Vehicular Networks E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 356

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Over the last few years vehicular networks have been receiving a lot of attention from academia, industry, standardization bodies, and the various transportation agencies and departments of many governments around the world. It is envisaged in the next decade that the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) will become an essential part of our daily life. This book describes models and/or algorithms designed to investigate evolutionary solutions to overcome important issues such as congestion control, routing, clustering, interconnection with long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE advanced cellular networks, traffic signal control and analysis of performances through simulation tools and the generation of vehicular mobility traces for network simulations.
It provides an up-to-date progress report on the most significant contributions carried out by the specialized research community in the various fields concerned, in terms of models and algorithms. The proposals and new directions explored by the authors are highly original, and a rather descriptive method has been chosen, which aims at drawing up complete states of the art as well as providing an overall presentation of the personal contributions brought by the authors and clearly illustrating the advantages and limitations as well as issues for future work.

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Congestion Control for Safety Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
3. Inter-Vehicle Communication for the Next Generation of Intelligent Transport System: Trends in Geographic Ad Hoc Routing Techniques
4. CONVOY: A New Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks
5. Complementarity between Vehicular Networks and LTE Networks
6. Gateway Selection Algorithms in a Hybrid VANET-LTE Advanced Network
7. Synthetic Mobility Traces for Vehicular Networking
8. Traffic Signal Control Systems and Car-to-Car Communications

About the Authors

André-Luc Beylot is Professor in the Telecommunication and Network Department of the ENSEEIHT of IRIT-T, University of Toulouse in France.
Houda Labiod is Associate Professor at Telecom ParisTech in the INFRES (Computer Science and Network) Department, France.

Leseprobe

Contents

Chapter 1: Congestion Control for Safety Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Beaconing frequency

1.3. Data rate

1.4. Transmission power.

1.5. Minimum contention window

1.6. Physical carrier sense

1.7. Conclusion

1.8. Bibliography

Chapter 2: Inter-Vehicle Communication for the Next Generation of Intelligent Transport Systems: Trends in Geographic Ad Hoc Routing Techniques

2.1. Introduction

2.2. IVC-relating ITS projects

2.3. Wireless sublayer techniques

2.4. Geographic routing techniques for VANET

2.5. Conclusion and open issues

2.6. Acknowledgments

2.7. Bibliography

Chapter 3: CONVOY: A New Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Clustering or network partitioning

3.3. Mobility-based clustering in ad hoc vehicular networks

3.4. Clustering of VANETs for MAC and transport applications

3.5. CONVOY: a vehicle convoy formation protocol

3.6. Assessment of the convoy formation protocol

3.7. Conclusion

3.8. Bibliography

Chapter 4: Complementarity between Vehicular Networks and LTE Networks

4.1. Introduction

4.2. State of the art

4.3. General description of the proposed architecture

4.4. Detailed description of the LTE4V2X-C protocol

4.5. A detailed description of the LTE4V2X-D protocol

4.6. Performance evaluation

4.7. Conclusion

4.8. Bibliography

Chapter 5: Gateway Selection Algorithms in Vehicular Networks

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Clustering and gateway selection in VANET networks

5.3. Gateway selection in a clustered VANET-LTE advanced hybrid network

5.4. Conclusion

5.5. Bibliography

Chapter 6: Synthetic Mobility Traces for Vehicular Networking

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Generation process

6.3. Mobility simulators

6.4. Mobility traces

6.5. Bibliography

Chapter 7: Traffic Signal Control Systems and Car-to-Car Communications

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Classification of traffic signal control systems

7.3. Traffic signal control and car-to-car communication

7.4. Summary and conclusion

7.5. Bibliography

List of Authors

Index

First published 2013 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

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© ISTE Ltd 2013

The rights of André-Luc Beylot and Houda Labiod to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013936314

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-84821-489-7

Introduction

Due to the technical improvements implemented by car manufacturers, we have recently witnessed a significant decrease in road traffic accidents in developed countries. However, there is still considerable scope for improvement in the field of road safety. The advancement made in wireless communications provides numerous possibilities for offering drivers a large panoply of interesting services in the field of intelligent transport systems (ITS). The proposed solutions include the possibility to enable communication directly between vehicles or through a telecommunication infrastructure. The first solutions are thus related to infrastructureless communications and ad hoc networks; so we will discuss vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs); in contrast, the second set of solutions comprises more conventional communications that can use infrastructures (general packet radio service (GPRS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), long-term evolution (LTE), etc.). Hybrid solutions could be involved in order to make the best use of available resources.

Therefore, from a network point of view, we see that new, specific problems are emerging. These problems are related not only to the particular applications implemented but also to the heterogeneous aspect of the types of networks used. For example, in the given context, we cannot simply apply the proposed solutions to ad hoc networks (such as mobile ad hoc network (MANET)). The tackled themes can be found at the crossroads of several research communities: the telecommunications research community and the research community of transport systems.

In this book, we discuss several interesting and relevant research topics related to vehicular networks, such as congestion control, routing, clustering, interconnection between vehicular networks and LTE/LTE advanced networks, signal traffic control, simulation tools and mobility trace generation.

The main objective of this book is to present the contributions brought by each research community in their respective fields. Finally, we have chosen a descriptive approach to draw up exhaustive reports, to globally present the individual author contributions, to illustrate clearly their advantages and limitations, and to pave the way for future research. Readers wishing to broaden their knowledge of the technical concepts will find at the end of each chapter a set of references and the recent publications of various authors.

Considering the diversity of the fields discussed in various chapters, this book is structured into seven chapters.

Following the Introduction written by Houda Labiod and André-Luc Beylot, Chapter 1 written by Razvan Stanica, Emmanuel Chaput and André-Luc Beylot presents a state of the art of the congestion control protocols in VANET networks. This problem is very critical. A tendency toward decentralized congestion control is emerging at the level of academic research, as well as at the level of standardization, more particularly within the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) where several technical specifications have been published on this subject. Five approaches are discussed in this chapter: the first approach based on the adaptation of the sending frequency of beacons, the second approach based on the increase in data transmission flow rate (due to the use of complex modulations), the third approach based on the transmission power control in order to increase the channel capacity, the fourth approach based on the reduction of the contention window size and, finally, the fifth approach based on carrier sensing. A performance assessment of several adaptive mechanisms involved is presented by comparing them to the IEEE 802.11p standard mechanism.

Chapter 2, written by Xunxing Diao, Jian-Jin Li, Kun-Mean Mou and Haiying Zhou, focuses on the geographical routing techniques in a pure VANET. The routing is, of course, a basic, indispensable feature that must be supported by every ad hoc network, including VANETs. The routing in vehicular networks – which is different from classic IP routing and from MANET routing – is, in particular, a challenging problem due to the high mobility of vehicles on the one hand and the frailty of wireless connections on the other hand, and due to the strong constraints of the applications as well. The chapter presents a summary of various ITS projects related to intervehicular communications. Wireless technologies, which are indispensable in the design of all routing techniques, are made available, developed and experimented by these ITS projects, and described in detail before addressing the key problem, that is geographical routing dedicated to VANET. In the conclusion of this chapter, the authors sketch a list of open questions such as security, location management, transport layer contextual techniques and, finally, the support of the Quality-of-Service in order to increase the reliability and efficiency of the applications.

Chapter 3, written by Véronique Vèque, Florent Kaisser, Colette Johnen and Anthony Busson, analyzes the forming of clusters in vehicular networks. The authors start out from the assumption that the VANETs by themselves cannot implement all the applications correctly, primarily because of their intermittent connection. They can only function in conjunction with an infrastructure. However, if we observe road traffic, we notice that natural groups of vehicles are formed and the main objective then becomes to take advantage of these geographical characteristics in order to form clusters. The aim of clustering is to facilitate the organization of communications and minimize their cost. The authors then propose a hierarchical protocol called a “convoy”, which allows the construction of stable clusters as well as providing scalability.

Chapter 4, written by Guillaume Rémy, Sidi-Mohammed Senouci, François Jan and Yvon Gourhant, sheds more light on the previous chapter by focusing on the complementarity between infrastructureless vehicular networks and LTE networks. The idea is thus to fill in the gaps of the infrastructure-based network coverage by using intervehicle communications. The solution is called LTE for vehicle-to-X communications (LTE4V2X) and has several characteristics. A first protocol allows us to collect information and organize the network in a centralized manner. Depending on the total or partial coverage by the LTE network, several scenarios are considered. A second protocol deals with the dissemination of data toward the vehicles, uniquely either in LTE or in multihop networks. Giving specific examples, the authors show that their solution is powerful and it allows us to fix, quite effectively, the gaps in coverage due to the presence of tunnels, for example.

Chapter 5, written by Ghayet El Mouna Zhioua, Houda Labiod, Nabil Tabbane and Sami Tabbane, discusses the integration of VANET networks into fourth-generation mobile networks. The association between a mobile network and a VANET network aims to improve the coverage of the mobile network and the Quality-of-Service, while having the possibility to resort to alternative traffic routes in case there are any problems on the usual connections. In the first stage, the authors give an overview of the state of the art of clustering algorithms proposed in the relevant literature. The gateway selection problem for the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) connection is discussed in the case of traffic transport from the VANET network toward the infrastructure. The authors study the proposed algorithms in a clustered and non-clustered VANET architecture. Then, the authors look into the problem of gateway selection from the VANET network toward the LTE advanced network.

Chapter 6, written by Jérôme Härri, Sandesh Uppoor and Marco Fiore, deals with the simulation of vehicular networks. The authors present an exhaustive report on the simulation tools used, including microscopic, macroscopic and mesoscopic traffic simulators, as well as on the interactions between these different simulators. The chapter details the trace generation/mobility models used by the network simulators aimed for the assessment of different vehicular networks’ mechanisms; it also provides the reader with the basic elements for successfully carrying out simulations for these type of networks.

Chapter 7 describes the signal traffic control systems. The authors provide a classification of the different existing systems and a fine comparison between them. A special emphasis is placed on the dynamic systems whose objective is to reduce traffic jams and improve traffic flow. A new original approach via vehicle-to-vehicle communications is presented. The proposed control system adjusts the duration of traffic lights by using the density information provided by the dissemination protocols, which, in turn, use geographic and directional clustering.

Besides presenting several relevant and very interesting areas of research, we hope that this book will contribute to bring a realistic global view of the evolution of VANETs. As all the authors in this book have already pointed out, there still remain numerous research topics to be explored.

We warmly thank the authors for their very relevant contributions and the quality of their work, as well as the proofreaders who had the difficult task of helping us deliver a final version of this book.

Houda LABIOD and André-Luc BEYLOTApril 2013

Chapter 1

Congestion Control for Safety Vehicular AdHoc Networks

1.1. Introduction

In the highly dynamic vehicular environment, congestion control is essential, especially with regard to safety messages. Although a dedicated spectrum has been allocated for vehicular communications, the European 30 MHz Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) band (with a possible extension to 50 MHz) or the US 75 MHz Direct Short Range Communication (DSRC) band still represent a scarce resource and need efficient mechanisms in order to be optimally used under high vehicular density. In both Europe and the US, the allocated spectrum has been divided into 10 MHz channels. From these channels, one is known as the control channel (CCH) and it is used solely by road safety applications. The rest of the channels, called service channels (SCH), can be used by both safety and non-safety applications.

The number of proposed vehicular safety applications that could use direct vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication is impressive [PAP 09]. However, at a close inspection, it can be noted that all these applications practically use the same information, coming from onboard sensors of neighboring vehicles: speed, acceleration, steering angle and location.

Considering this, the standardization bodies decided to add a supplementary layer between the applications and the transport protocol. The role of this layer, called message sublayer in the IEEE Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) architecture and facilities layer in the ETSI ITS terminology, is to keep an accurate image of the surrounding environment inside every vehicle and to provide applications with the desired information.

The facilities layer only needs two types of messages in order to achieve these objectives, called (in the ETSI ITS architecture) cooperative awareness message (CAM) and decentralized environmental notification message (DENM). CAMs are regular beacons, transmitted by every vehicle with a predetermined frequency, and containing details about the vehicle that might be relevant to its neighbors from a safety point of view. In addition, if a vehicle detects a potential hazard (e.g. a sudden brake) and considers that this information needs to be quickly disseminated to the other traffic participants, it transmits a DENM.