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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
This exciting new volume covers the most up-to-date advances, theories, and practical applications for non-motorized transportation (NMT) systems, geographic information system-based transportation systems, and signal processing for urban transportation systems.
This book will allow readers to readers to identify traffic and transport problems in cities and to study mass transportation systems, and modes of transportation and their characteristics, focusing on transportation infrastructure which includes green bays, control stations, mitigation buildings, separator lanes, and safety islands. From this, readers will be able to study urban public transport systems and gain some background into intelligent transportation and telemetric systems, including techniques for designing transport telemetric systems and applying them to urban transportation. Applications include advanced traffic management systems, advanced traveler information systems, advanced vehicle control systems, commercial vehicle operational management, advanced public transportation systems, electronic payment systems, advanced urban transportation, security and safety systems, and urban traffic control.
From this, an artificial Intelligence-based transportation system design using genetic algorithms and neural networks is discussed, to show applications in designs. These models and their studies are further extended in signal processing systems and geographic information systems (GIS) to improve transportation system design, and to apply this to the design of non-motorized transportation models, while ensuring pedestrian safety. All these models are further analyzed for environmental impact assessment, which include structural audits, analysis of site selection procedure, baseline conditions and major concerns, green building and its advantages, the description of potential environmental effects, and many more interesting topics.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
1 Introduction to Sustainable Transportation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Traffic and Transport Problems of an Urban City
1.3 Mass Transport System
1.4 Modes of Transportation and Characteristics
1.5 Public Transport System
1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Transport System
1.7 Role of Transportation in Mass Transportation Systems
1.8 Public-Private Transport System
1.9 Transportation Infrastructure
1.10 Introduction to Sustainable Transportation, and How It Can Solve Various Issues
References
2 Use of Sustainable Transportation
2.1 Introduction to Urban Transportation Scenarios
2.2 Advanced Operation Concepts of Public Transportation
2.3 BRTS and Bus Lane System
2.4 Advantages and Limitations in Worldwide Transport Scenario
2.5 Advantages and Limitations in Indian Transport Scenario
2.6 Rail System and Its Types (in the Context of Monorail, Metro, etc.)
2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rail System
2.8 Skywalk and Under Bridge and Its Advantages
2.9 Measuring Performance of Transit Systems
References
3 Background on Intelligent Transportation and Telemetric Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definitions
3.3 Features and Objectives of ITS
3.4 History of ITS and Its Development Over the World
3.5 Telemetric Concept
3.6 Transport Telemetric
3.7 Telemetric Structure
3.8 ITS Taxonomy
3.9 ITS Application Areas and Uses
3.10 Application in Urban Transportation
References
4 Use of ITS for Deployment of Sustainable Transportation Models
4.1 Introduction
4.2 How ITS can be Used to Maintain Sustainability
4.3 Advanced Traffic Management Systems
4.4 Advanced Traveler Information Systems
4.5 Advanced Vehicle Control System
4.6 Commercial Vehicle Operational Management
4.7 Advanced Public Transportation Systems
4.8 Electronic Payment Systems
4.9 Advanced Urban Transportation Models
4.10 Security and Safety Systems
4.11 Urban Traffic Control
4.12 Benefits and Limitations of ITS for Sustainable Transportation
References
5 Artificial Intelligence-Based Transportation System
5.1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
5.2 Components of Transportation System that Require Optimization
5.3 Role of Artificial Intelligence in Optimization of these Components
5.4 Congestion Control with Artificial Intelligence
5.5 Accident Avoidance with Artificial Intelligence
5.6 Active Alert System Design with Artificial Intelligence
References
6 Introduction of Signal Processing for Sustainable Transport
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Signal Processing Overview
6.3 Fundamentals of Image Processing
6.4 Fundamental Signals (1-D, 2-D, and 3-D)
6.5 Classification of Systems
6.6 Characteristics of LTI/LSI Systems
6.7 Application of Image Processing in Urban Transportation Systems
References
7 Geographic Information System-Based Transportation System
7.1 Introduction to Geographic Information System
7.2 Sources of GIS
7.3 Role of GIS in Transportation
7.4 Assessment of Roads, and Railways Using GIS
7.5 Case Study of Smart City GIS
References
8 Deployment of Sustainability for Non-Motorized Transportation Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Components of NMT
8.3 Categories of NMT
8.4 Planning Smart Cities to Facilitate NMT
8.5 Effect of NMT Planning on Healthcare
8.6 Use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Integrating Sustainability in NMTs
References
9 Sustainability for Pedestrian Safety Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Urban Pedestrian Safety—Skyways, Intersection Subways, Halt Stations
9.3 Crossing Measures
9.4 Flexibility in Accessibility
9.5 Design of Collision Control Systems for Intersections to Improve Pedestrian Safety
9.6 Design of Use Case for Pedestrian Safety for Sustainable Operations
References
10 Environmental Impact Assessment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Description of Proposed Activity
10.3 Structural Audits
10.4 Analysis of Site Selection Procedure
10.5 Baseline Conditions/Major Concerns
10.6 Green Building and Its Advantages
10.7 Description of Potential Positive and Negative Environmental, Social, Economic, and Cultural Impacts Including Cumulative, Regional, Temporal, and Spatial Considerations
10.8 Significance of Mitigation Plans and Monitoring Plans
References
11 Traffic Flow Analysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Study Area
11.3 Data Collection
11.4 Development of Relationship Between Speed, Flow, and Density
11.5 Recommendations
References
12 Machine Learning-Based Traffic Operation System
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Review
12.3 Proposed Integrated Machine Learning Model for Improving Highway Traffic Maintenance Efficiency with IoT Devices
12.4 Performance Analysis
12.5 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
13 Traffic Scenario: Efficient Model for Accident Analysis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Motivation and Contributions
13.3 Review of Existing Models
13.4 Comparative Analysis
13.5 Design of the Proposed Model
13.6 Result Analysis
13.7 Conclusions and Future Scope
Future Scope
References
14 Smart Vehicle Scenarios in Urban Transportation Through Blockchain and Advanced Machine Learning Techniques
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Motivation and Contribution
14.3 Literature Review
14.4 Comparative Analysis of Reviewed Models
14.5 Design of the Proposed Model
14.6 Result Analysis
14.7 Conclusion and Future Scope
Future Scope
References
Appendix 1
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Transportation modes and their characteristics.
Table 1.2 Data analysis for government use taken from the city of Bhopal durin...
Table 1.3 Summary of different infrastructure components for the city of Bho...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Comparison of level of service ranges.
Table 11.2 Comparison of speed ranges.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Highway condition and vehicle specifications for testing.
Table 12.2 Average number of congestions for different highway scenarios.
Table 12.3 Average number of accidents for different highway scenarios.
Table 12.4 Average number of vehicles passing without congestion for different...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Review of models that use Internet of Things (IoT)-based methods of...
Table 13.2 Analysis of ML-based methods.
Table 13.3 Miscellaneous processes that use machine learning-based operations ...
Table 13.4 Comparative analysis of reviewed models.
Table 13.5 Comparison of precision.
Table 13.6 Comparison of accuracy.
Table 13.7 Comparison of recall.
Table 13.8 Comparison of AUC.
Table 13.9 Comparison of specificity.
Table 13.10 Reduction in traffic delay.
Table 13.11 Precision comparison.
Table 13.13 Recall comparison.
Table 13.14 AUC comparison.
Table 13.15 Specificity comparison.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Review of UAV models.
Table 14.2 Vehicle-to-infrastructure methods.
Table 14.3 IoV-related security models.
Table 14.4 Comparative analysis of reviewed models.
Table 14.5 Energy efficiency comparison.
Table 14.6 Operational speed comparison.
Table 14.7 Throughput comparison.
Table 14.8 Packet delivery performance comparison.
Table 14.9 Jitter comparison.
Table 14.10 Precision in attack analysis comparison.
Table 14.11 Energy efficiency on American roads.
Table 14.12 Operational speed on American roads.
Table 14.13 Throughput on American roads.
Table 14.14 Packet delivery performance on American roads.
Table 14.15 Jitter on American roads.
Table 14.16 Precision in attack analysis on American roads.
Table 14.17 Data collection.
Table 14.18 Data preprocessing.
Table 14.19 Deep Dyna-Q learning output.
Table 14.20 Grey wolf optimizer output.
Table 14.21 Blockchain integration.
Table 14.22 Data collection output.
Table 14.23 Data preprocessing output.
Table 14.24 Deep Dyna-Q learning output.
Table 14.25 Grey wolf optimizer output.
Table 14.26 Blockchain integration output.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Population v/s number of vehicles.
Figure 1.2 Mass transportation system for smart city.
Figure 1.3 Percentage of transport utilization for Bhopal in 2016–17.
Figure 1.4 Modes of transportation.
Figure 1.5 Government planning process to boost car sales.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Typical transportation scenarios.
Figure 2.2 Infrastructure sets.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Traffic scenarios.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Sustainable transportation scenarios.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Components in transportation that need optimizations.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Forecasting and maintenance operations.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 GIS application for ITS.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 NMT systems.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Crossing scenarios.
Figure 9.2 Real-time crossing scenarios.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Harvesting systems.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 (a) Speed-flow and (b) Speed-density relationship curve at Agricul...
Figure 11.2 (a) Speed-flow and (b) speed-density relationship curve at Shivaji...
Figure 11.3 (a) Speed-flow and (b) speed-density relationship curve at Shivaji...
Figure 11.4 (a) Speed-flow and (b) speed-density relationship curve at Madhumi...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Main components for highway traffic management.
Figure 12.2 IoT device design for the proposed system.
Figure 12.3 Model for the proposed CNN model.
Figure 12.4 Number of congestions v/s highway type.
Figure 12.5 Accidents v/s highway type.
Figure 12.6 Traffic flow v/s highway type.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Flow of the proposed model for analysis.
Figure 13.2 Flowchart of the proposed model for analysis of road condition set...
Figure 13.3 Precision analysis.
Figure 13.4 Accuracy analysis.
Figure 13.5 Recall analysis.
Figure 13.6 Delay analysis.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Flow of the proposed model for securing vehicular data samples.
Figure 14.2 Data flow between different blocks.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Begin Reading
Appendix 1
Index
Also of Interest
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Urban Transportation Systems
Sustainability and Future Development
Kundan Meshram
This edition first published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781394228249
Cover image: Urban Transportation, Md Nazim Uddin | Dreamstime.comCover design by Kris Hackerott
Preface
In an era defined by rapid urbanization and burgeoning transportation needs, the quest for sustainable solutions has never been more critical. The book you are about to embark on, Urban Transportation Systems, offers a comprehensive exploration of cutting-edge concepts, technologies, and strategies aimed at reshaping the landscape of urban transportation. With an astute focus on sustainability, efficiency, and resilience, this volume unfolds a multifaceted journey through the diverse facets of modern transportation systems.
From the foundational chapters introducing the core principles of sustainable transportation to the intricacies of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), artificial intelligence (AI) applications, geographic information systems (GIS), machine learning (ML), blockchain technology and the promotion of non-motorized transportation (NMT) and pedestrian safety, this book offers a holistic perspective on the challenges and opportunities that urban transportation presents. By examining environmental impact assessments and delving into the potential of advanced technologies and methodologies, it equips readers with the tools to create more sustainable and livable urban environments.
With each chapter, readers will gain a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between transportation, technology, and sustainability. As the contributors traverse the complex terrain of urban transportation, they shed light on how innovative solutions, data-driven approaches, and visionary thinking can pave the way for a future where cities are more accessible, environmentally friendly, and inclusive characteristics for different use cases. We hope this book serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers committed to shaping a brighter, more sustainable future for urban transportation systems worldwide for different scenarios.
Kundan Meshram
Bilaspur, India
1Introduction to Sustainable Transportation
Abstract
This book chapter provides an overview of the traffic and transport problems that arise in urban cities, and the role of mass transportation systems in addressing them in detail for different use cases. The chapter discusses the different modes of transportation and their characteristics, including the public and private transport systems. The advantages and disadvantages of public transport systems are also explored for real-time scenarios. The role of transportation infrastructure in mass transportation systems, including green bays, control stations, mitigation buildings, separator lanes, and safety islands, is also discussed for different use cases. The chapter then introduces sustainable transportation as a solution to various transport issues and explores its benefits. Overall, this chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of the transportation issues faced by urban cities and the potential solutions offered by sustainable transportation characteristics.
Keywords: Sustainable transportation, mass transportation system, public transport system
1.1 Introduction
Transportation has been one of the cornerstones of human development, it includes categories like road transportation, air transportation, water transportation, and deep-sea transportation. While road transportation accumulates to nearly 70% of all transportation media, and thereby is considered as one of the most useful modes of transportation, other modes of transportation are also popular when context-sensitive transport is needed. Each of these modes has their own characteristics, including,
Movement options, which indicates the number and scale of vehicles which the mode of transport can be used for carrying.
Speed and accessibility, which represents the delay needed, and the number of people to which the medium is capable of reaching.
Table 1.1 Transportation modes and their characteristics.
Mode
Movement options
Speed
Accessibility
Cost
Capacity
Intermodal capability
Roadways
Very broad
Moderate
High
Moderate
Low
Very high
Railways
Broad
Slow
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Very high
Airlines
Narrow
Fast
Low
Very high
Very low
Moderate
Waterways
Broad
Very slow
Moderate
Very low
Very high
Very high
Pipeline
Very narrow
Very slow
Low
Low
Very high
Very low
Cost and capacity, which represents the cost of moving single units, and the number of units which can be moved.
Intermodal capability, which indicates the capability of the system for interacting with other modes of transportation.
A brief survey of these modes is tabulated in Table 1.1, wherein each of the modes and their characteristics are segregated and compared.
Based on this comparison, various transportation modes and their usage can be estimated for smart cities. In this chapter, a wide variety of transportation problems, their characteristics, advantages, drawbacks, and infrastructure details are discussed in detail.
1.2 Traffic and Transport Problems of an Urban City
As the population of any city grows, the number of vehicles also grow exponentially. An example of number of vehicles with regards to number of people in an urban area can be observed from Figure 1.1, which indicates that for each new individual, there is at least one vehicle on the road. In fact, it can be observed that the number of vehicles on road follow Equation 1.1 for any urban area,
Where, Vnum and Pnum represent number of vehicles, and number of persons in the area, while k is the area constant, which depends upon geographical size of the area.
Figure 1.1 Population v/s number of vehicles.
Due to increase in population size, the following issues arise during transportation:
Traffic movement and congestion
Off-peak inadequacy of public transport
Public transport crowding
Parking difficulties
Difficulties for pedestrians
Traffic noise
Environmental impact
Atmospheric pollution
Each of these issues result in increased congestion, and have a multiplicative effect on others. For instance, due to increased traffic movement and congestion, there is an increase in atmospheric pollution, which causes environmental impacts like global warming. Furthermore, due to larger traffic movements, there are parking issues, which further lead to congestion and overcrowding of public transports, which results into difficulties for pedestrians, and causes deficiencies in public transportation systems. Thus, these issues must be tackled during town planning, and mass transportation systems must be designed as discussed in the next sub-section.
1.3 Mass Transport System
Due to increase in overall traffic, governmental agencies have deployed mass transportation systems. These systems assist in transporting large number of people from one place to another, thereby reducing the need of multiple vehicle types. Examples of mass transportation systems are:
City buses, which have moderate level of capacity, and move at moderate speed. These are the second most preferred way of transport, and usually follow a schedule.
Trolley buses, require dedicated power lines, and thus are used in legacy mode.
Trams (or light rail) are similar to trolley buses, but have larger capacities. Smart cities have replaced trams with underground and overground metro railways.
Passenger trains are the most preferred way of communication in metropolitan cities, and are responsible for reducing traffic via maintaining fixed departure and arrival schedules.
Rapid transit (metros, subways, underground railways, etc.) is one of the most upcoming modern day transportation systems, which are used for high efficiency, low cost and largescale transportations.
Ferries and other water taxis are also used in geographies with water bodies. They are useful for low speed, but high-capacity transportation.
All these modes of transportation are categorized under public transportation system, which can be observed from Figure 1.2, and are discussed in the next sub-section of this text. This will assist in analysis of different transportation models, and thereby improving their feasibility for real time deployment.
1.4 Modes of Transportation and Characteristics
The transportation industry has a significant impact on how our culture and economy are shaped. However, the traditional forms of transportation, which are mostly dependent on fossil fuels, have had detrimental effects on the environment, people’s health, and sustainability in general. It is crucial to investigate alternate forms of transportation that lower greenhouse gas emissions, advance energy efficiency, and improve livability as the work toward a more sustainable future. This chapter seeks to provide a general overview of several sustainable transportation options and their features.
Figure 1.2 Mass transportation system for smart city.
1. Cycling and Walking
The most basic and sustainable forms of transportation are cycling and walking. These modes have a number of benefits, including the promotion of physical activity, a decrease in air pollution and traffic, and a need for less infrastructure. They are best suited for quick travels inside cities or getting to transportation hubs. In order to promote these forms of transportation, walkability, and the availability of bicycle infrastructure, such as designated lanes and bike-sharing programs, are essential.
Characteristics: following characteristics of cycling and walking are given below:
i. High sustainability and zero emissions.
ii. Improve public health by encouraging physical exercise.
iii. Suitable for short journeys.
iv. Demand bicycle facilities and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure.
v. Encourage engagement with the environment and a feeling of community.
2. Public Transportation
For a huge number of people, shared mobility alternatives are provided via public transportation systems, which include buses, trams, light rail, subways, and trains. By lowering energy use, emissions per passenger kilometer, and traffic congestion, public transportation has a substantial positive impact on sustainability. By influencing the patterns of land use, effective public transportation systems may improve accessibility, promote social fairness, and aid in urban growth.
Characteristics: the characteristics of public transportation are given as follow:
i. Efficient and cooperative resource usage.
ii. Reduce emissions and traffic congestion.
iii. Accessibility to a variety of locations is provided.
iv. Encourage dense construction and communities that are close to transportation.
v. Need well thought-out infrastructure and encouraging policies.
3. Carpooling and Ridesharing
These activities include using private automobiles to transport a number of people in the same direction. These means of transportation may minimize per capita emissions, reduce the number of automobiles on the road, and improve traffic congestion. Carpooling and ridesharing have grown more practical and available with the development of digital platforms and smartphone apps.
Characteristics: the characteristics of carpooling and ridesharing are mentioned below:
i. Improve vehicle occupancy while minimizing the number of vehicles on the road.
ii. Reduced expenses for individual travel.
iii. Enhance community development and social engagement.
iv. Demand supporting policies, platforms, and incentives.
v. Encourage collaboration and shared responsibility among participants.
4. Electric Vehicles
Especially for private automobile travel, electric vehicles (EVs) offer a viable sustainable means of transportation. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to drastically cut greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels by swapping out internal combustion engines for electric motors. The use of EVs increases as battery technology advances and charging infrastructure develops.
Characteristics: the following characteristics of electric vehicle are given:
i. No emissions from the exhaust, lowering greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.
ii. Possibility of charging using renewable energy sources.
iii. Construct the infrastructure for charging.
iv. Continuous advancements in battery technology and driving distance.
v. Aid in energy source diversification and lessen reliance on fossil fuels.
5. Technologies and Alternative Fuels
Several alternative fuels and technologies are being investigated in addition to electric cars to decarbonize transportation. These include automobiles that run on biofuels, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and hydrogen fuel cell cars. With these options, transportation’s carbon footprint will be reduced, and the energy sources used to power cars will be more varied.
Characteristics: the characteristics of technologies and alternative fuels are shown below:
i. Potential for decreased reliance on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions.
ii. Construct the necessary infrastructure to produce and distribute gasoline.
iii. Ongoing development and research aimed at enhancing availability and efficiency.
iv. Taking into account feedstock sustainability and life cycle emissions.
In order to make the transition to sustainable mobility, it is necessary to combine a number of different modes and technologies that all work to improve air quality, reduce emissions, and improve quality of life process. Walking and cycling, public transit, carpooling and ridesharing, electric automobiles, and alternative fuels are just a few of the modes covered in this chapter that show how a more sustainable and effective transportation system might be developed for real-time scenarios. To fully reap the benefits of sustainable mobility, however, a complete strategy comprising encouraging legislation, investments in infrastructure, and modifications in personal behavior is required for different use cases.
1.5 Public Transport System
Public transport systems are schemes initiated by governments, and includes buses, railways, and taxis. These transportation systems are designed by governments via geographical and population data analysis, which can be observed from Table 1.2 as follows.
Thus, from Table 1.2 and Figure 1.3, it is observed that 22% people walk on foot, 8% use their cycles, 14% use their own motorbikes, 10% use personal cars, only 2% use autorickshaws, 21% of people depend on buses, only 3% utilize trains, and 0.4% utilize water transportation. Based on this data, governmental agencies will focus on brining more people on buses, and reduce autorickshaws as they are underutilized. Using such data analysis, public transportation systems are planned, and continuous evaluation is done in order to estimate the number of vehicle types needed for a given geographical area. A wide number of systems are developed for optimizing public transportation, for instance, the work in References [1] and [2] proposes models for intelligent transportation during COVID-19 pandemic, and define use of modern mediums of communication including
Table 1.2 Data analysis for government use taken from the city of Bhopal during the financial year 2015–16.
Mode of travel
Total - persons
Total - male
Total - female
Male traveler ratio (in %)
Female traveler ratio (in %)
All modes
4,704,771
4,013,162
691,609
77
15
On foot
1,042,224
873,113
169,111
76
24
Moped/scooter/motor cycle
663,546
639,014
24,531
86
14
Bicycle
420,854
411,326
9528
88
12
Bus
1,015,380
843,516
171,864
75
25
Car/jeep/van
514,878
416,717
98,161
73
27
Train
138,263
109,250
29,012
71
29
Tempo/autorickshaw/taxi
108,869
83,960
24,909
69
31
Water transport
2027
1687
340
75
25
Any other
53,807
41,958
11,849
70
30
No travel
744,923
592,620
152,303
72
28
Figure 1.3 Percentage of transport utilization for Bhopal in 2016–17.
Bluetooth low energy (BLE). These models inform the Urban Traffic Data Management Centre for effective control and service usage. The performance of these systems can be improved using the work in References [3–5] where models for real-time rerouting, total emergency prevention, and optimization of passenger energy cost are defined. These models assist in reducing cost of deployment, cost of maintenance, and running cost of the system via exploration of signal processing and filtering methods on real-time traffic data. Internet of things (IoT) systems are also used for public transport optimization. The work in Reference [6] describes design of a novel context sensitive intelligent public transport system that utilizes software defined networks (SDNs), for flexible control of public transportation resources, resource allocation, suggestion of alternate routes, and calibration of transportation modes. This assists in improving speed and efficiency of public transport.
Furthermore, the work in Reference [7] suggest use of be-in and be-out (BIBO) method for making payments on highways, thereby improving traffic speeds. The model utilizes BLE beacons with reduced delay, and low energy for secure and highly effective payments. Similarly, models proposed in References [8–10] discuss use of intelligent public transport for enhancing passengers’ safety, reducing congestion via on-the-fly analysis, and sustainable transport using IoT devices. Work proposed in References [11–13] also directs use of machine learning models like optimal least square (OLS), support vector regression, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) along with service driven middleware approaches, and fare evasion models for public transport. These models assist in reducing the delay, and cost of public transport management, while improving the tax collection, fare collection, and maintaining road quality. Geography specific studies are mentioned in References [14] and [15], which discuss use of intelligent public transport in Asian countries, and suggest methods to improve their overall performance.
1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Transport System
Based on previous studies, following are the advantages of public transport systems:
1. Improves community health by allowing people to socialize with each other.
2. Economic benefits to the community by creating a greater number of jobs, and reducing dependency on private vehicles.
3. Improves fuel efficiency via reduction of number of vehicles on the road, and increase efficiency of per km travel cost per passenger.
4. Public transportation reduces air pollution by reducing number of private vehicles on the road, thereby reducing dependency on private transportation.
5. Reduce road congestion via increasing the number of persons per unit carrying area.
6. Improves community mobility via improved socialization during travel.
7. Provides an equitable transportation system.
8. Public transportation improves commuters’ productivity by fixing a schedule for travel, thereby inculcating a schedule in day-to-day activities.
1.7 Role of Transportation in Mass Transportation Systems
Public transportation is capable of providing jobs, resources, medical and healthcare, opportunities for recreation, etc. for a wide variety of individuals. A large number of people travelling to far distances do not possess personal vehicles, and thus rely on public transportation. Due to mass transportation, people are able to travel in groups, which assists them in socializing, reducing fuel costs, thereby increasing their financial status. Faster and frequent transportation systems lead to a more secure environment for public, which can be described in terms of medical security, personnel safety, etc. The areas that have good public transport systems automatically have better economy thereby offering better opportunities to people and businesses for settling, thus inculcating growth. Moreover, when emergencies arise, these transport systems assist in providing critical services, and thus improving trust level in the system, which attracts more people for achieving better living opportunities. These systems also assist in reducing pollution, congestion, accidents, sound levels, etc. when compared with individual private transport systems, which makes them beneficial for riders and their counterparts.
1.8 Public-Private Transport System
Based on the analysis mentioned in the previous section, government makes plans for publicprivate transportation systems. Such a plan can be observed from Figure 1.4, which indicates if government wants to reduce number of buses from road to boost car sales, then they can reduce bus frequency, and reduce car costs. As a result, there is a greater number of cars on the street, which indicates higher probability of congestion, that might reduce demand for cars.
Figure 1.4 Modes of transportation.
But at this point, the government can reduce frequency of buses, and increase operational costs of public transport, which reduces the number of buses from the street, thereby reducing dependency on public transport. This increases car sales, and reduces the number of trips via public transport options.
1.9 Transportation Infrastructure
In order to design transportation systems, efficient infrastructure is needed, which involves design of the following entities,
Green Bays
These are mini transport systems, which allow vehicles to stop and recharge for fuel, check their air pressure, etc. Green bays are suited for vehicles which have to travel long routes, thereby assisting them in continuing their travel with minimum disturbance.
Control Stations
These are mini stations, which are used for controlling transportation routes, public onboarding and deboarding, vehicle maintenance, route upgradation, etc. Due to these stations, optimization in vehicle technology is possible. These stations also assist in improving overall efficiency of vehicle routing using on-site upgrades, which assists in optimizing point-to-point distance, thereby reducing fuel consumption as shown in Figure 1.5.
Mitigation Buildings
These buildings are like train stations, wherein different businesses can be setup. These buildings assist in passenger boarding/deboarding, goods boarding/deboarding, route upgradation, maintenance, etc. Furthermore, these buildings assist in improving overall efficiency of routing via connecting various junctions with each other at common points of interest.
Separator Lanes
Separator lanes assist in dividing entire area into multiple parts, where each part is responsible for serving a particular geography of people. These lanes also assist in separating areas with different needs, for instance, industrial lines are always different from commercial and residential lines. This division is useful for segregating costs for different points of interest, and thereby assisting in price fixation, and tax collection.
Safety Islands
Safety islands are used for storing bulk transport vehicles, which includes both old, and new ones. These islands are extremely useful for auctioning, leasing out new vehicles, and reducing dependency on external agencies during upgrades.
Figure 1.5 Government planning process to boost car sales.
A brief summary of different infrastructure modes is tabulated in Table 1.3, which assists in finding the consistency of these modes for smart city planning.
These metrics assist in the evaluation of infrastructure placements in the city of Bhopal, which can be used for estimation of different key-locations in the city where control stations, mitigation buildings, etc. can be placed for efficient access.
1.10 Introduction to Sustainable Transportation, and How It Can Solve Various Issues
In today’s world, transportation is crucial since it links people, products, and services. Traditional forms of transportation, on the other hand, mainly depend on fossil fuels, which have several negative effects on the environment, society, and the economy. On the other hand, sustainable transportation provides a comprehensive strategy that tries to solve these problems by lessening environmental effects, advancing social equality, and improving economic efficiency. This chapter gives a general overview of sustainable transportation and considers how it may successfully address a number of urgent problems.
Table 1.3 Summary of different infrastructure components for the city of Bhopal during year 2016–17.
Metric
Average
Std.deviation
Loading factor
Variance (%)
Consistency
Land transportation
Density of railway (= railway length/land area)
0.0144
0.0135
0.7902
66.8493
0.7443
Density of road (= roadway length/land area)
0.3843
0.2925
0.7686
N/A
N/A
Quality of road (= highway length/total roadway length)
0.0144
0.0117
0.7677
N/A
N/A
Air transportation
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Area of airport lounge
51093.65
66021.68
0.7785
61.8219
0.7605
Length of runway
2975.516
337.0698
0.6561
N/A
N/A
Project cargo network
60.8373
15.7644
0.8172
N/A
N/A
Density of airport (= the number of airports/land area in a province)
0.0333
0.0495
0.7218
N/A
N/A
Water transportation
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Sum of number of berth/the distance to seaport
1.008
3.3156
0.846
79.4907
N/A
Sum of number of deepberth/the distance to seaport
0.297
0.7443
0.846
N/A
N/A
Environmental Concerns
a) Climate change and greenhouse emissions: traditional transportation systems, principally via the burning of fossil fuels, are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Electric cars, mass transit, and alternative fuels are just a few examples of sustainable transportation options that may drastically cut emissions and lessen the effects of climate change.
b) Air pollution: vehicle emissions, particularly those from internal combustion engines, are a major cause of poor air quality, which in turn causes respiratory illnesses and other health problems. Alternatives to conventional transportation that create zero or little emissions, such electric cars and active modes like walking and cycling, help to improve public health and reduce air pollution.
c) Resource depletion: transportation cannot continue to be powered by finite fossil fuel reserves. By promoting energy efficiency, alternative fuels, and renewable energy sources, sustainable transportation lessens reliance on non-renewable resources and ensures that there will always be enough energy for transportation requirements.
Traffic congestion has developed as a consequence of growing urbanization, which results in lost productivity, frustration, and wasted time. By maximizing road space and encouraging shared mobility, sustainable transportation options including effective public transit, carpooling, and active modes may help minimize congestion.
Social and Health Concerns
a) Social equity: marginalized groups are disproportionately affected by limited transportation alternatives, which limits their mobility and possibilities. By linking individuals to necessary services, education, work, and leisure pursuits, sustainable transportation, with an emphasis on inexpensive and accessible public transit, may alleviate these imbalances and enhance social inclusion.
b) Health and wellbeing: transportation systems that prioritize cars discourage physical exercise, which leads to sedentary lifestyles and related health issues. Walking, bicycling, and using public transportation are examples of sustainable modes of transportation that promote active lives, improve physical and mental health, and lower the incidence of chronic illnesses.
Economic Concerns
a) Rising fuel prices: varying oil prices have a big influence on transportation expenses and the economy as a whole. Sustainable transportation helps lower fuel consumption and offers prospects for cost savings and financial stability via the use of alternative fuels and energy-efficient technology.
Investments in sustainable transportation infrastructure, such as active transportation infrastructure and public transit networks, may promote economic growth. As a result of these investments, metropolitan areas are revitalized, companies are attracted, and jobs are created, increasing economic prospects and enhancing quality of life sets.
b) Productivity and efficiency: sustainable transportation places an emphasis on multimodal connectivity and resource-efficient resource usage. It increases overall system efficiency, decreases travel times, and increases productivity for both consumers and enterprises by offering seamless and integrated transportation alternatives.
A broad variety of urgent concerns, such as climate change, air pollution, traffic congestion, social unfairness, and economic difficulties, may be greatly improved with sustainable transportation. Sustainable transportation provides a route to a more egalitarian, ecologically responsible, and economically viable transportation system by supporting energy-efficient technology, alternative fuels, public transit, and active modes. To reach a future that is cleaner, healthier, and more prosperous for everyone, governments, corporations, communities, and people must work together and invest in sustainable mobility solutions.
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2Use of Sustainable Transportation
Abstract
This book chapter provides an introduction to urban transportation scenarios and explores advanced operational concepts of urban transportation. The chapter focuses on the bus lane system, discussing its advantages and limitations in worldwide scenarios. It also discusses rail systems, including the different types of rail systems such as monorail and metro, and their respective advantages and disadvantages. The chapter also examines the skywalk and under bridge systems and their advantages. Finally, the chapter explores how to measure the performance of transit systems. By providing an overview of these different transportation scenarios and their performance metrics, this chapter offers valuable insights into the transportation planning and management of urban areas.
Keywords: Urban public transport system, bus rapid transit system, electric vehicles
2.1 Introduction to Urban Transportation Scenarios
Urban public transport system (UPTS) refers to the various modes of public transportation available in cities and urban areas, such as buses, trains, trams, subways, and light rail. The UPTS is essential for the mobility of urban dwellers, providing a means of transportation that is affordable, safe, and efficient. This document will provide a detailed overview of the UPTS, its importance, and the challenges it faces.
Importance of UPTS. A well-developed UPTS is essential for sustainable urban development as it helps to reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, and carbon emissions. It also promotes social inclusion by providing affordable transportation options for low-income residents, students, and senior citizens. Furthermore, it supports economic growth by improving accessibility to employment centers, commercial areas, and educational institutions [1–3].
Modes of UPTS. The UPTS consists of several modes of transportation, as shown in Figure 2.1, including:
Buses: buses are the most common mode of transportation in urban areas. They are relatively affordable, flexible, and accessible, and can transport a large number of passengers.
Trains: trains are ideal for longer distances and can transport a large number of passengers quickly. They can be further classified into commuter trains, light rail, and metro rail.
Subways: subways are underground trains that operate on dedicated tracks. They are typically used in densely populated urban areas and provide a fast and efficient means of transportation.
Trams: trams are similar to buses but operate on dedicated tracks, providing a smoother ride. They are commonly used in European cities.
Figure 2.1 Typical transportation scenarios.
Challenges faced by UPTS. Despite its importance, the UPTS faces several challenges that hinder its effectiveness, including:
Insufficient funding: most UPTS systems are underfunded, which limits their ability to expand and upgrade their infrastructure and services.
Congestion: traffic congestion can significantly impact the efficiency and reliability of UPTS systems, resulting in delays and reduced capacity.
Safety and security: safety and security are major concerns for UPTS systems, particularly in areas with high crime rates.
Lack of integration: lack of integration between different modes of transportation, such as buses and trains, can hinder the effectiveness of UPTS systems.
Solutions to improve UPTS. Several solutions can help improve the effectiveness of UPTS systems, including:
Increased funding: increased funding can help UPTS systems to expand their infrastructure and services, improve safety and security, and enhance the user experience.
Integration of different modes of transportation: integration of different modes of transportation can improve the efficiency and reliability of UPTS systems, making them more attractive to commuters.
Use of technology: the use of technology, such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS), can improve the efficiency and reliability of UPTS systems by providing real-time information on schedules, delays, and routes.
Promotion of sustainable transportation: the promotion of sustainable transportation, such as cycling and walking, can reduce congestion and improve the effectiveness of UPTS systems.
Thus, the UPTS is essential for sustainable urban development, promoting social inclusion, and supporting economic growth [4–6]. However, it faces several challenges that hinder its effectiveness, including insufficient funding, congestion, safety and security, and lack of integration. Solutions such as increased funding, integration of different modes of transportation, use of technology, and promotion of sustainable transportation can help improve the effectiveness of UPTS systems.
2.2 Advanced Operation Concepts of Public Transportation
Advanced operation concepts of public transportation refer to the use of advanced technologies and strategies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public transportation systems. These concepts are designed to enhance the user experience, reduce travel time, increase safety, and reduce the environmental impact of public transportation. This document will provide a detailed overview of advanced operation concepts of public transportation and their importance.
Importance of advanced operation concepts of public transportation. Advanced operation concepts of public transportation are essential for enhancing the user experience, improving safety, and reducing the environmental impact of public transportation systems. They help to improve the efficiency and reliability of public transportation systems, making them more attractive to commuters. Furthermore, they can help reduce the cost of operating public transportation systems, making them more sustainable in the long term.
Advanced operation concepts of public transportation. The following are some of the advanced operation concepts of public transportation:
Intelligent transportation systems (ITS): ITS involves the use of advanced technologies, such as GPS (global positioning system), sensors, and communication systems, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public transportation systems. Intelligent transportation systems can provide real-time information on travel times, schedules, and delays, enabling commuters to plan their journeys more effectively.
Mobility as a service (MaaS): MaaS is a concept that involves integrating various modes of transportation, such as buses, trains, and taxis, into a single platform. This platform provides commuters with a range of transportation options and enables them to plan and pay for their journeys using a single app.
Demand-responsive transport (DRT): DRT is a concept that involves providing transportation services on demand, rather than on a fixed schedule. Demand-responsive transport can be used in areas with low demand for public transportation, making it more cost-effective than traditional bus services.
Automated transit networks (ATN): ATN involves the use of automated vehicles, such as driverless buses or trains, to transport passengers. Automated transit networks can improve safety, reduce travel time, and increase the capacity of public transportation systems.
Transit-oriented development (TOD): TOD involves the development of compact, mixed-use communities around public transportation hubs. This concept encourages the use of public transportation and reduces reliance on private cars, reducing traffic congestion and air pollution sets [
7
–
9
].
Challenges faced by advanced operation concepts of public transportation. Advanced operation concepts of public transportation face several challenges that hinder their implementation, including:
High costs: implementing advanced operation concepts of public transportation can be expensive, requiring significant investments in technology and infrastructure.
Resistance to change: public transportation systems have long been operated in traditional ways, and introducing new concepts can be met with resistance from stakeholders.
Technical challenges: implementing advanced technologies, such as driverless vehicles, can present technical challenges, such as ensuring safety and reliability.
Data privacy and security: the use of advanced technologies, such as ITS, can raise concerns about data privacy and security.
Solutions to improve advanced operation concepts of public transportation. Several solutions can help improve the implementation of advanced operation concepts of public transportation, including:
Collaboration between stakeholders: collaboration between transportation providers, technology companies, and governments can help to identify and overcome challenges.
Pilot projects: pilot projects can help to test and refine new concepts before implementing them on a larger scale.
Public education and awareness: public education and awareness campaigns can help to increase support for new concepts among commuters and other stakeholders.
Data privacy and security measures: implementing strong data privacy and security measures can help to address concerns about the use of advanced technologies.
Thus, advanced operation concepts of public transportation are essential for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of public transportation systems. Intelligent transport systems, MaaS, DRT, ATN, and TOD are some of the advanced operation concepts that can help to achieve these goals. However, implementing these concepts can be challenging, and they require significant investments in technology and infrastructure. Collaborative efforts between stakeholders, pilot projects, public education and awareness, and strong data privacy and security measures can help to address these challenges and improve the implementation of advanced operation concepts of public transportation. By adopting these concepts, public transportation systems can provide a more reliable, efficient, and sustainable mode of transportation for commuters, while also reducing traffic congestion and environmental impacts.
2.3 BRTS and Bus Lane System
Bus rapid transit system (BRTS) and bus lane system are two important concepts in urban transportation that are designed to improve the efficiency of public transportation. Bus rapid transit system is a bus-based public transportation system that uses dedicated lanes, stations, and other infrastructure to provide fast, reliable, and efficient service as shown in Figure 2.2. Bus lane system, on the other hand, involves the designation of specific lanes on roads for the exclusive use of buses, allowing them to bypass traffic congestion and provide faster service. This document will provide a detailed overview of BRTS and bus lane system and their importance in urban transportation [10–12].
Importance of BRTS and bus lane system. Bus rapid transit system and bus lane system are important concepts in urban transportation because they provide an efficient, affordable, and environmentally friendly mode of transportation for commuters. They offer several benefits, including:
Improved travel time: by providing dedicated lanes or separate corridors, BRTS and bus lane system can significantly reduce travel time, making public transportation more attractive to commuters.
Reduced congestion: by providing dedicated lanes or separate corridors, BRTS and bus lane system can reduce traffic congestion and improve traffic flow, reducing travel time for all road users.
Environmental benefits: by encouraging the use of public transportation, BRTS and bus lane system can reduce the number of cars on the road, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Cost-effective: compared to other modes of transportation, such as private cars, BRTS and bus lane system are more cost-effective, providing an affordable mode of transportation for commuters.
Figure 2.2 Infrastructure sets.
Bus rapid transit system is a high-quality, bus-based transit system that uses dedicated lanes, stations, and other infrastructure to provide fast, reliable, and efficient service. The key features of BRTS include:
Dedicated lanes: BRTS systems have dedicated lanes that are separate from regular traffic lanes, allowing buses to bypass traffic congestion and improve travel time.
Stations: BRTS systems have dedicated stations that are designed to be efficient and user-friendly, providing passengers with easy access to buses and comfortable waiting areas.
Fare collection: BRTS systems use advanced fare collection systems, such as smart card technology or mobile payments, to reduce boarding times and improve efficiency.
Bus fleet: BRTS systems use high-capacity buses that are designed for quick boarding and alighting, with features such as multiple doors and low floors.
Bus lane system involves the designation of specific lanes on roads for the exclusive use of buses, allowing them to bypass traffic congestion and provide faster service. The key features of bus lane system include:
Designated lanes: bus lane system designates specific lanes on roads for the exclusive use of buses, providing them with a clear path through traffic.
Signage: bus lane system uses clear signage and markings to indicate the designated bus lanes, helping drivers to stay in the correct lanes.
Enforcement: bus lane system requires strict enforcement to ensure that other vehicles do not use the designated bus lanes, improving the efficiency of the system.
Integration with BRTS: bus lane system can be integrated with BRTS systems to provide an even more efficient and reliable mode of public transportation.
Challenges faced by BRTS and bus lane system. Bus rapid transit system and bus lane system face several challenges that can hinder their effectiveness, including:
Limited space: the implementation of dedicated lanes or separate corridors for buses can be challenging in areas with limited space.
High initial cost: the construction of dedicated lanes or separate corridors can be expensive, requiring significant investments in infrastructure.
Resistance to change: BRTS and bus lane system may face resistance from stakeholders who are resistant to change or who may be affected by the changes.
Maintenance: dedicated lanes and other infrastructure require ongoing maintenance, which can be costly and time-consuming.
Enforcement: enforcement of dedicated bus lanes can be difficult, and violations can reduce the effectiveness of the system.
Strategies to overcome challenges. To overcome the challenges faced by BRTS and bus lane system, several strategies can be implemented, including:
Collaborative planning: collaborative planning between stakeholders can help to ensure that the implementation of BRTS and bus lane system is coordinated and effective.
Public education and awareness: public education and awareness campaigns can help to inform commuters and other stakeholders about the benefits of BRTS and bus lane system, addressing resistance to change.
Pilot projects: pilot projects can be used to test the feasibility of BRTS and bus lane system in specific areas, allowing for adjustments and modifications before full-scale implementation.
Data-driven decision-making: data-driven decision-making can help to ensure that BRTS and bus lane system are implemented in areas with the greatest potential for success, reducing the risk of failure.
Thus, it can be observed that BRTS and bus lane system are important concepts in urban transportation that provide an efficient, affordable, and environmentally friendly mode of transportation for commuters. While they face several challenges, including limited space, high initial cost, resistance to change, maintenance, and enforcement, collaborative planning, public education and awareness, pilot projects, and data-driven decision-making can help to address these challenges and improve their effectiveness. By implementing BRTS and bus lane system, urban transportation systems can provide a more reliable, efficient, and sustainable mode of transportation for commuters, while also reducing traffic congestion and environmental impacts for different use cases [13–15].
2.4 Advantages and Limitations in Worldwide Transport Scenario
The utilization of sustainable transportation in urban scenarios has gained substantial attention in recent years, primarily due to its potential to mitigate environmental issues, enhance the quality of life, and promote economic development. This chapter delves into the advantages and limitations of sustainable transportation in worldwide scenarios. It explores how sustainable transportation systems offer numerous benefits while also addressing the challenges and constraints they face on a global scale.
Advantages of sustainable transportation worldwide:
Environmental benefits: sustainable transportation, such as electric vehicles (EVs), public transit, and cycling infrastructure, significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions. These systems decrease air pollution, lower the carbon footprint, and help combat climate change. This is particularly crucial as cities worldwide grapple with worsening air quality and the impacts of global warming.
Reduced congestion: sustainable transportation modes, like efficient public transit networks and carpooling, contribute to reduced traffic congestion. This leads to smoother traffic flow, shorter commute times, and improved overall mobility, which is especially valuable in densely populated urban areas.
Improved public health: active transportation options like walking and cycling promote physical activity, leading to healthier populations. Sustainable transportation systems also lower exposure to air pollutants, reducing the risk of respiratory diseases and enhancing public health.
