Urban Dystopias E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Architectural Design
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 238

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

Urban Dystopias

Leseprobe

URBAN

DYSTOPIAS

01/2023

Marcus White and Jane Burry

About the

Guest-Editors

5

6

Urban Farming

The Reluctant Utopia

Daniele Belleri and Carlo Ratti

14

Pertopia

Speculative Thinking in

a Short-Term World

Justyna Karakiewicz

22

A Truly Golden

Handbook of Urban

DYStopias

Marcus White and Jane Burry

Introduction

An Urban Odyssey

City Beautiful to City

Instagrammable

Jordi Oliveras

Broadband-acre City

‘No Traffic Problem, No

Buffering’

Marcus White and

Stephen Glackin

30

46

Arcological City

Going Underground

Jane Burry and Mehrnoush Latifi

54

Cool Urbanism

The Radiant Exitance City

Marcus White and Tianyi Yang

62

The City of

Frictionless Mobility

Ian Woodcock

72

38

The Mega-Eco-

Garden City

Stories of Rewilding and

Ecodystopia

Nano Langenheim and

Kongjian Yu

99

2

ISSN 0003-8504 ISBN 9781 119 833994

Edited by Marcus White and Jane Burry

From Another Perspective

Fanning the Flames

of the City Heat

Anton Markus Pasing

Neil Spiller

128

Contributors

134

High-Definition City

An Invisible Horizon of

Technological Human Space

Andong Lu, Jane Burry and

Marcus White

80

The Promises of

Postcolonial Utopias

Perspectives from the

Global South

Tridib Banerjee

88

Cité Industrielle 4.0

Zoning for the Latest

Revolution

Jane Burry

96

Another Normal

A Techno-Social Alternative

to Techno-Feudal Cities

Kas Oosterhuis

104

The Floating

‘Urban Village’

Makoko Futures

Dan Nyandega

112

GAN-Physarum

Shaping the Future of

the Urbansphere

Claudia Pasquero and

Marco Poletto

120

104

This issue of 2 explores the

dichotomy between idealised visions

for the design of urban settlements

and the potentially shocking

realities which may emerge from

those same impulses and intentions

— Marcus White and Jane Burry

3

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Front cover

Harrison and White with Flood

Slicer, Implementing the Rhetoric,

Footscray, Victoria, Australia, 2010.

© Harrison and White with Flood

Slicer.

Inside front cover

Shi Percy Pan, Yingna Celina Sun

and Jiaao Wayne Wong,

The Great Ocean Road is Crying

in Tears of Plastic, Studio 05,

Melbourne School of Design,

University of Melbourne,

Australia, 2021. Shi Percy Pan,

Yingna Celina Sun and Jiaao

Wayne Wong

Page 1

Kundi Shu, Kachung Lo and

Xiufeng Li, Rhizomatic bridge as a

hope in Peturbanism: Aquaculture

and Aquatics scenario, Hope in

Peturbanism – Possible Future

of Great Ocean [Road?] CDE

Studio 05, Melbourne School of

Design, University of Melbourne,

Australia, 2021. © Kundi Shu,

Kachung Lo and Xiufeng Li

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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Profile No.

January/February

2023

278

Issue

01

4

Text © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Images: (t) © Marcus White; (b) © Jane Burry

GUEST-EDITORS

ABOUT THE

MARCUS WHITE AND JANE BURRY

Longstanding academic colleagues Marcus White and Jane Burry have

worked to knit together the tectonics of architecture and a deeper engagement

with the urban realm, adopting accessible and applicable technologies and

digital data to deepen the contextual grounding. At the Swinburne University

of Technology, where White is Professor of Architecture and Urban Design,

and Burry is Professor and Dean of the School of Design and Architecture,

they have been instrumental in co-authoring a unique combined Master’s

programme in architecture and urban design. Proponents of the integration

of education with research and practice, White is a partner in the award-

winning architecture practice Harrison and White (HAW), while Burry’s

research leverages her experience as a project architect in the technical

team at the Sagrada Família in Barcelona. 

Both share a deep interest in speculative futures, including micro-scaled

digital fabrication inquiry; investigating sonic and thermal experience at the

interface of built fabric, people and air; innovation in construction methods;

and macro-scaled explorations of radical urban propositions imagining

new ways of living. Their work is conducted through their research within

the Spatio-Temporal Research Urban Design and Architecture Laboratory

(STRÜDAL) at Swinburne’s Centre for Design Innovation. Their enduring

commitment to the exploration of computationally enabled design futures

exposes them to the endlessly divergent possibilities, some markedly dark,

that artificially intelligent and algorithmic urbanisms can invoke.

White’s work focuses on research for and through design, using emerging

technology and data to design liveable cities. He is the creator of the

pedestrian network analysis tool www.PedestrianCatch.com, and led the

City of Melbourne Sunlight Public Open Space Study (2018) in developing

new methodologies to protect sunlight amenity for the city. He is also a

chief investigator in the Neuro-Optimised Virtual Living Lab (NOVELL)

with the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, which recently

won a European Healthcare Design Award (2022), and leads the Australian

Research Council (ARC)-funded ‘Walk-Quality’ Linkage Project. He is

co-author, with Nano Langenheim, of the book The Death of Urbanism:

Transitions Through Five Stages of Grief (Art Architecture Design Research

[AADR], 2020), a metamodern exploration of urban design paradigms

through a misappropriation of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s five stages of grief.

Burry is the lead author of The New Mathematics of Architecture

(Thames & Hudson, 2010), editor of Designing the Dynamic (Melbourne

Books, 2013) and co-author of Prototyping for Architects (Thames &

Hudson, 2016), as well as over a hundred other publications. She has

practised, taught, supervised and researched internationally. She is a recipient

of six Australian Research Council grants, Good Design Awards and the

Robots in Architecture Pioneer’s Award. Her research focuses on mathematics

and computing in contemporary design. Recent partnered research explores

the opportunities for urban and biometric data gathering and application

in modelling; simulation and application for the design of better urban

environments; and leveraging digital fabrication with simulation and feedback

to create better, more sensitive, human-centric spaces. By manipulating

geometry and materiality within the design, architecture can ne tune the

acoustic, thermal and airrow aesthetics to create higher-quality, energy-

efficient environments in buildings and the urban realm. 1

5

INTRODUCTION

MARCUS WHITE AND

JANE BURRY

66

Cities are facing several coinciding global crises. There

is the dominant existential narrative of the impacts of

climate change and the need to adapt to them. Resilient

architecture and urban planning are needed in response

to the unprecedented urbanisation and economic

growth that have impacted environments worldwide.

New approaches to nature and food production, new

modes of transport, renewed anxiety about robots replacing

human workforces, ever-accelerating advances in information

technology and the humbling recent experience of a

global pandemic are challenging norms and expectations.

These factors, all with the potential to foster social division,

are changing life experiences of populations worldwide,

giving rise to the authoritarian politics of anxiety and

creating the sense that people are teetering between

radically different possible futures.

This issue of 2 explores the dichotomy between idealised

visions for the design of urban settlements and the potentially

shocking realities which may emerge from those same

impulses and intentions. It examines the slippery territory

between utopias – the idealised places Oscar Wilde believed

humankind sets sail for, and must realise, for progress to take

place

1

– and some of the ensuing dystopias in urban design

that unfold instead.

Each article re-explores a commonly dismissed historic

urban-utopian proposition to test its relevance through

the lens of a critical contemporary urban challenge.

Each considers both a utopian and dystopian speculative

reinterpretation of these potential urban futures, teasing out

the elements leading to a desirable future as well as those

pointing to unintended malign consequences.

A TRULY

A TRULY

GOLDEN

HANDBOOK

OF URBAN

OF URBAN

DYSTOPIAS

Kundi Shu, Kachung Lo

and Xiufeng Li,

Rhizomatic bridge as a hope

in Peturbanism: Aquaculture

and Aquatics scenario,

Hope in Peturbanism –

Possible Future of Great Ocean

[Road?] CDE Studio 05,

Melbourne School of Design,

University of Melbourne,

Australia,

2021

Section drawing of aquaculture and aquatic

activities for the exploratory design studio

project exploring the integration of natural

and man-made dynamic adaptive systems

and the reuse of waste materials for

ecological restoration. Studio leader:

Justyna Karakiewicz

7

Utopia Versus Dystopia and the Need for Speculative Futures

Predictions of the future are always speculative. The further out

our forecasts reach, the more speculative and stochastic they

become. Although our speculations are built upon historical

data, the future is not the past and the past never repeats itself.

Nevertheless, we have both an endless appetite and a serious

need for speculative futures. They are the basis for planning and

it is critical that in constructing and examining them we embrace

both hope and scepticism. This is a story about reclaiming the

urban design narrative and being alert to the potential impacts

of socio-technical decision-making and design in cities.

In their influential book Speculative Everything: Design,

Fiction, And Social Dreaming (2013),

2

Anthony Dunne and

Fiona Raby of the New York design studio Dunne & Raby

describe futurist Stuart Candy’s concept of four kinds of design

speculations: probable, plausible, possible and preferable.

Here, ‘probable’ refers to projections of scenarios that are

likely to occur; ‘plausible’ forecasts alternative economic and

political scenarios that may occur; ‘possible’ is far more radical,

incorporating what is scientifically and technically possible; and

‘preferable’ represents an intersection of probable and plausible.

While not attempting to predict the future, these speculations

are suggested as a way to engage with what might be considered

pathways to desirable futures. This approach has similarities

with the future-casting methods of multinational energy and

mining companies that model available resources, future

demand, the likely impacts of lobbying and investment, and

the profit gained by ensuring that legislation to mitigate climate

change is delayed. Conversely, climate scientists are attempting

to understand the factors that would precipitate a range of

possible futures, from best-case scenarios for carbon emission

reductions to worst-case predictions that result in such dramatic

increases in extreme weather conditions that much of the world

becomes a barren wasteland akin to that in George Miller’s 1979

classic film Mad Max.

3

Thus, it would be prudent to carefully

consider the potential for dystopian outcomes while thinking

about highly desirable, even utopian futures.

The word ‘utopia’ was coined by Thomas More, and used

as the title for his 1561 work of socio-political satirical fiction.

4

Published in Latin, the book’s subtitle translates to ‘On the Best

State of a Commonwealth and on the New Island of Utopia,

A Truly Golden Handbook, No Less Beneficial than

Entertaining’. However, the etymology of the word derives not

from Latin but from ancient Greek: ou’ (‘not’) and

(‘place’) thus meaning no-place, which might be More’s

admission that it cannot exist in the real world. Its antonym,

‘dystopia’, literally means ‘bad place’.

More’s Utopia, a blend of reality and fiction, describes a

provocative alternative reality of Tudor England; a perfect

nation of 54 nearly identical cities surrounded by farmland on

a roughly circular island, where no city may have more than

6,000 residents, family size is controlled, work is important but

limited to six hours a day, and idleness is a punishable ooence.

Gold is devalued, used for chamber pots and worn by slaves;

healthcare is universal; property, possessions and resources,

including food, are communal and all citizens must take turns

participating in farming labour, living a mix of rural and urban

life. While there is much freedom of choice for citizens, men

Ambrosius Holbein,

The Island of Utopia

(Thomas More’s Utopia),

1518

Holbein’s woodcutting shows a

bird’s-eye view of Thomas More’s

Utopia. The crescent-shaped island

is 322 kilometres (200 miles) wide,

encompassing 54 cities separated

by 38-kilometre (24-mile) wide

green belts, with the capital

Amaurotum at the centre.

Each city-state is roughly square

shaped, with each side at least

32 kilometres (20 miles) long.

Mingjia Shi and Yichen Sheng,

The Garden of Earthly Delights,

Parametric Parasite CDE design studio,

Melbourne School of Design,

University of Melbourne,

2022

This project for a speculative design studio proposes a vision for a possible

future urban environment by introducing bees en masse into Barcelona.

The speculative vision dynamically changes its character between dystopia

and utopia – a future led by machines to nd a new garden of earthly

delights suitable for the present and ready for the future. Studio leaders:

Justyna Karakiewicz and Liang Yang.

8

and women all wear the same clothes, only distinguished by

genders; people’s movement is subject to strictly enforced rules

and all must live ‘in full view’, so no one can break a rule

undetected. Many of More’s concepts have been influential not

only in philosophy and political theory, but also in speculative

city design, such as cities with capped population sizes,

agricultural green belts, urban and rural lifestyles, communal

food production and consumption, and forays into the provision

of urban health, safety, wellbeing and unity through observation

and surveillance. These themes are explored in this issue of 2.

While much of More’s Utopia was a positive provocation in the

context of 1500s Tudor England, many of the book’s themes,

such as communal living, slavery and lifetime leaders, became

core ingredients of the dystopias that would follow.

An early dystopian exploration can be found in Jonathan

Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726), in which he identified

European society’s socio-political trends and extrapolated

them to satirical extremes, exposing their underlying flaws.

Gulliver, the book’s protagonist, visits cities that initially appear

impressive and wonderful but upon closer inspection turn out

to be deeply problematic. One of these is the Flying Island of

Laputa, a technocratic marvel run by a highly educated elite that

developed multidirectional magnetic levitation transportation

for the city similar in concept to the Shanghai maglev train

(2004). The city floats above the ground-dwelling underclass

and can be moved to block their sunlight – a thinly veiled

criticism of English rule over Ireland. Unlike in science fiction,

where the impossible, such as time travel or defying gravity, is

posited as fact for the purpose of the narrative, literature about

the objectively real possible – a category of literature commonly

termed ‘speculative fiction’ – makes us aware that right now we

already have all the ingredients for certain urban futures.

A collective wrong decision is all that is needed to propel

society towards an oppressive patriarchal religious dystopia

such as that described by Canadian author Margaret Atwood in

The Handmaid’s Tale (1985).

5

The writer describes a far-right

Christian takeover of the US (now Gilead), a dark response

to loss of fertility, food shortages and a contamination crisis.

The story cuts close to the bone in light of events such as the

Capitol Riots (2021)

6

and the overturning of Roe v Wade in

the US (2022),

7

and Atwood’s speculative fiction gives us a

clear indication of where this politico-religious trend may go if

allowed to continue, while providing hope that it is not too late

for us to reverse the direction in which we are heading.

For a brighter world, society must question what sorts

of cities are wanted. Optimistic speculations, including the

‘probable’ and utopian ‘possible’ propositions, need not be

top-down visions but must provide projections for a plurality

of futures. Putting forward and exploring dystopic fiction

that incorporates speculative design builds an understanding

of the slight forks in the path towards a better future, and an

understanding of the urban design strategies and technologies

that, if adopted and adapted, may lead to disturbing and

potentially damaging outcomes.

JJ Grandville,

Flying island of Laputa from Gulliver’s Travels,

Realm of Balnibarbi east of Japan,

1856

Grandville’s etching depicting Jonathan Swift’s 7-kilometre (4.5-mile) wide

Flying Island of Laputa. The island can be manoeuvred in any direction

using magnetic levitation developed by its scientifically educated but

impractical elite ruling class. Balnibarbi is the country where the underclass

live, below Laputa and controlled by it using threats to pelt the inhabitants

with large stones or cut off sunlight and rain.

9

The Country into the City, or the City into the Country ?

The first group of articles in this issue address, in very diverse

ways, dichotomies of city and country, built urban fabric and

parks, access to nature, food, and ocular-centric control versus

eco-centric coevolution. The challenge of feeding the world will

remain ongoing as long as population continues to expand.

While cities have grown on the strength of surplus agricultural

production, leaving that increasingly efficient and mechanised

production outside the city walls, the impacts of agriculture and

food transport on carbon emissions and world ecology suggest

the need for speculation about subverting or reversing that

relationship. Daniele Belleri and Carlo Ratti explore the extent to

which in-city agriculture is a romance, the answer to a prayer, or

a risky pathway to increased corporatisation and food insecurity.

Blurring the dichotomy between city and country still further,

Justyna Karakiewicz explores these environmental issues by

leaving behind the anthropocentric view of settlement in favour

of dynamic adaptive coevolution between human development

and interacting natural processes.

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City concept – the idealisation

of the mid-20th-century suburb – presented in his book The

Disappearing City (1932)

8

– has subsequently lost some of its

currency since the environmental impact of human greed for

living space, now incorporated into the concept of our carbon

footprint, has begun to have noticeable and disastrous effects

worldwide. But global pandemic lockdowns, intended to

physically isolate people from one another, spurred a surge in

virtual social interaction and digital commerce. Marcus White

and Stephen Glackin investigate what living in a ‘Broadband-acre

City’ looks like now and for the speculative future far beyond

our current era. Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City (1902) adopted

a concentric plan to increase access to green urban ‘lungs’ for

housing and social and commercial areas. Nano Langenheim and

Kongjian Yu muse on whether his rigid geometrical schema can

be shaken up for the 21st-century relationship between human

habitation and broader ecological interests or, conversely, whether

this might lead to increasing clashes with non-human predators.

In the modern era, the city as a landscape has been

fundamentally influenced by the parterres of 15th- and 16th-

century French formal gardens via the Beaux-Arts architectural

movement (1830s–1870s) and its interpretation by the City

Beautiful movement in the US, lasting from the 1890s to the

early 1900s. The grand urban gestures and vistas, designed to be

seen from above and experienced from the perspective of foot

traac and carriages, gave way to other forms of architecture,

experienced from an aerial perspective and designed with different

priorities, during the 20th and 21st centuries. Jordi Oliveras

charts this journey to the aerotropolis and visual ‘selfie city’ of

today and beyond.

Urban Heat, Movement, Social Divisions and Surveillance

The next group of articles consider questions of problematic

urban microclimates, and how these can or might be addressed in

the future. Specific philosophical, design and structural decisions

underlie the impact of the contemporary urban fabric on carbon

emissions, exacerbated social and income disparities, social unrest,

surveillance and security practices. These decisions and results are

considered and extrapolated to explore where they may lead.

Luke Kim, Arinah Rizal and Qun Zhang,

Diversity through Disruption design elective,

Melbourne School of Design, University of

Melbourne with Los Andes University,

Bogota,

2020

The project explores dynamic adaptive coevolution and the potential of

new manufacturing technologies where, instead of using AI-controlled

drones for surveillance or military strikes, they are used for weaving

nets for recreational activities and natural structures. The project

was part of a course examining complex adaptive systems, human

development and natural processes. Coordinator: Justyna Karakiewicz.

10

Nano Langenheim,

An Eco-dystopic Urban Forest,

Melbourne, Australia,

2022

An exploration of an overgrown ‘rewilded’ urban rejuvenation project

where a well-intended desire for a ‘city in the forest’ has backkred,

resulting in neither an operational city nor a biologically functioning

forest. The project represents a ‘mid-journey’ destruction of both the

forest and the city.

Paolo Soleri,

Infrababel, original drawing,

1968–9

Utopian architect Soleri coined the term ‘arcology’ to describe the

fusion of architecture with ecology. This conceptual design was to be

located in a stone quarry. Designed for a population of 100,000, it is

one of a series of environmentally driven designs by Soleri, who also

founded and commenced the development of the utopian community

of Arcosanti in the Arizona desert (1970–).

11

Marcus White/Harrison and

White and Tianyi Yang,

Digital rendering of

Le Corbusier’s 1930 Ville Radieuse

(Radiant City),

2022

Though criticised widely, Le Corbusier’s Radiant

City urban design proposal of a series of high-rise

mixed-use towers surrounded by generous green

spaces provides high levels of daylight amenity for

occupants. Due to the scheme’s high levels of sky

view factor across the entire city, it would allow

longwave radiation to escape to the atmosphere

and would therefore be exceptionally well suited to

mitigating the urban heat island effect.

Most contemporary cities have a partially subterranean

mirror city. Its extent depends on many factors – size and

underlying geology perhaps first among them. However, as

the world focuses more on resilience and defensive approaches

to destructive and inhospitable climatic extremes, the

opportunities of going underground become more manifest,

comprehensive and widespread. Jane Burry and Mehrnoush

Latifi use Paolo Soleri’s influential, speculative and partially

realised future Arcological cities (1970) as a stepping-oo point

to ponder the utopian and dystopian realities of building and

living underground.

Marcus White and Tianyi Yang extend this approach

towards mitigating the effects of climate change to reconsider

Le Corbusier’s proposition for Ville Radieuse (1933). While

the widely spaced grid of towers was conceived in a park-like

setting to address air quality and green views, it might also

present a way to address the problem of urban heat islands

in densely packed, rapidly overheating cities. Like thermal

comfort, frictionless mobility has played a huge part in cities

becoming both bloated carbon emitters and, in some aspects,

less than hospitable and healthy. Ian Woodcock considers

the potential pros and cons for the nature of cities in a future

world of autonomous electric mobility. Tridib Banerjee

explores a city that was ‘smart’ before the era of smart cities,

and how it has taken on the contemporary smart-city mantle.

In particular, he uncovers Chandigarh’s underlying postcolonial

roots and the insidious way in which its urban structure has

reinforced and even exacerbated social division. Andong Lu

transports us from Jane Jacobs’ sense of a safer city with eyes

on the street – local citizens engaged in and observing their

immediate environs – to the ways that cybertracking, fixed

camera and mobile surveillance are changing the city and

concepts of privacy. Crime protection or state threat? Where

is this trend heading and how is it likely to influence the city

far into the future?

Zoning, Linearity, Floating and Organic City Planning

The articles mentioned above demonstrate many of the forces

shaping cities and their potential future impacts. The final

articles investigate the overall physical form and distribution of

the city, whilst being driven by very different sets of underlying

12

Yueyao Li, Fungi Punk and

Future Mycelium Cities,

Parametric Parasite

CDE design studio,

Melbourne School of Design,

University of Melbourne,

2022

The project explores a disastrous future.

Sea-level rise devours cities on the

coastline, human-built environments

collapse, but a fungal colony survives and

serves as the new foundation for the city to

re-emerge. Matured mycelium structures

turn to city transportation systems, habitats

and subterranean spaces. Studio leaders:

Justyna Karakiewicz and Liang Yang.

concepts. Tony Garnier’s visionary urban plan Cité Industrielle

(1900s) largely set the agenda for modernist city zoning in

the 20th century, decisively separating industrial activity from

housing, social activity and local commerce. Its influence has

endured through two subsequent industrial revolutions. Jane

Burry questions the place of Garnier’s zoning in the seemingly

placeless, seamlessly digital world of Industry 4.0.

A powerful idea coming from Ivan Leonidov’s

Magnitogorsk (1930) is the concept of the linear city. Kas

Oosterhuis reflects on a career of environmentally driven

ideas for cities and questions whether the time is right for

Magnitogorsk to return in the guise of the new city of NEOM

in Saudi Arabia. Cities are shaped by topography; sometimes

when the land runs out, they take to the water. Dan Nyandega

uncovers the optimistic and less-optimistic futures for Makoko,

an informal floating settlement on Lagos Lagoon in Nigeria.

Claudia Pasquero and Marco Poletto’s article is a fully

speculative return to nature to uncover the optimal form for

the city, deploying data to investigate bio-digital futures and

living with what English philosopher and ecologist Timothy

Morton has called ‘strange strangers’.

9

While this issue of 2 explores dystopic possibilities for the

future of cities, it also ooers hope. What drives us forward, as

German social philosopher Ernst Bloch noted in The Principle

of Hope (1986),

10

are optimistic daydreams of a better, brighter

world. Bloch identified utopias and visions of fulfilment as

motivational elements of radical social change, because we

need to be able to see things differently to be able to change

them. Utopian escapism might be the seed required for a new

and more humane social order, and bottom-up utopias are an

‘immature, but an honest substitute for revolution’.

11 1

Notes

1. Oscar Wilde, ‘The Soul of Man under Socialism’, Fortnightly Review,

February 1891, p 292.

2. Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby, Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction,

and Social Dreaming, MIT Press (Cambridge, MA), 2013, p 224.

3. George Miller, Mad Max (film), Roadshow Film Distributors, Australia,

1979.

4. Thomas More, Utopia: On the Best State of a Commonwealth and On the

New Island of Utopia; A Truly Golden Handbook, No Less Beneficial than

Entertaining, William Bulmer/Shakespeare Press (London), 1808, originally

published in 1516.

5. Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale, McClelland and Stewart

(Toronto), 1985.

6. Brenna M Davidson and Tetsuro Kobayashi, ‘The Effect of Message

Modality on Memory for Political Disinformation: Lessons from the 2021

US Capitol Riots’, Computers in Human Behavior, 132 (107241), January

2022, pp 2, 3.

7. Dan Mangan and Kevin Breuninger, ‘Supreme Court Overturns Roe v

Wade, Ending 50 Years of Federal Abortion Rights’, 24 June 2022: www.

cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-by-supreme-court-ending-

federal-abortion-rights.html.

8. William Farquhar Payson, The Disappearing City by Frank Lloyd Wright,

Stratford Press (New York), 1932.

9.