Urban Remote Sensing E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1168

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Urban Remote Sensing is designed for upper level undergraduates, graduates, researchers and practitioners, and has a clear focus on the development of remote sensing technology for monitoring, synthesis and modeling in the urban environment. It covers four major areas: the use of high-resolution satellite imagery or alternative sources of image date (such as high-resolution SAR and LIDAR) for urban feature extraction; the development of improved image processing algorithms and techniques for deriving accurate and consistent information on urban attributes from remote sensor data; the development of analytical techniques and methods for deriving indicators of socioeconomic and environmental conditions that prevail within urban landscape; and the development of remote sensing and spatial analytical techniques for urban growth simulation and predictive modeling.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

List of Contributors

Authors' Biography

Preface

Part i: Introduction

Chapter 1: What is Urban Remote Sensing?

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Remote Sensing and Urban Studies

1.3 Remote Sensing Systems for Urban Areas

1.4 Algorithms and Techniques for Urban Attribute Extraction

1.5 Urban Socioeconomic Analyses

1.6 Urban Environmental Analyses

1.7 Urban Growth and Landscape Change Modeling

Summary and Concluding Remarks

References

Part ii: Remote Sensing Systems for Urban Areas

Chapter 2: Use of Archival Landsat Imagery to Monitor Urban Spatial Growth

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Landsat Program and Imaging Sensors

2.3 Mapping Urban Spatial Growth in an American Metropolis

2.4 Discussion

Summary and Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 3: Limits and Challenges of Optical Very-High-Spatial-Resolution Satellite Remote Sensing for Urban Applications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Geometrical Problems

3.3 Spectral Problems

3.4 Mapping Limits and Challenges

3.5 Adding the Time Factor: VHR and Change Detection

3.6 A Possible Way Forward

3.7 Building Damage Assessment

Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Potential of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for Analyzing the Urban Environment

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Spectral Characteristics of Urban Surface Materials

4.3 Automated Identification of Urban Surface Materials

4.4 Results and Discussion of their Potential for Urban Analysis

References

Chapter 5: Very-High-Resolution Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar and Urban Areas: Looking into Details of a Complex Environment

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Before Spaceborne High-Resolution SAR

5.3 High-Resolution SAR

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6: 3D Building Reconstruction from Airborne Lidar Point Clouds Fused with Aerial Imagery

6.1 Lidar-Drived Building Models: Related Work

6.2 Our Building Reconstruction Method

6.3 Results and Discussion

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Part iii: Algorithms and Techniques for Urban Attribute Extraction

Chapter 7: Parameterizing Neural Network Models to Improve Land Classification Performance

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Fundamentals of Neural Networks

7.3 Internal Parameters and Classification Accuracy

7.4 Training Algorithm Performance

7.5 Toward a Systematic Approach to Image Classification by Neural Networks

Future Research Directions

References

Chapter 8: Characterizing Urban Subpixel Composition Using Spectral Mixture Analysis

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Overview of SMA Implementation

8.3 Two Case Studies

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9: An Object-Oriented Pattern Recognition Approach for Urban Classification

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Object-Oriented Classification

9.3 Data and Study Area

9.4 Methodology

9.5 Results and Discussion

Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Spatial Enhancement of Multispectral Images on Urban Areas

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Multiresolution Fusion Scheme

10.3 Component Substitution Fusion Scheme

10.4 Hybrid MRA—Component Substitution Method

10.5 Results

Conclusions

References

Chapter 11: Exploring the Temporal Lag between the Structure and Function of Urban Areas

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Micro and Macro Urban Remote Sensing

11.3 The Temporal Lag Challenge

11.4 Structural–Functional Links

11.5 Temporal–Structural–Functional Links

11.6 Empirical Measurement of Temporal Lags

Conclusions

References

Part iv: Urban Socioeconomic Analyses

Chapter 12: A Pluralistic Approach to Defining and Measuring Urban Sprawl

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The Diversity of Definitions of Sprawl

12.3 Historic Forms of “Urban Sprawl”

12.4 Qualitative Dimensions of Sprawl and Quantitative Variables for Measuring Them

Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Small Area Population Estimation with High-Resolution Remote Sensing and Lidar

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Study Sites and Data

13.3 Methodology

13.4 Results

Discussion and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14: Dasymetric Mapping for Population and Sociodemographic Data Redistribution

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Dasymetric Maps, Dasymetric Mapping, and Areal Interpolation

14.3 Application Example: Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 15: Who's in the Dark—Satellite based Estimates of Electrification Rates

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Methods

15.3 Results

15.4 Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16: Integrating Remote Sensing and GIS for Environmental Justice Research

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Environmental Justice Research

16.3 Remote Sensing for Environmental Equity Analysis

16.4 Integrating Remotely Sensed and Other Spatial Data Using GIS

16.5 Case Study: Vegetation and Socioeconomic Character in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Conclusion

References

Part v: Urban Environmental Analyses

Chapter 17: Remote Sensing of High Resolution Urban Impervious Surfaces

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Impervious Surface Estimation

17.3 Pixel-Based Models for Estimating High-Resolution Impervious Surface

17.4 Object-Based Models for Estimating High-Resolution Impervious Surface

Conclusions

References

Chapter 18: Use of Impervious Surface Data Obtained from Remote Sensing in Distributed Hydrological modeling of urban areas

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Spatially Distributed Hydrological Modeling

18.3 Impervious Surface Mapping

18.4 The WetSpa Model

18.5 Impact of Different Approaches for Estimating Impervious Surface Cover on Runoff Calculation and Prediction of Peak Discharges

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 19: Impacts of Urban Growth on Vegetation Carbon Sequestration

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Vegetation Productivities and Estimation

19.3 Data and Analysis

19.4 Results

19.5 Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 20: Characterizing Biodiversity in Urban Areas Using Remote Sensing

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Remote Sensing Methods in Urban Biodiversity Studies

20.3 Hierarchical Levels and Definitions of Urban Ecosystems

20.4 Using Remote Sensing to Interpret Effects of Urbanization on Species Distribution

20.5 Long-term Monitoring of Biodiversity in Urban Green Areas—Methodology Development

20.6 Applications in Urban Planning and Management

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 21: Urban Weather, Climate and Air Quality Modeling: Increasing Resolution and Accuracy Using Improved Urban Morphology

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Physical Approaches for the Representation of Urban Areas in Regional Atmospheric Models

21.3 Remotely Sensed Data as Input for Regional Atmospheric Models

21.4 Case Studies Investigating the Effects of Urbanization on Weather, Climate and Air Quality

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Part vi: Urban Growth and Landscape Change Modeling

Chapter 22: Cellular Automata and Agent Base Models for Urban Studies: from Pixels to Cells to Hexa-dpi's

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Computation: the Raster–pixel Aproach

22.3 Cells: Migrating from Basic Pixels

22.4 Agents: Joining with Cells

22.5 Cells and Agents in a Computer's “Artificial Life”

22.6 The Hexa-dpi: Closing the Cycle in the Digital Age

Conclusions

References

Chapter 23: Calibrating and Validating Cellular Automata Models of Urbanization

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Calibration

23.3 Validating Automata Models

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 24: Agent-based Urban Modeling: Simulating Urban Growth and Subsequent Landscape Change in Suzhou, China

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Design, Construction, Calibration, and Validation of ABM

24.3 Case Study—desakota Development in Suzhou, China

24.4 The Suzhou Urban Growth Agent Model

Summary and Conclusion

References

Chapter 25: Ecological Modeling in Urban Environments: Predicting Changes in Biodiversity in Response to Future Urban Development

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Predicting Changes in Land Cover and Avian Biodiversity for an Area North of Seattle, Washington

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 26: Rethinking Progress in Urban Analysis and Modeling: Models, Metaphors, and Meaning

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Pepper's World Hypotheses: the Role of Root Metaphors in Understanding Reality

26.3 Progress in Urban Analysis and Modeling: Metaphors Urban Modelers Live by

26.4 Models, Metaphors, and the Meaning of Progress: Further Discussions

Summary and Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Index

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List of Contributors

Bruno Aiazzi

Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”

CNR Research Area of Florence

10 Via Madonna del Piano, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

Stefano Baronti

Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”

CNR Research Area of Florence

10 Via Madonna del Piano, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

Okke Batelaan

Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

E-mail: [email protected]

Kimberly E. Baugh

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

University of Colorado

Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Budhendra Bhaduri

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Mathias Bochow

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam—GFZ

German Research Centre for Geosciences

Section 1.4 Remote Sensing

Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany

E-mail: [email protected]

Frank Canters

Cartography and GIS Research Unit

Department of Geography

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

E-mail: [email protected]

Luca Capobianco

Department of Information Engineering

University of Siena

Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

Jose-Silvan Cardenas

Department of Geography

University at Buffalo, State University of New York

Buffalo, NY 14261, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Jarosław Chormaski

Department of Hydraulic Structures and Environmental Restoration

Warsaw University of Life Sciences

ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02–776 Warsaw, Poland

E-mail: [email protected]

Fabio Dell'Acqua

Department of Electronics

University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1

27100 Pavia, Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

Christopher D. Elvidge

Earth Observation Group

NOAA National Geophysical Data Center

Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Edward H. Erwin

NOAA National Geophysical Data Center

Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Amnon Frenkel

Center for Urban and Regional Studies

Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning

Technion—Israel Institute of Technology

Haifa 32000, Israel

E-mail: [email protected]

Paolo Gamba

Department of Electronics

University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1

27100 Pavia, Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

Andrea Garzelli

Department of Information Engineering

University of Siena

Via Roma, 56, 53100 Siena, Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

Tilotamma Ghosh

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

University of Colorado

Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Susanne Grossman-Clarke

Global Institute of Sustainability

Arizona State University

Tempe, AZ, 85287-5302, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Haiyan Guan

Department of Geography and Environmental Management

University of Waterloo

200 University Avenue West

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1

E-mail: [email protected]

Marcus Hedblom

Department of Ecology

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

PO Box 7044

SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

E-mail: [email protected]

Uta Heiden

German Aerospace Center (DLR)

German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD)

Münchener Strasse 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany

E-mail: [email protected]

Wieke Heldens

German Aerospace Center (DLR)

German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD)

Münchener Strasse 20, 82234 Wessling, Germany

E-mail: [email protected]

Jeffrey Hepinstall-Cymerman

Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources

University of Georgia

Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

James B. Holt

Division of Adult and Community Health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Mailstop K-67, 4770 Buford Highway, NE

Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Hermann Kaufmann

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam—GFZ

German Research Centre for Geosciences

Section 1.4 Remote Sensing

Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany

E-mail: [email protected]

Jonathan Li

Department of Geography and Environmental Management

University of Waterloo

200 University Avenue West

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1

E-mail: [email protected]

Gianni Lisini

IUSS, Centre for Risk and Security

Via le Lungo Ticino Sforza 56

27100 Pavia, Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

Hua Lu

Division of Adult and Community Health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Mailstop K-67, 4770 Buford Highway, NE

Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Jeremy Mennis

Department of Geography and Urban Studies

Temple University

Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Victor Mesev

Department of Geography

Florida State University

Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Ulla Mörtberg

Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering

Royal Institute of Technology

SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

E-mail: [email protected]

Soe W. Myint

School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning

Arizona State University

Tempe, AZ 85287, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Daniel Orenstein

Center for Urban and Regional Studies

Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning

Technion—Israel Institute of Technology

Haifa 32000, Israel

Email: [email protected]

Diego Polli

Department of Electronics

University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1

27100 Pavia, Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

Rebecca Powell

Department of Geography

University of Denver

Denver, Colorado 80208, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Sigrid Roessner

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam—GFZ

German Research Centre for Geosciences

Section 1.4 Remote Sensing

Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany

E-mail: [email protected]

Karl Segl

Helmholtz Centre Potsdam—GFZ

German Research Centre for Geosciences

Section 1.4 Remote Sensing

Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany

E-mail: [email protected]

Massimo Selva

Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”

CNR Research Area of Florence

10 Via Madonna del Piano, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

Elisabete A. Silva

Department of Land Economy and Fellow of Robinson College

University of Cambridge

19 Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EP, UK

E-mail: [email protected]

Mattia Stasolla

Department of Electronics

University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1

27100 Pavia, Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

William L. Stefanov

Image Science & Analysis Laboratory/ESCG

NASA Johnson Space Center

Houston, TX 77058, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Douglas Stow

Department of Geography

San Diego State University

San Diego, California 92182-4493, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Daniel Z. Sui

Center for Urban & Regional Analysis

Department of Geography

The Ohio State University

Columbus, OH 43210, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Paul C. Sutton

Department of Geography

University of Denver

Denver, Colorado 80208, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Paul M. Torrens

Geosimulation Research Laboratory

School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning

Arizona State University

Tempe, AZ 85287-5302, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Giovanna Trianni

Joint Research Centre, via Enrico Fermi 2749

21027 Ispra, Italy

E-mail: [email protected]

Benjamin T. Tuttle

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

University of Colorado

Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Boud Verbeiren

Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

E-mail: [email protected]

Tim Van de Voorde

Cartography and GIS Research Unit

Department of Geography

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

E-mail: [email protected]

Le Wang

Department of Geography

University at Buffalo, State University of New York

Buffalo, NY 14261, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Changshan Wu

Department of Geography

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Yichun Xie

Department of Geography and Geology

Eastern Michigan University

Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Xiaojun Yang

Department of Geography

Florida State University

Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Xining Yang

Department of Geography

The Ohio State University

Columbus, OH 43210, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Fei Yuan

Department of Geography

Minnesota State University, Mankato

Mankato, Minnesota 56001, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Tingting Zhao

Department of Geography

Florida State University

Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Joseph A. Zehnder

Department of Atmospheric Sciences

Creighton University

Omaha, NE 68178, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Libin Zhou

Department of Geography

Florida State University

Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Daniel Ziskin

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

University of Colorado

Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

E-mail: [email protected]

Authors' Biography

Bruno Aiazzi is a Researcher of “Nello Carrara” Institute of Applied Physics, IFAC-CNR, Italy. His research interests include image processing of remote sensor data and environmental applications. He has published over 30 journal articles.

Stefano Baronti is a Researcher of “Nello Carrara” Institute of Applied Physics, IFAC-CNR, Italy. His research interests include image compression, processing of optical and SAR images, and image fusion. He has published nearly 50 journal articles.

Okke Batelaan is an Associate Professor of Eco-hydrology/GIS at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium and part-time Associate Professor of Hydrogeology at the K.U.Leuven. His research centers on distributed hydrological modeling of shallow subsurface and surface hydrological processes using GIS and remote sensing. He has published more than 100 papers.

Kimberly E. Baugh is an Associate Scientist with the Cooperative Institute of Research in the Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Her research focuses on processing and calibration of the night-time data from the DMSP OLS sensor.

Budhendra Bhaduri leads the Geographic Information Science & Technology group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. His research centers on novel implementation of geospatial science and technology for sustainable development. He has published over 50 papers. He currently serves on the Mapping Sciences Committee of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council.

Mathias Bochow is a Research Scientist at the Remote Sensing Section, the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. His research interests include imaging spectroscopy, image classification, and applied remote sensing.

Frank Canters is an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Geography at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. Since 2001 he has been a Visiting Professor in Geomatics at Ghent University. His main research interests are urban remote sensing, multisensor/multiresolution image analysis, modeling of spatial data uncertainty, and map projection design.

Luca Capobianco is with the Department of Earth Science at the University of Florence, Italy. His research focuses on several areas in remote sensing, especially kernel-based machine learning methods, information mining, multispectral and hyperspectral data analysis, SAR data processing, and data fusion.

Jose Luis Silvan-Cardenas was a Postdoctoral Scholar with the State University of New York at Buffalo. He is currently with the Geography and Geomatic Research Center in Mexico. His research centers on subpixel remote sensing and lidar data analysis.

Jarosław Chormaski is an Assistant Professor in Hydrology and Water Resources, Warsaw University of Life Science, Poland. His research emphasizes the applications of geographic information systems and remote sensing in hydrology and hydrological modeling. He has published over 40 papers.

Fabio Dell'Acqua is an Assistant Professor of Remote Sensing at the University of Pavia, Italy. His research interests include synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data processing, earthquake damage assessment, and seismic vulnerability evaluation. He has published over 30 journal articles. He is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Information Fusion.

Christopher D. Elvidge leads the Earth Observation Group at NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center. He and his team have been developing the algorithms for constructing global maps of satellite observed nighttime lights since 1994. His current projects include satellite estimation of gas flaring volumes at oil production facilities in 60 countries and global mapping of the density of constructed surfaces.

Edward H. Erwin is a Physical Scientist with NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center. He processes and archives DMSP data and is responsible for the collection and historical preservation of various types of space weather data.

Amnon Frenkel is chair of the Graduate Program for Urban and Regional Planning at the Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning at the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology. He served as the secretary of the Israel Association of Planners and he is the Chair of the Israeli Section of the European Regional Science Association. His research interests include issues of urban and regional planning and technology policy with an emphasis on land use, urban sprawl, and diffusion of innovation in space.

Paolo Gamba is an Associate Professor of Telecommunications at the University of Pavia, Italy. His research centers on urban remote sensing. He has played a key role in organizing the Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE). He has been invited to give keynote lectures in many international conferences. He has published more than 70 journal articles. He has served as Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters since 2009.

Andrea Garzelli is an Associate Professor of Telecommunications in the Department of Information Engineering at the University of Siena, Italy. His research interests are signal and image analysis, processing, and classification, including filtering, SAR image analysis, and image fusion for optical and radar remote-sensing applications. He has published over 150 papers.

Tilottama Ghosh is with NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). Her research interests include human geography, remote sensing, and GIS. At NGDC, she is responsible for generating global mosaics of nighttime lights and performing socioeconomic analyses. She documents the DMSP algorithms and accomplishments through conference proceedings and journal submissions.

Susanne Grossman-Clarke is an Assistant Research Professor at Arizona State University. Her research emphasizes the improvement of the representation of urban areas in atmospheric models as well as the application of the latter to study the influence of urbanization on weather, climate, air quality and human comfort and health.

Haiyan Guan is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Her research interests include lidar remote sensing, mobile mapping, and spatial modeling. She has published over 10 articles.

Marcus Hedblom leads the Swedish national monitoring program of urban landscapes, Urban NILS, in the Department of Ecology at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. His research concerns the development of methods to monitor biodiversity in urban areas, human perception of biodiversity, bird abundance in urban woodlands, and green corridors as movement conduits for butterflies.

Uta Heiden is a Research Scientist with the Department of Land Applications of the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Her research centers on the application of imaging spectroscopy for urban areas and brown fields. Currently, she is involved in the development of the ground segment for the forthcoming hyperspectral EnMAP satellite mission.

Wieke Heldens is a Research Scientist with the Department of Land Applications of the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Her research focuses on the application of hyperspectral remote sensing data to support urban planning and urban microclimate analysis.

Jeffrey Hepinstall-Cymerman is an Assistant Professor in the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia. His research centers on using geospatial data to model urban development and ecological phenomena including wildlife habitat and the effects of future urban development and climate change upon ecological systems.

James B. Holt is a Geographer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. His research focuses on spatial analysis of public health data for epidemiology, public health policy, and program planning. He was instrumental in establishing the CDC Geography and Geospatial Science Working Group.

Hermann Kaufmann is Head of Department 1—Geodesy and Remote Sensing of the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and holds a chair at the University of Potsdam. His major scientific experiences are in the fields of data processing, sensor definition and applications dedicated to various disciplines. He is the scientific leader of the forthcoming EnMap hyperspectral satellite program.

Jonathan Li is Professor of Geomatics at the University of Waterloo, Canada. His research interests include remote sensing, mobile mapping, and geographic information systems. He has published five books and over 150 papers. He is Vice Chair of ICA Commission on Mapping from Satellite Imagery and Chair of ISPRS Intercommission Working Group V/I on Land-based Mobile Mapping Systems.

Gianni Lisini is with IUSS, Centre for Risk and Security, Pavia, Italy. His research centers on high-resolution SAR remote sensing of urban areas and the development of methods to extract different kinds of objects. He has published more than 50 articles.

Hua Lu is a Geographer at the Division of Adult and Community, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Her research interest centers on spatial analysis of public health data.

Jeremy Mennis is an Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Studies at Temple University. His research interests are in geographic information science and its application in the social and health sciences. He has served as Chair of AAG Geographic Information Systems and Science Specialty Group and on the UCGIS Board of the Directors.

Victor Mesev is a Professor of Geography at Florida State University. His research focuses on the analytical interface between geographic information systems and remote sensing, particularly for measuring and modeling urban growth and density patterns. He is author of over 50 publications.

Ulla Mörtberg is an Assistant Professor in Land and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden. Her research concerns urban landscape ecology, environmental systems analysis, and GIS-based spatial modeling.

Soe W. Myint is an Associate Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning at Arizona State University.His research interests include remote sensor data analysis, geostatistical modeling, data mining, and pattern recognition. He currently serves as Chair of the Remote Sensing Specialty Group (RSSG) at the Association of American Geographers (AAG).

Daniel Orenstein is a Researcher with the Center for Urban and Regional Planning at the Technion—Israel Institute of Technology. His research interests include population and environment interactions, environmental implications of urban spatial growth, and interdisciplinary approaches to long-term socioecological research.

Diego Aldo Polli is a doctoral student at the University of Pavia, Italy. His research interests include SAR data processing, earthquake damage assessment, and seismic vulnerability evaluation.

Rebecca L. Powell is an Assistant Professor of Geography at the University of Denver. Her research interests include applications of remote sensing to quantitatively assess ecological properties of land cover and to characterize the physical transformation of landscapes through time. In particular, her work has focused on characterizing urban ecosystems and vegetation structure in tropical savannas.

Sigrid Roessner is a Senior Research Scientist in the Remote Sensing Section at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. Her research interests include hyperspectral remote sensing of the urban environment and satellite remote sensing for natural hazard assessment.

Karl Segl is a Senior Research Scientist in the Remote Sensing Section at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. His research centers on methodological developments for hyperspectral data analysis, sensor design and validation.

Massimo Selva is with the Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara”(IFAC-CNR) in Florence, Italy. His main scientific interests include multi-resolution image analysis, data fusion and image quality assessment.

Elisabete A. Silva is a University Lecturer in the Department of Land Economy and Fellow of Robinson College at the University of Cambridge. Her research centers on the application of new technologies to spatial urban planning. She is a Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (FRICS).

Mattia Stasolla is a Research Engineer at the Microwave Laboratory, University of Pavia, Italy. Her research interests include radar and optical data processing, mathematical morphology, fuzzy rule-based classifiers, neural networks, and applied remote sensing for risk and crisis management.

William L. Stefanov is a Senior Geoscientist with the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory at NASA Johnson Space Center. His research interest is with the application of remote sensing in geological and ecological studies, with a particular focus on urban areas. He has published over 40 articles.

Douglas Stow is a Professor of Geography at San Diego State University (SDSU). His research centers land cover change analyses, particularly for Mediterranean-type and Arctic tundra ecosystems, and major cities of developing countries. He is the Co-Director of the Center for Earth Systems Analysis Research. He has published over 110 refereed articles.

Daniel Sui is a Professor of Geography, Distinguished Professor of Social & Behavioral Sciences and Director of the Center for Urban & Regional Analysis (CURA) at the Ohio State University. His research interests include GIS-based spatial analysis and modeling, volunteered geographic information, legal and ethical issues of using geospatial technologies in society. He has published 4 books and over 100 articles. He was a 2009 Guggenheim Fellow. He is also a current member of the US National Mapping Science Committee and serves as Editor-in-Chief for GeoJournal.

Paul C. Sutton is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Denver. His research centers on the human–environment-sustainability problem. He has worked to demonstrate the potential of nighttime satellite imagery as a spatially explicit proxy measure of various human impacts on the environment.

Paul M. Torrens is an Associate Professor in the School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning at the Arizona State University. His research centers on GISci, development of geosimulation and geocomputation tools, applied modeling of complex urban systems, and new emerging cyberspaces. He earned a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers in 2008.

Giovanna Trianni is with the Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy. Her research centers on the use of optical and SAR satellite data to study the links between natural resources and armed conflicts and to analyze the damage caused by natural disasters.

Benjamin T. Tuttle is a doctoral student in the Department of Geography at the University of Denver. His research interests include human–environment interactions, the Geoweb, Cyberinfrastructure, and nighttime lights. His research has been published in various journals.

Boud Verbeiren is a doctoral researcher in the Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. His research centers on the use of GIS and remote sensing in hydrological modeling.

Tim Van de Voorde is a Researcher in the Department of Geography at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. His research emphasizes the development of remote sensing for the study of urban land-use dynamics and environmental impacts of urbanization.

Le Wang is an Associate Professor of Geography at the State University of New York, Buffalo. His research centers on the use of remote sensing for population estimation, coastal mangrove mapping, and the study of the spread of invasive species. He has published more than 30 referred articles. He is the recipient of the 2008 Early Career Awards from the AAG Remote Sensing Specialty.

Changshan Wu is an Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. His research interests include geographic information science and remote sensing with applications in urban development, population estimation, housing studies, and transportation analysis. He is the author of more than 20 papers.

Yichun Xie is a Professor of Geography and Founding Director of Institute for Geospatial Research and Education at Eastern Michigan University. His research centers on GISci, dynamic urban modeling, spatial decision support system, and China. He is the author of 1 book and over 80 papers. He is recipient of One Hundred Distinguished Overseas Scholars from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Xiaojun Yang, Editor of this volume, is with the Department of Geography at Florida State University. His research focuses on the development of geospatial science and technologies to support geographic inquiries in urban and environmental domains. He has published over 80 articles. He currently serves as Chair of the Commission on Mapping from Satellite Imagery, International Cartographic Association.

Xining Yang is a PhD student in the Department of Geography, Ohio State University. His research interests include geography, computer science and statistics.

Fei Yuan is an Associate Professor at the Minnesota State University, Mankato. Her research interests include land use/cover change, urban growth monitoring, urban impervious mapping, and urban environmental analysis. Her research has been published in various journals.

Joseph A. Zehnder is a Professor of Atmospheric Science at Creighton University. His research centers on dynamic meteorology. He has published widely on the formation and motion of tropical cyclones, energetics of the air–sea interface and the urban boundary layer, and the transition from shallow to deep convection in continental tropical cumulus.

Tingting Zhao is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at Florida State University. Her research centers on spatial inventory of carbon emissions and vegetation carbon sinks; and assessment of human carbon impacts, especially from settlement development and energy consumption. Her research has been published in various journals.

Libin Zhou is a doctoral student in the department of Geography at Florida State University. Her research interests include GIS and remote sensing with applications in the urban environment.

Daniel C. Ziskin is a Research Associate with the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado. He is in the Earth Observing Group of the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, enhancing the scientific value of the DMSP Nighttime Lights data set.

Preface

Remote sensing has traditionally been the colony of earth scientists and national security communities, and urban questions have been largely marginalized. With the recent innovations in data, technologies, and theories in the broad arena of Earth Observation, urban remote sensing, or urban applications of remote sensing, has rapidly gained the popularity across a wide variety of communities, such as urban planners, geographers, environmental scientists, and global change researchers. This surge of interest in urban remote sensing has been predominately driven by the need to derive critical urban information from remote sensing in support of various scientific inquiries and urban management activities.

The development of urban remote sensing has prompted much interest from the academics, and dedicated scholarly forums on urban remote sensing began to appear in 1995 when the European Science Foundation sponsored a specialist meeting on remote sensing and urban analysis. This meeting featured the research conducted by 16 invited scholars mostly from Europe, with a clear focus on interpreting urban physical structure and land use. This European-style urban remote sensing research framework has dominated the two subsequent major urban remote sensing forums: International Symposia on Remote Sensing of Urban Areas sponsored by the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) and Workshops on Remote Sensing and Data Fusion over Urban Areas jointly sponsored by Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society and ISPRS. Since 2005, the two forums have colocated to form a joint event that was officially named “Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event” in 2007.

In the United States, I began to organize special paper sessions on remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) for urban analysis at the annual meetings of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) since 2000. In addressing the multidisciplinary needs, several major areas have been identified as the session themes, including remote sensor data requirements for urban areas, development of digital image processing techniques for urban feature extraction, deriving urban socioeconomic indicators by remote sensing and spatial analysis, assessment of environmental consequences of urbanization by remote sensing, urban and landscape modeling using remote sensor data, urban change case studies, interface between remote sensing and urban geography, and urban remote sensing education. Sponsored by AAG Remote Sensing, GIS and Urban Geography Specialty Groups, these urban remote sensing conference sessions have been well received. More than 100 papers have been presented during the past 10 years, which featured the research conducted by some well-established urban remote sensing scholars, quite a few rising stars in urban remote sensing and GIS, as well as a large number of doctoral students predominately from U.S. universities. The Remote Sensing and GIS for Urban Analysis Special Paper Session has therefore become a major urban remote sensing forum in the United States.

The above forums have led to the publication of at least eight theme issues on urban remote sensing by virtually all major remote sensing journals during the last decade, along with at least ten books with urban remote sensing as the subject. While urban remote sensing is rapidly emerging as a major field of study receiving more attention than ever, there was no book with a broad vision on urban remote sensing research that resembles the themes formulated by myself for the urban analysis special paper sessions. Most of the published books were restricted on extracting urban features and interpreting land use using various remote sensing systems and digital image processing techniques. They offer little insights on the synergistic use of remote sensing and relevant geospatial techniques for deriving socioeconomic and environmental indicators in the urban environment and for modeling the spatial consequences of past, current and future urban development.

Within the above context, a broad-vision book on urban remote sensing is timely. This book examines how the modern concepts, technologies, and methods in remote sensing can be effectively used to solve problems relevant to a wide range of topics extending beyond urban feature extraction into urban socioeconomic and environmental analyses and predictive modeling of urbanization. The book is divided into six major parts. The first part introduces a broad vision of urban remote sensing research that draws upon a number of disciplines to support monitoring, synthesis and modeling in the urban environment. The second and third parts review the advances in remote sensors and image processing techniques for urban attribute information extraction. The fourth and fifth parts showcase some latest developments in the synergistic use of remote sensing and relevant geospatial techniques for developing urban socioeconomic and environmental indicators. The last part examines the developments of remote sensing and dynamic modeling techniques for simulating and predicting urban growth and landscape changes.

This book is the result of extensive research by interdisciplinary experts, and will appeal to students, researchers and professionals dealing with not only remote sensing, geographic information systems and geocomputation but also urban planning, geography, environmental science and global change science. The Editor is grateful to all of those who contributed papers and revised their papers one or more times and those who reviewed papers according to my requests and timelines. The group of reviewers who contributed their time, talents, and energies is listed here: John Agnew, Li An, Gilad Bino, Alexander Buyantuyev, Jin Chen, Mang Lung Cheuk, Galina Churkina, Joshua Comenetz, Helen Couclelis, Mike de Smith, Manfred Ehlers, Michael Einede, Thomas Gillespie, Jack Harvey, John E. Hasse, Gary Higgs, Zhirong Hu, Minhe Ji, Xiaoyan Jiang, Byong-Woon Jun, Niina Käyhkö, Verda Kocabas, Mike Lackner, Chun-Lin Lee, Alexandre Leroux, Noam Levin, Peijun Li, Arika Ligmann-Zielinska, Yangrong Ling, Xiaohang Liu, Dengsheng Lu, Yasunari Matsuno, Xueliang Meng, David O'Sullivan, Fabio Pacifici, Amy Pocewicz, Ruiliang Pu, Dale Quattrochi, Tarek Rashed, Andrea Sarzynski, Conghe Song, Haider Taha, Junmei Tang, Céline Tison, Tim van de Voorde, Uwe Weidner, Cédric Wemmert, Alan Wilson, Bev Wilson, Changshan Wu, Zhixiao Xie, and Weiqi Zhou. This book project would not have been completed without the help and assistance from several staff members at John Wiley & Sons Ltd, especially Liz Renwick, Fiona Woods, Izzy Canning, and Sarah Karim. Acknowledgements are due to Ting Liu and Daniel Sui for their help, to my wife Xiaode Deng and my son Le Yang for their patience and love, to Dr. James O. Wheeler (1938–2010) who inspired

me to pursue my passion on the urban environment, and to Dr. Chor-Pang (C.P.) Lo (1939–2007) who offered brilliant guidance and boundless encouragement over many years of my professional career.

Xiaojun Yang

Tallahassee, Florida, USA

2011

Part i

Introduction

This introductory part discusses the rationale and motivation leading to the development of remote sensing for urban studies, emphasizing the need to adopt a broad vision on urban remote sensing research. It discusses some major benefits and possible challenges of using remote sensing for urban studies, and provides an overview on the book structure and a topic-by-topic preview. It also identifies several conceptual or technical areas that need further attentions.

Chapter 1

What is Urban Remote Sensing?

Xiaojun Yang

This introductory chapter defines the scope of urban remote sensing research. It begins with a discussion on the rationale leading to the development of remote sensing for urban studies and the motivation behind this book project emphasizing the need to adopt a broad vision on urban remote sensing research. It then discusses the benefits and possible challenges of using remote sensing for urban studies, followed by an overview of the major topics discussed in the book. Finally, the chapter highlights several areas that need further attention.