminist Framework

Summary and Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Part II Changing Places

5 Urbanization, Institutional Change, and Sociospatial Inequality in China, 1990–2001

Introduction

Chinese Urban Inequality: Theory and Experience

Data, Definitions, and Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

REFERENCES

6 Growth on the Edge: The New Chinese Metropolis

Introduction

The Timing and Pace of Suburbanization

National Economic Policy

Reform of the Housing and Urban Land Use System

The New Politics of Suburban Growth

Looking to the Future

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

7 Mirrored Reflections: Place Identity Formation in Taipei and Shanghai

Introduction

Background

Impacts of Colonialism

Nationalist Imprints: CCP and KMT Rule

Conclusion

NOTES

8 Is Gating Always Exclusionary? A Comparative Analysis of Gated Communities in American and Chinese Cities

Introduction

Definitions and Literature Review

Gated Communities in the US

Collectivism and Neighborhood Enclosure in Urban China

Conclusions and Discussion

REFERENCES

Part III Impacts of Migration

9 Urbanization in China in the 1990s: Patterns and Regional Variations

Introduction

Regional Patterns of Urbanization in China, 1990 and 1995

Migration, Fertility, and Demographic Sources of Urbanization

Data and Methods

Beyond China: Recent Urbanization Patterns of Southeast Asian Countries

Summary and Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NOTES

REFERENCES

10 Trapped in Neglected Corners of a Booming Metropolis: Residential Patterns and Marginalization of Migrant Workers in Guangzhou

Introduction

Migrant Workers in the Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development District

Residential Patterns of Migrant Workers in the GETDD

Analysis: Adaptation or Marginalization

Discussion: Reflection on Theory

Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NOTES

REFERENCES

11 Migration and Housing: Comparing China with the United States

Introduction

Citizenship rights in a comparative context

Confronting the “Double Divide” in China’s Housing System

Finding a Place to Stay: Undocumented Immigrants in the US

Is the Case of Migrants in Chinese Cities Similar?

Exceptions to the “Rule” of Commonality and Future Prospects

NOTES

REFERENCES

Part IV Social Control in the New Chinese City

12 Economic Reform and Crime in Contemporary Urban China: Paradoxes of a Planned Transition

Introduction

Criminological Approaches to Societal Development and Crime

Social Change and Crime in China

Summary and Conclusions

NOTES

REFERENCES

13 Migration, Urbanization, and the Spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Empirical and Theoretical Observations in China and Indonesia

Introduction: Theorizing HIV/AIDS in China

A Brief Historical Geography of the STD and HIV/AIDS Epidemics in China and Indonesia

Migration and the Spread of HIV Transmission in China and Indonesia

Urbanization and Risk-Taking Behavior in China

Conclusions and Implications for Future Research

NOTES

REFERENCES

14 The State’s Evolving Relationship with Urban Society: China’s Neighborhood Organizations in Comparative Perspective

Introduction1

Theoretical Context

Residents’ Committees in Beijing and Elsewhere

A Changing Institution

RCs and Their Constituents

Conclusions

NOTES

REFERENCES

Subject index

Author index

Studies in Urban and Social Change

Published by Blackwell in association with the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.

Series Editors: Neil Brenner; Linda McDowell, Margit Mayer, Patrick Le Galès, Chris Pickvance and Jenny Robinson

The Blackwell Studies in Urban and Social Change aim to advance debates and empirical analyses stimulated by changes in the fortunes of cities and regions across the world. Topics range from monographs on single places to large-scale comparisons across East and West, North and South. The series is explicitly interdisciplinary; the editors judge books by their contribution to intellectual solutions rather than according to disciplinary origin.

Published

Urban China in Transition

John R. Logan (ed.)

Getting Into Local Power: The Politics of Ethnic Minorities in British and French Cities

Romain Garbaye

Cities of Europe

Yuri Kazepov (ed.)

Cities, War, and Terrorism

Stephen Graham (ed.)

Cities and Visitors: Regulating Tourists, Markets, and City Space

Lily M. Hoffman, Susan S. Fainstein, and Dennis R. Judd (eds)

Understanding the City: Contemporary and Future Perspectives

John Eade and Christopher Mele (eds)

The New Chinese City: Globalization and Market Reform

John R. Logan (ed.)

Cinema and the City: Film and Urban Societies in a Global Context

Mark Shiel and Tony Fitzmaurice (eds)

The Social Control of Cities? A Comparative Perspective

Sophie Body-Gendrot

Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?

Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen (eds)

Contemporary Urban Japan: A Sociology of Consumption

John Clammer

Capital Culture: Gender at Work in the City

Linda McDowell

Cities After Socialism: Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-Socialist Societies

Gregory Andrusz, Michael Harloe and Ivan Szelenyi (eds)

The People’s Home? Social Rented Housing in Europe and America

Michael Harloe

Post-Fordism

Ash Amin (ed.)

Free Markets and Food Riots

John Walton and David Seddon

Fragmented Societies

Enzo Mingione

Urban Poverty and the Underclass: A Reader

Enzo Mingione

Forthcoming

Eurostars and Eurocities: Free Movement and Mobility in an Integrating Europe

Adrian Favell

Cities and Regions in a Global Era

Alan Harding (ed.)

Urban South Africa

Alan Mabin

Urban Social Movements and the State

Margit Mayer

Social Capital Formation in Immigrant Neighborhoods

Min Zhou

© 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

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1 2008

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Urban China in transition/edited by John R. Logan.

p. cm. – (Studies in urban and social change)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4051-6145-9 (hardcover: alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-4051-6146-6 (pbk.: alk. paper)

1. Urbanization-China. 2. Rural-urban migration-China. 3. Sociology, Urban-China. I. Logan, John.

HT384.C6U73 2007

307.760951—dc22

2007017679

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Notes on the Contributors

Simon Appleton is Associate Professor of Economics at Nottingham University. He has worked mainly on issues of poverty, labor markets, health, and education in Africa and China. He is currently working with an international team of researchers to analyze health and migration in China.

Yanjie Bian is a Professor of Sociology at the University of Minnesota. He specializes in structural sociology, with a special interest in social stratification and mobility, economic sociology, social networks, and contemporary Chinese societies in East Asia.

Guoxuan Cai is Director of the Institute of Sociology, Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences, China.

Chun-Ming Chen is Associate Professor of Public Policy and Management at Shih Hsin University, Taipei, Taiwan. His fields of research are democratic administration and public consultation, civil-military relations. He has conducted both nation-wide opinion surveys concerning lizhan’s function and position and a citizen consensus conference on tax reform in Taiwan.

Yiu Por (Vincent) Chen is an Assistant Professor at Public Services Graduate Program, DePaul University. His research interests are labor migration, urbanization, the political economy of development, institutional analysis, and spatial inequality. His research includes the examination of rural labor mobility in China, higher educational labor mobility from China to other places, the urbanization process and rural-urban inequality in China.

Susan S. Fainstein is Professor in the urban planning program at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design. Her teaching and research have focused on comparative urban public policy, planning theory, and urban redevelopment.

C. Cindy Fan is Professor of Geography and Professor and Chair of Asian American Studies at University of California, Los Angeles. Her research interests center on the regional and social dimensions of transitional economies, focusing on regional policy, inequality, labor migration, marriage migration, gender, and the urban system in post-Mao China. She is currently working on a collaborative project with Chinese scholars on rural-urban migration and urban-rural return migration.

Theodore P. Gerber is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for Russia, East Europe, and Central Asia at the University of WisconsinMadison. His research examines socioeconomic stratification, labor markets, demographic processes, public opinion, institutional change, HIV/AIDS, and science in contemporary Russia. He has pulished widely and has edited several volumes. He has developed (in whole or in part) 16 large-sample surveys in Russia and Ukraine since 1998, and has also conducted numerous focus groups and in-depth interviews.

Youqin Huang is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Planning at the Center for Social and Demographic Analysis, University at Albany, SUNY.

Graeme Hugo is Federation Fellow, Professor of the Department of Geographical and Environmental Studies and Director of the National Centre for Social Applications of Geographic Information Systems at the University of Adelaide. His research interests are in population issues in Australia and South East Asia, especially migration.

Susanne Karstedt is Professor of Criminology at Keele University, United Kingdom. She has widely published on comparative criminology, crosscultural criminology and crime in post-communist countries, and has conducted cross-national and cross-cultural research on corruption and crimes of the respectable, democracy and violence, and indicators of punishment.

Zai Liang is Professor of Sociology at State University of New York at Albany and Co-director of Urban China Research Network. His current research projects include residential mobility, migration and rural transformation, and migration and minority opportunities in China.

Jianhong Liu is Professor of Sociology at Rhode Island College. He is Vice Chairman of Academic Committee and Co-director of Center for Drug Crime and Public Policy at Southwestern University of Political Science and Law, China. He is currently conducting a survey on Drugs and Community in China funded by Southwestern University of Political Science and Law.

John R. Logan is Professor of Sociology and Director of the initiative on Spatial Structures in the Social Sciences at Brown University. His books include Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (California 1987) and TheNew Chinese City: Globalization and Market Reform (Blackwell 2002). He also founded the Urban China Research Network, supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

Setha M. Low is Professor of Environmental Psychology, Anthropology and Women’s Studies at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and Director of the Public Space Research Group. She has completed ethnographies of plazas in Latin America and Western Europe, gated communities in New York, Texas and Mexico, and urban and hertiage parks in the United States.

Hanchao Lu is Professor of History at the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he has served as the Director of Graduate Studies in the School of History, Technology, and Society since 2004. He served as the president of the Chinese Historians in the United States (CHUS) and has been an honorary Senior Research Professor at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences since 1995. He is the co-editor of the refereed journal, Chinese Historical Review and the editor of a 12-volume series, The Culture and Customs of Asia. Among his recent publications are two award-wining books, Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century (California, 1999/2004) and Street Criers:A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars (Stanford, 2005).

Hy Van Luong is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Toronto. He has conducted regular comparative fieldwork in different parts of Vietnam, and has published extensively on discourse, gender, social capital, and political economy in Vietnam.

Steven F. Messner is Distinguished Teaching Professor of Sociology, University at Albany, SUNY. His research focuses on social organization and crime, the spatial patterning of crime, and crime and social control in China.

Kaoru Nabeshima is a consultant for the Development Economics Research Group at The World Bank and has written on development issues such as education, technology transfer, and privatization of state-owned firms. His research interests lie in innovation capabilities of firms and industrialization in East Asia.

Benjamin L. Read is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Iowa. His research focuses on grassroots organizations in China and Taiwan, particularly those with institutionalized links to government.

Joanna Regulska is Professor and Chair of Women’s and Gender Studies, and Professor of Geography. She also serves as the Director of the International Programs, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University. Her work focuses on women’s agency, political activism, grassroots mobilization, and construction of women’s political spaces in central and east Europe, and Caucasus.

Emily Rosenbaum is Professor of Sociology at Fordham University in New York City. She has written extensively in the areas of urban demography, immigration, and inequality. Her most recent publications include The HousingDivide: How Generations of Immigrants Fare in New York’s Housing Market (NYU Press, 2007), co-authored with Samantha Friedman.

Jennifer Rudolph is Associate Professor of History at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. She is one of the founding members of the Urban China Research Network. Among her recent publications is Negotiated Power in LateImperial China: The Zongli Yamen and the Politics of Reform (2007). She is currently working on a book project that examines the impact of colonialisms in Taiwan and Taipei.

Christopher J. Smith is Professor of Geography and Planning at the University Albany (SUNY), and is also jointly appointed in the department of East Asian Studies. He is an urban geographer whose research interests are in the area of urban social problems, focusing on the implications of modernization and economic development in contemporary China. His most recent work has involved a consideration of the relationship between migration and the spread of HIV/AIDS in China.

Lina Song is Reader at the School of Sociology and Social Policy in Nottingham University. She has conducted studies of income inequality, migration, labour markets, the urban-rural divide and intra-household allocation in China. She is currently researching social discontent in China and working with an international team of researchers to analyze health and migration in China.

Michael J. White is Professor of Sociology at Brown University, where he is also Director of the Population Studies and Training Center. He was a member of the US National Academy of Sciences Panel on Urban Population Dynamics, and he has been a fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. He has served on the Board of Directors of the Population Association of America, and was recently chair of the NICHD Population Studies Committee. Currently, he serves as president of the Association of Population Centers, a US-based consortium of research centers engaged in demographic research and training. He serves on the scientific advisory committee of the INDEPTH network of demographic surveillance systems in developing countries. He works broadly on topics of population distribution and urban sociology. His other current work on China includes a study of temporary migration patterns.

Fulong Wu is Professor of East Asian Planning and Development and the Director of the Urban China Research Centre at the School of City and Regional Planning of Cardiff University. His recent research is in urban poverty and transition. He is co-author (with Jiang Xu and Anthony Gar-On Yeh) of UrbanDevelopment in Post-Reform China: State, Market, and Space (Routledge, 2007).

Weiping Wu is Associate Professor of Urban Studies, Geography and Planning at Virginia Commonwealth University, and a frequent consultant to the World Bank. She conducts research and publishes widely in the areas of urban economic geography, local innovation and university-industry linkage, migrant housing and settlement, and China’s urban development.

Shahid Yusuf is Economic Adviser, Development Economics Research Group at The World Bank and is the team leader for the World Bank-Japan project on East Asia’s Future Economy. He has written extensively on development issues. His research interests lie in the area of urban development, innovation systems, and industrialization in East Asia.

Min Zhou is Professor of Sociology and Asian American Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Yixing Zhou is Professor and former Chair of the Department of Geography at Peking University. He is a council member of the Chinese Association of Geographers and a board member of China Planning Association, Regional Planning Research Committee, China Urban Economics Association, and China Urban Economics Society. He is on the editorial boards of several journals and he is the author of over a hundred publications, including UrbanGeography and Spatial Concentration and Diffusion of China’s Costal Urban Regions.

Series Editors’ Preface

The Blackwell Studies in Urban and Social Change series aims to advance theoretical debates and empirical analyses stimulated by changes in the fortunes of cities and regions across the world. Among topics taken up in past volumes and welcomed for future submissions are:

Connections between economic restructuring and urban changeUrban divisions, difference, and diversityConvergence and divergence among regions of east and west, north, and southUrban and environmental movementsInternational migration and capital flowsTrends in urban political economyPatterns of urban-based consumption

The series is explicitly interdisciplinary; the editors judge books by their contribution to intellectual solutions rather than according to disciplinary origin. Proposals may be submitted to members of the series Editorial Committee:

Neil Brenner

Linda McDowell

Margit Mayer

Patrick Le Galès

Chris Pickvance

Jenny Robinson

Acknowledgments

This book has a history, and to acknowledge properly the people who contributed to it requires that I say something about its origins.

I would like to thank the University at Albany for its support of the Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research during the years that I served as Director (1999–2004). The Mumford Center has proved to be an effective mechanism to promote urban research.

Next I wish to recognize the substantial financial support provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation’s Urban Studies and Demography Program (2000–2005). Mellon’s funding enabled our Albany team to establish the Urban China Research Network with the purpose of stimulating research on China, particularly through grants to young scholars and annual conferences to showcase their work.

A supplementary grant from the Mellon Foundation in 2002 was intended to bring several of the most eminent China scholars together with specialists on other countries through a series of three workshops. After the first workshop we decided to focus on a book project with two main features. First, it would provide the most recent evidence on the directions of urban change as seen through the eyes of a China specialist and a non-specialist. Second, it would seek to interpret changes within a broader theoretical framework that could be useful in studies of other countries. I would like to thank my Albany colleagues who helped to sharpen and carry out that plan: Chris Smith and Youqin Huang (Geography and Planning), Steve Messner and Zai Liang (Sociology), and Jennifer Rudolph (History). Each of these colleagues has also contributed as co-author of a chapter in this volume.

A final acknowledgment is due to the other scholars who had a hand in this process, including colleagues around the world who provided reviews of the early drafts of chapters and contributors who acceded to my persistent prodding to do better, to give more attention to the theories, and to give clearer explanations while reducing their word count. I give a special thanks to Susan Fainstein, whose experience and wisdom add much to our jointly authored introductory chapter.

John R. Logan

Introduction: Urban China in Comparative Perspective

John R. Logan and Susan S. Fainstein

We may still, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, think of China as a developing country. Almost certainly, however, this perspective will soon seem anachronistic. China is becoming a world power, and its major cities are becoming world cities. This historic and rapid transformation makes it hard for us to interpret the changes that we see today. To what do we compare China? Is China like any other country in our experience? Through what lens will the many transformations going on in the country make the most sense?

Narrowing our focus to urban China does little to resolve the issue of appropriate comparisons. We approach urban change as having many dimensions, and the contributors to this book deal with topics as dissimilar as rural-urban migration and the position of women, urban crime and suburbanization, neighborhood inequality and economic competitiveness. The chapters compare Chinese cities variously to US urban areas, to formerly socialist communities of Eastern Europe, and to megalopolises of the developing world. Each of these comparisons offers insights but also poses different questions about the trajectory that we foresee for Chinese urban development.

This is the specific contribution of the essays in this volume. Underlying the diversity of “urban” topics and international cases, all the contributors are grappling with the same theoretical question. How should we understand what is happening in China today? This is a hard question and a kind of question that specialists on any part of the world tend to avoid. The more you know the details of a country, its history, culture, and politics, the greater the temptation to reject all general theories. This has been a particular problem for social science research on China. John Friedman’s recent overview of “China’s urban transition” (2005) reflects a common reluctance on the part of China scholars to generalize. China, he argues, cannot be fitted neatly into the narrative of any grand theory, whether that be the narrative of modernization or globalization, urbanization or national integration – certainly not yet (because the future is so rapidly being made) and perhaps never (because China is not just another country, but a civilization that deserves to be understood on its own terms).

We take the opposite tack. If no single theory can explain everything, we look for ways to combine theories. China is important not only for itself but because it has lessons for the rest of the world. It offers both positive and negative examples of how economic expansion can be promoted in a late-developing country, how new forms of competition and partnership with multinational corporations and world powers can be negotiated, how the state can keep a strong hand in a market economy in a post-socialist era. Our purpose is not only to share the latest insights into how China is evolving, but to make sense of those shifts so that China can become a key case in twenty-first-century thinking about global change.

Here is our theoretical repertoire. From a modernization perspective, China is either a unique example of successful development or a case study in the costs of too rapid change. From a world system perspective it demonstrates the imperative of national autonomy, the impact of global economic and cultural connections, or the persistence of colonial heritage. The more specific concept of the developmentalist state turns our attention to the elite’s capacity to direct and control change. The analogy to other cases of post-socialist transition raises the question of whether there was a socialist urban form and how the state’s centrality in urban development differs in these cases from its role in a market system.