Vaccines and Autoimmunity E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1139

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

In light of the discovery of Autoimmune Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants, or ASIA, Vaccines and Autoimmunity explores the role of adjuvants - specifically aluminum in different vaccines - and how they can induce diverse autoimmune clinical manifestations in genetically prone individuals. Vaccines and Autoimmunity is divided into three sections; the first contextualizes the role of adjuvants in the framework of autoimmunity, covering the mechanism of action of adjuvants, experimental models of adjuvant induced autoimmune diseases, infections as adjuvants, the Gulf War Syndrome, sick-building syndrome (SBS), safe vaccines, toll-like receptors, TLRS in vaccines, pesticides as adjuvants, oil as adjuvant, mercury, aluminum and autoimmunity. The following section reviews literature on vaccines that have induced autoimmune conditions such as MMR and HBV, among others. The final section covers diseases in which vaccines were known to be the solicitor - for instance, systemic lupus erythematosus - and whether it can be induced by vaccines for MMR, HBV, HCV, and others. Edited by leaders in the field, Vaccines and Autoimmunity is an invaluable resource for advanced students and researchers working in pathogenic and epidemiological studies.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contributors

Introduction

References

Part I: Mosaic of Autoimmunity

Chapter 1: Role of Adjuvants in Infection and Autoimmunity

Introduction

The different types of adjuvants

Mechanisms of adjuvanticity

Autoimmunity and environmental/natural adjuvants

Adjuvant-related diseases

Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Infections as Adjuvants for Autoimmunity: The Adjuvant Effect

Introduction

The adjuvant effect

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Experimental Models of Adjuvants

Adjuvant models

Murine models

Salmon

Rabbits

Swine

Primates

Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Answers to Common Misconceptions Regarding the Toxicity of Aluminum Adjuvants in Vaccines

Introduction

Al and neurological disorders

Al as adjuvant in vaccines

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5: Allergy and Autoimmunity Caused by Metals: A Unifying Concept

Introduction

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

The allergic and autoimmune effects of metals

Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Genetics and Vaccinology

Introduction

Brief history of vaccinology

Vaccine response and genetics

Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Silicone and Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA)

Introduction

Silicone and autoimmunity

Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Silicone Breast Implants and Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome induced by Adjuvants (ASIA): A Literature Search

Introduction

ASIA and siliconosis

Methods

Results

Mechanisms of siliconosis

Conclusions

References

Chapter 9: Autoantibodies Induced by Vaccine

Introduction

Autoantibodies induced by vaccines in animals

Autoantibodies induced by vaccine in apparently healthy people

Autoantibodies induced by vaccine in patients with autoimmune diseases

Conclusions

References

Chapter 10: The ASIA Syndrome Registry

Introduction

Purpose

Structure

Analyses and uses of ASIA Registry data

Limitations

Conclusions

References

Chapter 11: Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases

Introduction

Vaccination of patients with ARDs

References

Chapter 12: Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases

Introduction

Risk of infection in patients with AIRD

Safety and efficacy of vaccines in patients with AIRD

EULAR recommendations for immunizations in AIRD patients

Vaccination in AIRD and ASIA patients

References

Part II: Studies on Autoimmune Conditions Induced by Vaccination

Chapter 13: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine: A Triad to Autoimmunity

Introduction

Central nervous system

Thrombocytopenia

Arthritis

Type 1 diabetes

Other autoimmune conditions

Conclusions

References

Chapter 14: Yellow Fever Vaccine and Autoimmunity

Introduction

Yellow fever vaccine

Conclusions

References

Chapter 15: Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Vaccines

Introduction

β2GPI and anti-β2GPI antibodies in APS

APS and tetanus toxoid vaccine

Conclusions

References

Chapter 16: Hepatitis B Vaccination and Autoimmunity

Introduction

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B vaccine

Conclusions

References

Chapter 17: Adverse Reactions to Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

Introduction

Pre- and post-licensure overall safety data

Long onset of autoimmunity post-vaccination

Possible mechanisms of HPV vaccine-induced autoimmunity

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 18: Influenza Vaccine and Autoimmune Diseases

Introduction

Influenza and the immune system

Influenza, vaccination, and pregnancy

Influenza, vaccination, and autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Influenza, vaccination, and underlaying conditions

Influenza vaccine and autoimmunity

Post-influenza vaccination syndrome: clinical spectrum

Conclusions

References

Chapter 19: Vaccines and Autoimmunity: Meningococcal Vaccines

Introduction

N. meningitidis

Vaccines

Conclusions

References

Chapter 20: Pneumococcal Vaccines and Autoimmune Phenomena

Introduction

Pneumococcal vaccine safety

Methods

Results

Discussion

References

Chapter 21: BCG and Autoimmunity

Introduction

Immune mechanisms of BCG

Clinical applications of BCG

Autoimmune phenomena produced by BCG

BCG vaccination in autoimmune diseases

References

Part III: Autoimmune Diseases Solicited by Vaccination

Chapter 22: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Induced by Vaccines

Introduction

Vaccination-induced systemic lupus erythematosus or lupus-like syndromes

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)

References

Chapter 23: Vasculitides

Introduction

Vasculitides following vaccinations: plausible mechanisms

Clinical evidence from the literature

Conclusions

References

Chapter 24: Vaccinations in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis

Do vaccinations induce RA?

Vaccines in RA therapy

References

Chapter 25: Undifferentiated Connective-Tissue Diseases

Introduction

Classification criteria

Course of UCTD

Conclusions

References

Chapter 26: Vaccines, Infections, and Alopecia Areata

Introduction

Epidemiology

Clinical manifestations

Pathogenesis

Vaccines and AA

Conclusions

References

Chapter 27: Aluminum Particle Biopersistence, Systemic Transport, and Long-Term Safety: Macrophagic Myofasciitis and Beyond

Introduction

Alum particles as lysosome-destabilizing adjuvants

MMF and alum biopersistence

MMF and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Phagocytes and systemic diffusion of aluminum particles

Beyond MMF: the ASIA concept

Alum safety in the long term

References

Chapter 28: Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Between Infections and Vaccinations

Definition and epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Infectious agents and the onset of ITP: the role of

Helicobacter pylori

Vaccines and ITP

Conclusions

References

Chapter 29: Vaccinations and Type 1 Diabetes

Introduction

Type 1 diabetes

Vaccination and diabetes in childhood

BCG and T1D

Vaccine and T1D in adults

Conclusions

References

Chapter 30: Narcolepsy and H1N1 vaccine

Introduction

Orexin and sleep

Genetic factors

Environmental factors

H1N1 vaccination

Is the adjuvant the clue?

Conclusions

References

Chapter 31: Non-nutritional Environmental Factors Associated with Celiac Disease: Infections and Vaccinations

Introduction

Infections and CD

ASIA

Vaccination and CD

Rotavirus and CD

Conclusions

References

Chapter 32: Polymyalgia Rheumatica

Introduction

PMR following vaccination: evidence from the literature

Conclusions

References

Chapter 33: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Idiopathic, Post-infectious, and Post-vaccination

Definition and diagnostic characteristics

Epidemiology

Diagnostic criteria/clinical features

Paraclinical tests for diagnosis

Pathogenesis

Immunological mechanisms

Neuropathology

Treatment

Prognosis

Post-vaccination ADEM

Conclusions

References

Chapter 34: Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue, Functional Disorders, and Vaccination: Where Do We Stand?

Introduction

Gulf War syndrome and vaccination

Vaccinations and chronic fatigue

What about the ASIA syndrome?

Conclusions

References

Chapter 35: Bullous Dermatoses, Infectious Agents, and Vaccines

Introduction

Epidemiology

Clinical manifestations

Pathogenesis

Vaccines and BP

Vaccines and PV

Conclusions

References

Chapter 36: Infections, Vaccinations, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Introduction

Etiology

Vaccinations and CFS

References

Chapter 37: Myositis and Vaccines

Introduction

Pathogenesis of myositis

Vaccination and loss of tolerance

Myositis associated with vaccines

Vaccines associated with myositis

Conclusions

References

Index

End User License Agreement

Pages

ix

x

xi

xii

xiii

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Introduction

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Chapter 6: Genetics and Vaccinology

Figure 6.1 Map of the human HLA. The region is conventionally divided into three subregions: the class I, II, and III regions. Each contains numerous genes – only a few of the most relevant are shown here. Abbreviations:

TAPBP

, Tapasin;

LMP1

and

LMP2

, large multifunctional proteases 1 and 2;

TAP1

and

TAP2

, transporter associated with antigen processing 1 and 2;

C2

,

C4A

, and

C4B

, complement components 2, 4A, and 4B;

BF

, complement factor B;

HSPA1A

and

HSPA1B

, heat-shock protein 1A A-type and B-type;

HSPA1L

, heat-shock protein 1A-like;

LTA

and

LTB

, lymphotoxins A and B;

TNFA

, tumor necrosis factor α; and

MICA

and

MICB

, major histocompatibility complex class I chain genes A and B.

Figure 6.2 Antigen processing by HLA class I and II molecules. (a) Class I antigen processing and presentation occurs when proteins in the cytosol are degraded by the proteosome into small peptides and then are transported by transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen. HLA class I molecules are synthesized, translocated, and assembled into the lumen of the ER, where they load the peptide; HLA class I–peptide complexes then leave the ER and move through the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane, where they present the joined peptide to the T cell receptor (TCR) of CD8

+

T cells. (b) Class II presentation occurs when extracellular proteins are phagocytized and then degraded into small peptides. These peptides are then sorted into vesicles, where they interact with the HLA class II molecules. HLA class II α and β chains, class II-associated invariant peptide (CLIP), and the invariant chain (Ii) molecules are located and assembled in the lumen of the ER, where they cannot bind peptides because the complex occupies the peptide-binding site. Heterotrimers leave the ER and pass through the Golgi apparatus to fuse with vesicles. The Ii is degraded and, with the help of HLA-DM and HLA-DO, a peptide can be joined. Complexes of HLA class II and peptide are relocated to the plasma membrane, where they can be recognized by CD4

+

T cells.

Chapter 9: Autoantibodies Induced by Vaccine

Figure 9.1 Mean values of IgG aCL before and 1 and 6 months after influenza vaccination in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The difference between the mean values of IgG aCL before and 6 months after the vaccination was not statistically significant (p = 0.05) (Author's unpublished data). aCL, anticardiolipin antibodies; AU, arbitrary units; 1, sample before vaccination; 2, sample 1 months after vaccination; 3, sample 6 months after vaccination.

Chapter 15: Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Vaccines

Figure 15.1 Homology between β2GP1-related peptide and TTd.

Figure 15.2 Active immunization of mice with TTd induces anti-β2GPI antibodies. The anti-β2GPI antibodies, when passively infused into another set of naive mice, induce experimental APS.

Figure 15.3 Molecular mimicry between β2GPI and TTd.

Chapter 21: BCG and Autoimmunity

Figure 21.1 Summary of the main pathogenetic mechanisms correlated with BCG vaccination or intravescical BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer, as well as the possible BCG-driven autoimmune disorders. *Crossreaction between the BCG heat-shock protein HSP65 and the cartilage proteoglycan link protein represents one example of a possible molecular mimicry pathogenetic mechanism.

Chapter 30: Narcolepsy and H1N1 vaccine

Figure 30.1 Histopathological changes induced by narcolepsy IgG. Coronal brain sections through the hypothalamus from mice injected ICV with IgG from narcolepsy patients and from healthy controls were stained for neuronal marker (NeuN) (a–d), synaptic marker (synaptophysin) (e–h), and orexin-expressing neurons (prepro-orexin) (i–l). (a,b,e,f,i,j) Representative images from control mice injected with control-IgG. (c,d,g,h,k,l) Representative images from mice injected with narcolepsy IgG. First- and third-column images are at 10× magnification and scale bar 200 µm. Second- and forth-column images are at 40× magnification and scale bar 50 µm. Reprinted from Katzav, A., Arango, M.T., Kivity, S.,

et al.

(2013). Passive transfer of narcolepsy: anti-TRIB2 autoantibody positive patient IgG causes hypothalamic orexin neuron loss and sleep attacks in mice.

J Autoimmun

,

45

: 24–30. Copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 30.2 Possible pathway for H1N1 seasonal infection and Pandemrix vaccination in the onset of narcolepsy. The seasonal H1N1 influenza infection or Pandemrix vaccine could stimulate autoreactive T or B cells targeting orexin, producing neurons through the disruption of the BBB as a consequence of adverse vaccine events, such as fever, and by several other mechanisms. (i) Molecular mimicry of T cells. This describes the activation of crossreactive T cells that recognize the H1N1 epitope and then migrate to the CNS, where they recognize an antigen specific to orexin-producing neurons (crossreactivity). Activation of crossreactive T cells results in the release of cytokines and chemokines, which recruit and activate macrophages, mediating self-tissue damage. The subsequent release of orexin self-antigen and its uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) perpetuates narcolepsy. (ii) Crosslink of the MHC and TCR molecules and activation of the cytotoxic T cells, which are autoreactive and specific towards orexin-producing neurons, by H1N1 antigens or Pandemrix vaccine. (iii) Molecular mimicry involving B cells and antibody-mediated disease. This could target TRIB2 as a crossreactive antigen. It would require signals from activated T cells (T cell help). (iv) Bystander activation of resting autoreactive B and T cells. This could result from general immune activation, independent of specific antigens. Current results in narcolepsy research point towards a T cell mechanism. Abbreviations: APC, antigen-presenting cell; BBB, blood–brain barrier; CNS, central nervous system; H1N1, H1N1 influenza A virus or epitopes from adjuvant vaccines; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; TCR, T cell receptor; TRIB2, Tribbles homolog 2. Reprinted and modified from Singh, A.K., Mahlios, J., and Mignot, E. (2013). Genetic association, seasonal infections and autoimmune basis of narcolepsy.

J Autoimmun

,

43

: 26–36. Copyright (2013) with permission from Elsevier.

List of Tables

Introduction

Table I.1 Typical pediatric vaccine schedule for preschool children currently recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013a). Shaded boxes indicate the age range in which the vaccine can be given. Asterisks denote Al-adjuvanted vaccines. Hep A is given in 2 doses spaced at least 6 months apart. According to this schedule, by the time a child is 2 years of age, they would have received 27 vaccinations (3 × HepB, 3 × Rota, 4 × DTaP, 4 × Hib, 4 × PCV, 3 × IPV, 2 × Influenza, 1 × MMR, 1 × Varicella, and 2 × HepA)

Table I.2 Complete list of vaccine ingredients (i.e., adjuvants and preservatives) and substances used during the manufacture of commonly used vaccines. Adapted from US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013b)

Chapter 1: Role of Adjuvants in Infection and Autoimmunity

Table 1.1 Adjuvants exert their immunological effect by different modes of action. Schijns, V. E. Immunological concepts of vaccine adjuvant activity.

Curr Opin Immunol

12(4): 456–63. Copyright © 2000, Elsevier

Table 1.2 Adjuvant involvement in autoimmune manifestation

Table 1.3 Adjuvants in human vaccines. Reed, S. G., S. Bertholet, et al. New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development.

Trends Immunol

30(1): 23–32. Copyright © 2009, Elsevier

Table 1.4 Adjuvants in development

Chapter 3: Experimental Models of Adjuvants

Table 3.1 Autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations in animal models induced by different adjuvants

Chapter 4: Answers to Common Misconceptions Regarding the Toxicity of Aluminum Adjuvants in Vaccines

Table 4.1 Autoimmune demyelinating diseases associated with Al-adjuvanted vaccines

Chapter 5: Allergy and Autoimmunity Caused by Metals: A Unifying Concept

Table 5.1 Lymphocyte responses in LTT-MELISA to thimerosal and other metals in patients with side effects following exposure to thimerosal-containing products

Chapter 6: Genetics and Vaccinology

Table 6.1 Approaches to vaccine design in the pre-genomic era: application of Pasteur's principles. Serruto, D. and Rappuoli, R. Post-genomic vaccine development.

FEBS Lett

580(12): 2985–2992. Copyright © 2006, Elsevier

Table 6.2 Comparison between traditional and reverse vaccinology. Sette, A. and Rappuoli, R. Reverse vaccinology: developing vaccines in the era of genomics.

Immunity

33(4): 530–541. Copyright © 2010, Elsevier

Chapter 8: Silicone Breast Implants and Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome induced by Adjuvants (ASIA): A Literature Search

Table 8.1 Major and minor criteria proposed for the ASIA syndrome. Shoenfeld, Y. and N. Agmon-Levin. ASIA- autoimmune/inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants.

Journal of Autoimmunity

36 (1): 4–8. Copyright © 2011, Elsevier

Chapter 9: Autoantibodies Induced by Vaccine

Table 9.1 Reported induction of autoantibodies following various vaccinations in selected apparently healthy persons

Table 9.2 Reported induction of autoantibodies following various vaccinations in selected patients with autoimmune diseases

Chapter 11: Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases

Table 11.1 Vaccine card recommendation by age for adult patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs)

Chapter 12: Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases

Table 12.1 Recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with AIRD, showing level of evidence, strength of recommendation, and results of Delphi voting for each. Strength of recommendations is graded in categories A–D, evidence in categories I–IV. van Assen S et al. Humoral responses after influenza vaccination are severely reduced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with rituximab. Arthritis Rheum 62:75–81. Copyright © 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Table 12.2 Summary of the main studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of influenza, pneumococcal, HVB, tetanus, and HPV vaccines

Chapter 13: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine: A Triad to Autoimmunity

Table 13.1 Autoimmune manifestations following measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination

Chapter 14: Yellow Fever Vaccine and Autoimmunity

Table 14.1 Patients demographics and disease characteristics. Adapted from Mota

et al.

(2009)

Table 14.2 Characteristics of patients who suffered adverse events following YF vaccination. Adapted from Mota

et al.

(2009)

Table 14.3 Serologic respone before and after YF revaccination (values indicated by number). Scheinberg, M. Yellow fever revaccination during infliximab therapy. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Jun;62(6):896–8. Copyright © 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Chapter 16: Hepatitis B Vaccination and Autoimmunity

Table 16.1 Autoimmune reactions associated with hepatitis B vaccine (HBVacc). Many of the entries are based solely on case reports, and the evidence is not strong, but larger studies have been conducted in relation to some other conditions. Please see the text for more in-depth discussion

Table 16.2 Potential pathogenetic mechanisms inducing HBVacc-related autoimmunity. Mechanisms are given as either working hypotheses (WH) or experimental data (ED)

Chapter 17: Adverse Reactions to Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

Table 17.1 Age-adjusted rate of ADRs related to HPV compared with all other vaccines in the United States reported to VAERS as of 12 September 2013. The VAERS Internet database (USVAERS) was searched using the following criteria: (i) Vaccine Products: HPV4 (human papillomavirus types 6,11,16,18), HPV2 (human papillomavirus bivalent), HPVX (human papillomavirus vaccine unspecified), and All Vaccine Products; (ii) Gender: Female; (iii) Age: 6–29 Years, the target age group for HPV vaccines; (iv) Territory: All Locations; and (v) Date Vaccinated: January 2007–September 2013, the HPV vaccine post-licensure period

Table 17.2 Summary of cases of autoimmune and inflammatory-like manifestations following HPV vaccination

Chapter 18: Influenza Vaccine and Autoimmune Diseases

Table 18.1 Clinical spectrum of post-influenza vaccination syndrome

Chapter 19: Vaccines and Autoimmunity: Meningococcal Vaccines

Table 19.1 Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) in five recipients of MCV4 in 2005

Chapter 20: Pneumococcal Vaccines and Autoimmune Phenomena

Table 20.1 Report cases of autoimmunity following pneumococcal vaccination

Chapter 21: BCG and Autoimmunity

Table 21.1 Clinical applications of BCG. Aside from its current use in vaccination against tuberculosis and leprosy, BCG has been proposed as a possible immunotherapy treatment in both neoplastic and autoimmune diseases

Chapter 22: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Induced by Vaccines

Table 22.1 Quantities of aluminum in vaccines (Grabenstein, 2013)

Table 22.2 Association between vaccines and SLE

Chapter 23: Vasculitides

Table 23.1 Vasculitides of large vessels following different types of vaccinations: summary of cases detected in the literature (source: PubMed/Medline)

Table 23.2 ANCA-associated vasculitides following different types of vaccinations: summary of cases detected in literature (source: PubMed/Medline)

Chapter 24: Vaccinations in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Table 24.1 Summary of the efficacy and safety of vaccines in RA patients, and recommendations for their use

Chapter 25: Undifferentiated Connective-Tissue Diseases

Table 25.1 Patients who do not fulfill classification criteria (Doria

et al.

, 2005)

Table 25.2 Clinical manifestations and autoantibody reactivities that may be considered specific for a definite CTD (Doria

et al.

, 2005)

Table 25.3 Clinical manifestations and laboratory tests predictive of evolution to a specific CTD

Table 25.4 Prevalence of typical signs and symptoms in ASIA and UCTD (Perricone and Shoenfeld, 2013)

Chapter 26: Vaccines, Infections, and Alopecia Areata

Table 26.1 Summary of AA cases following vaccination

Chapter 28: Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Between Infections and Vaccinations

Table 28.1 Infectious agents associated with ITP onset

Table 28.2 Association between influenza vaccine and ITP

Table 28.3 Incidence or prevalence of ITP following vaccination

Chapter 30: Narcolepsy and H1N1 vaccine

Table 30.1 Commercial H1N1 vaccines authorized for use in the 2009 pandemic by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Adapted from ECDC (2009) and GSK (2009)

Chapter 31: Non-nutritional Environmental Factors Associated with Celiac Disease: Infections and Vaccinations

Table 31.1 Associations between the infectome and celiac disease (CD)

Table 31.2 Pathogens associated with celiac disease: pros and cons

Chapter 32: Polymyalgia Rheumatica

Table 32.1 Clinical findings of cases of PMR following vaccination – isolated or in association with giant cell arteritis GCA – reported in the literature. The brands of administered vaccines and HLA typing are recorded where available. Adapted from Soriano

et al.

(2012b)

Chapter 33: Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Idiopathic, Post-infectious, and Post-vaccination

Table 33.1 Differential features of ADEM and MS

Table 33.2 Cases of post-vaccination ADEM reported in the literature

Chapter 35: Bullous Dermatoses, Infectious Agents, and Vaccines

Table 35.1 Summary of BP cases following vaccination in adults

Table 35.2 Summary of BP cases following vaccination in children

Chapter 37: Myositis and Vaccines

Table 37.1 Dermatomyositis (DM) cases related to vaccines

Table 37.2 Polymiositis (PM) cases related to vaccines

Vaccines and Autoimmunity

Edited By

Yehuda Shoenfeld

Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases

Sheba Medical Center

Tel Hashomer, Israel

Sackler Faculty of Medicine

Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv, Israel

Nancy Agmon-Levin

Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases

Sheba Medical Center

Tel Hashomer, Israel

Sackler Faculty of Medicine

Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv, Israel

Lucija Tomljenovic

Neural Dynamics Research Group

University of British Columbia

Vancouver, BC, Canada

Copyright © 2015 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Vaccines and autoimmunity / edited by Yehuda Shoenfeld, Nancy Agmon-Levin and Lucija Tomljenovic.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-66343-1 (cloth)

I. Shoenfeld, Yehuda, editor. II. Agmon-Levin, Nancy, editor. III. Tomljenovic, Lucija, editor.

[DNLM: 1. Vaccines–immunology. 2. Adjuvants, Immunologic–adverse effects. 3. Autoimmunity. 4. Drug Discovery. 5. Vaccines–adverse effects. QW 805]

RA638

615.3′72–dc23

2015006774

Contributors

Jacob N. Ablin

Department of Rheumatology

Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine

Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv, Israel

Nancy Agmon-Levin

Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases

Sheba Medical Center

Tel Hashomer, Israel

Sackler Faculty of Medicine

Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv, Israel

Howard Amital

Department of Medicine B

Sheba Medical Center

Tel Hashomer, Israel

Sackler Faculty of Medicine

Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv, Israel

Juan-Manuel Anaya

Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA)

School of Medicine and Health Sciences

Del Rosario University

Bogotá, Colombia

Alessandro Antonelli

Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

University of Pisa

Pisa, Italy

María-Teresa Arango

Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases

Sheba Medical Center

Tel Hashomer, Israel

Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences

Del Rosario University

Bogotá, Colombia

François-Jérôme Authier

Faculty of Medicine

University of Paris East

Paris France

Neuromuscular Center

H. Mondor Hospital

Paris, France

Tadej Avčin

Department of Allergology

Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology

University Children's Hospital

University Medical Centre Ljubljana

Ljubljana, Slovenia

Nicola Bassi

Division of Rheumatology

Department of Medicine

University of Padua

Padua, Italy

Sharon Baum

Department of Dermatology

Sheba Medical Center