Veterinary Ophthalmology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 9645

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

Offering the very latest in diagnostics and therapeutics, this book presents a fully updated and revised edition of the definitive reference to veterinary ophthalmology. Covering both basic sciences and clinical treatment, it is a state-of-the-art text that encompasses ophthalmology in all species, including dogs, cats, horses, large animals, and exotic animals. Featuring expanded coverage of ocular conditions in cats, horses, and birds--and featuring nearly two thousand color photographs and illustrations--the book is a must for any practitioner treating eye disease. Veterinary Ophthalmology, Sixth Edition discusses all topics relevant to diagnosing, treating, and managing any disease related to the eye. The book also offers a companion website featuring video clips, and images from the book in PowerPoint, and contains the most comprehensive bibliographies found on the subject. * Updates the gold-standard reference for veterinary ophthalmology * Presents expanded coverage of feline, equine, and avian ophthalmology * Incorporates new knowledge on diagnostics and therapeutics to provide a truly state-of-the-art text * Provides 2,000 images to illustrate the concepts described * Written by an international list of preeminent ophthalmologists * Includes access to a companion website with the images for download in PowerPoint Veterinary Ophthalmology, Sixth Edition is an essential purchase for veterinary ophthalmologists and any practitioner treating ophthalmic diseases.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Volume 1

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

Contributors

Preface

About the Companion Website

Section I: Basic Vision Sciences

1 Ocular Embryology and Congenital Malformations

Gastrulation and Neurulation

Formation of the Optic Vesicle and Optic Cup

LENS FORMATION

Vascular Development

Development of the Cornea and Anterior Chamber

Development of the Iris, Ciliary Body, and Iridocorneal Angle

Retina and Optic Nerve Development

Sclera, Choroid, and Tapetum

Vitreous

Optic Nerve

Eyelids

Extraocular Muscles

Developmental Ocular Anomalies

References

2 Ophthalmic Anatomy

Introduction

Orbit

Eyelids

Conjunctiva

Nictitating Membrane

Lacrimal and Nasolacrimal System

Globe

Cornea

Sclera

Uvea

Lens

Vitreous

Retina

Optic Nerve

Vasculature of the Eye and Orbit

References

3 Physiology of the Eye

Anterior Eye Structures

Tear Production and Drainage

Cornea

Iris and Pupil

Nutrition of Intraocular Tissues

Ocular Circulation

Ocular Barriers

Aqueous Humor and Intraocular Pressure

Lens

The Vitreous

Ocular Mobility

Oculocardiac Reflex

References

4 Optics and Physiology of Vision

Visual Optics

Visual Processing: From Photoreceptors to Cortex

References

5 Fundamentals of Animal Vision

Scotopic and Photopic Vision

Flicker Detection

Motion Perception

Visual Fields, Binocular Vision, and Depth Perception

Color Vision

Visual Acuity

References

Section II: Foundations of Clinical Ophthalmology

6 Ocular Immunology

Architecture of an Immune Response

Ocular Immune Responses

Immune Responses in Clinical Ocular Disease

References

7 Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology

Ocular Virology

Ocular Bacteriology

Ocular Fungal and Algal Diseases

Ocular Protozoal Diseases

Ocular Parasitic Diseases

References

8.1 Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Barriers to Ocular Drug Delivery

Topical Route of Administration

Improvement of Topical Ocular Drug Delivery

Periocular Drug Delivery

Suprachoroidal Drug Delivery

Intraocular Drug Delivery

Systemic Administration

Other Methods of Ocular Drug Delivery

References

8.2 Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Antibacterial Agents – General Principles of Therapy

Drugs That Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis

Drugs That Disrupt the Bacterial Cell Membrane

Drugs That Affect Bacterial Protein Synthesis

Drugs That Alter Bacterial Folate Metabolism

Drugs That Affect Bacterial DNA Synthesis

Antifungal Agents – General Principles of Therapy

Antiviral Agents – General Principles of Therapy

References

8.3 Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Ocular Inflammation

Anti‐Inflammatory Agents

Immunosuppressant Drugs

References

8.4 Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Mydriatics/Cycloplegics

Local Anesthetics

Tear Substitutes and Stimulators

References

8.5 Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Cholinergic Agonists (Miotics)

Drugs Acting on Adrenoceptors

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Prostaglandin Analogues

Calcium Channel Blockers

Osmotic Agents

New Directions

References

9 Veterinary Ophthalmic Pathology

Introduction and Principles

Fixation and Processing of Ocular Tissues

Fundamental Pathology

Ocular Inflammation

Pathology of Congenital Disorders

Acquired Ocular Disorders

References

10.1 Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostics

I: OPHTHALMIC EXAMINATION

PART II: OPHTHALMIC DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

References

10.2 Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostics

Role of Conventional Radiography

Optimizing Conventional Radiographic Studies

Contrast Radiography

Cross‐Sectional Imaging Techniques: Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tear Film Imaging

Corneal Imaging

Anterior Segment and Retinal Imaging

Optical Coherence Tomography

Laser Fluorophotometry and Laser Flare Cell Meters

Fluorescein Angiography

Future Directions

References

10.3 Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostics

Principles of Ultrasound

Instrumentation and Processing

Ultrasound Modalities

Artifacts in Ultrasonography

Routine Globe Evaluation with B‐Scans

Normal Ultrasonographic Anatomy

Ocular and Orbital Abnormalities

High‐Resolution Ultrasound/Ultrasound Biomicroscopy

Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasonography/Doppler

Three‐Dimensional Ultrasound

References

10.4 Ophthalmic Examination and Diagnostics

The Full Field Electroretinogram (fERG)

Other Electrodiagnostic Tests

References

11 Ophthalmic Genetics and DNA Testing

The Canine Genome

Other Genomes

The Structure of Genes

Alternative Splicing of Genes

Genetic Traits

What DNA Changes Result in Hereditary Disease?

The Process of Identification of Disease‐Causing Mutations

DNA Sequencing

Tests for Genetic Disease

References

12 Fundamentals of Ophthalmic Microsurgery

Introduction

History of Ophthalmic Microsurgery

Magnification

Anesthesia

Surgeon Positioning

Patient Preparation and Globe Positioning

Instrumentation

Instrument Handling

Incision

Suture

Suture Pattern

Surgical Needles and Needle Holders

Forceps

Hemostasis

Viscoelastics

Conclusion

References

13 Digital Ophthalmic Photography

Photography Basics

Equipment Considerations

Clinical Studio and Practical Aspects of Image Acquisition

Photographic Techniques

Infrared Macrophotography

Slit Lamp Photography

Goniophotography

Surgical Photography

Fundus Photography

Photography of Specific Lesions

Image Capture, Storage, Archiving, and Retrieval

Catalogue and Image Library Configurations

Ethics of Editing and Use of Images

Image Use and Publication

References

Section IIIA: Canine Ophthalmology

14 Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Orbit

Clinical Signs/Examination

Ancillary Diagnostic Tests

Congenital Anomalies of the Orbit and Globe

Acquired Orbital Diseases

Surgery of the Globe and the Orbit

References

15 Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Eyelid

Structure and Function

Principles of Lid Surgery

Congenital and Presumed Hereditary Structural Abnormalities

Lid Trauma

Ptosis

Lagophthalmos

Inflammation

OTHER EYELID DISEASES

Eyelid Masses and Neoplasia

Reconstructive Blepharoplasty

Miscellaneous Eyelid Procedures

References

16 Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Nasolacrimal System

Introduction

Embryology

Anatomy

Physiology

Clinical Manifestations of Nasolacrimal Disease

Diagnostic Procedures

Congenital Diseases

Acquired Diseases

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

References

17 Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Lacrimal Secretory System

Formation and Dynamics of Tear Components

Pathogenesis of Tear Film Disease

Quantitative Tear Deficiency

Qualitative Abnormalities

Treatment of Tear Film Deficiencies

Cysts, Foreign Bodies, and Neoplasms of the Lacrimal Secretory System

References

18 Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Conjunctiva and Nictitating Membrane

Conjunctiva

Infectious Conjunctivitis

Noninfectious Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis Associated with Tear Deficiencies

Ligneous Conjunctivitis

Conjunctival Neoplasia

Nonneoplastic Conjunctival Masses

Conjunctival Hemorrhages

Foreign Bodies

Orbital Disease

Anatomic Abnormalities

Conjunctival Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Effects of Radiation

Pharmacologic Research

Surgical Procedures

Nictitating Membrane

Anomalous, Congenital, and Developmental Disorders

Prolapse of the Gland

Protrusion

Neoplasia

Inflammatory Conditions

Trauma, Reconstruction, and Foreign Bodies

Miscellaneous Diseases

Nictitating Membrane Surgery

Acknowledgments

References

19 Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Cornea and Sclera

Corneal Anatomy and Pathophysiology

Developmental Abnormalities and Congenital Diseases

Inflammatory Keratopathies

Non‐Inflammatory Keratopathies

Surgery for Corneal Opacities

Corneoscleral Masses and Neoplasms

Scleral Diseases

REFERENCES

20 The Canine Glaucomas

Definition of Glaucoma

Epidemiology of Primary and Secondary Glaucomas in the Dog

Classification of the Glaucomas

Clinical Signs

Diagnostics

Structural and Functional Effects of Elevated Intraocular Pressure

Primary and Breed‐Predisposed Canine Glaucomas

Primary Glaucomas

Secondary Glaucomas

Congenital Glaucomas

Medical and Surgical Treatment of the Canine Glaucomas

New Developments in Glaucoma Therapy

References

Index

Volume 2

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

Contributors

Preface

About the Companion Website

Section IIIB: Canine Ophthalmology

21 Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Anterior Uvea

Developmental Conditions

Degenerative Iridal Changes

Uveal Inflammation

Uveal Manifestations of Selected Diseases

Miscellaneous

Uveal Trauma

Hyphema

Non‐neoplastic Iridal Proliferations

Anterior Uveal Tumors

Uveal Surgery

References

22 Diseases of the Lens and Cataract Formation

Introduction

Special Techniques for Lens Examination

Normal Findings According to Age

Congenital Lens Abnormalities

Acquired Lens Abnormalities

Medical Treatment of Cataracts

Visual Consequences of Cataracts

Complications of Untreated Cataracts in Dogs

Lens Luxation

References

23 Surgery of the Lens

Cataract Surgery

Patient Selection

References

24 Diseases and Surgery of the Canine Vitreous

Development and Anatomy

Physiology

Aging

Diagnostic Procedures

Therapeutic Procedures

Vitreal Diseases

The Vitreous in Relation to Other Ophthalmic Disorders

References

25 Diseases of the Canine Ocular Fundus

Methods of Examination

The Normal Ocular Fundus

Developmental Anomalies

Inherited Retinal Degenerations

Other Retinal Dystrophies

Lysosomal Storage Diseases

Inflammation and Infections Affecting the Ocular Fundus

Viral Diseases

Bacterial Diseases

Algal Disease

Protozoal Diseases

Parasitic Diseases

Specific Retinopathies

Retinal Toxicities

Retinopathies of Nutritional Causes

Nutritional Supplementation

Vascular Disease Processes

Retinopathies with Immunologic Diseases

Secondary Retinal Degeneration

Peripheral Cystoid Retinal Degeneration

Retinoschisis

Proliferative and Neoplastic Conditions

References

26 Surgery of the Canine Posterior Segment

Anatomic Considerations

Types of Retinal Detachment

Factors Responsible for Retinal Detachment

Prophylactic Retinopexy

Surgical Procedures for Treatment of Retinal Detachment

Success of Retinal Detachment Repair

Retinal Prosthesis

Subretinal Injection

References

27 Diseases of the Canine Optic Nerve

Introduction

Structure and Function of the Optic Nerve

Clinical Examination of the Optic Nerve

Diagnostic Imaging in Optic Nerve Disease

Optic Nerve Disorders

References

Section IV: Special Ophthalmology

28 Feline Ophthalmology

Diseases of the Eyelids

Diseases of the Nasolacrimal System

Diseases of the Third Eyelid

Ocular Surface Disease

Keratoconjunctival Disease

Corneal Disease

Diseases of the Anterior Uvea

Anterior Uveitis

Glaucoma

Diseases of the Lens and Cataract Formation

Diseases of the Posterior Segment

Acknowledgments

References

29 Equine Ophthalmology

Vision in Horses

Clinical Assessment of Vision in Horses

Examination of the Equine Eye

Ocular Problems in the Equine Neonate

Congenital Anomalies and Abnormalities

Acquired Ocular and Adnexal Problems in the Foal

Equine Orbit in Adults

Diseases and Surgery of the Eyelids

Diseases of the Conjunctiva

Diseases of the Nictitating Membrane

Nasolacrimal Disease

Diseases of the Equine Cornea

Ulcerative Keratitis

Corneal Foreign Bodies

Fungal/Mycotic Keratitis

Bacterial Keratitis

Corneal Perforation/Laceration

Non‐Ulcerative Corneal Diseases

Diseases of the Equine Uvea

Aqueous Humor Dynamics and Glaucoma

Disease of The Horse Lens

Treatment: Cataract Surgery

Posterior Segment

Electroretinography in Horses

Diseases of the Optic Nerve

Geriatric Eye Problems

Ophthalmic Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Breed‐Related Eye Conditions

Prepurchase Ophthalmic Examination

Acknowledgments

References

30 Food and Fiber Animal Ophthalmology

Bovine

Sheep and Goats

Pigs

Acknowledgments

References

31 Avian Ophthalmology

Ophthalmic Anatomy

Ophthalmic Examination and Normative Values: Nonraptor Species

Ophthalmic Diseases: Nonraptor Species

Raptors

References

32 Ophthalmology of New World Camelids

Vision

Examination Techniques

Ocular Medications

General Features of the Eye and Orbit

Eyelids and Nasolacrimal System

Conjunctiva

Cornea

Anterior Segment

Posterior Segment

Lens

Glaucoma

Amaurosis

Ocular Neoplasia

Conclusions

References

33 Laboratory Animal Ophthalmology

Considerations for Ophthalmic Examinations in Laboratory Species

General Features of the Eyes of Laboratory Species

Normative Ancillary Diagnostic Values in Laboratory Species

Advanced Ophthalmic Imaging in Preclinical Studies

Animal Models in Research and Preclinical Drug Development

References

34 Small Mammal Ophthalmology

Rabbits

Guinea Pigs

Chinchillas

Ferrets

Sugar Gliders

Hedgehogs

Degu

References

35 Exotic Animal Ophthalmology

Ophthalmic Examination

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Mammals

References

36 Neuro‐Ophthalmology

Gross Topographical Neuroanatomy

The Neuro‐Ophthalmic Examination

Neuroanatomic Lesion Localization

Formulating an Appropriate Differential Diagnosis List

Neuro‐Ophthalmic Diseases

Acknowledgment

References

37_1 Ocular Manifestations of Systemic DiseasePart 1: The Dog

Congenital

Developmental

Acquired

References

37_2 Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Congenital

Developmental

Acquired

References

37_3 Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Congenital

Developmental

Acquired

References

37 Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Congenital

Developmental

Acquired

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Sequence of ocular development (Cook, 1995; O’Rahilly, 1983).

Table 1.2 Embryonic origins of ocular tissues (Johnston et al., 1979; Noden, ...

Table 1.3 Anomalies associated with microphthalmia in dogs.

Table 1.4 Comparative features of merle ocular dysgenesis and Collie eye anom...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Orbital dimensions.

Table 2.2 Orbital bones.

Table 2.3 Foramina and associated nerves and vessels.

Table 2.4 Muscles of the eye and eyelids.

Table 2.5 External globe dimensions.

Table 2.6 Globe dimensions.

Table 2.7 Corneal thickness.

Table 2.8 Location of glycans and collagen types in the cornea.

Table 2.9 Thickness of the sclera.

Table 2.10 Choroidal tapeta among selected vertebrates.

Table 2.11 Lens measurements in domestic animals.

Table 2.12 Lens capsule measurements in the dog.

Table 2.13 Vitreous humor volume in selected species.

Table 2.14 Retinal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography.

Table 2.15 Photoreceptor densities and ratios.

Table 2.16 Rows of nuclei in the outer nuclear layer.

Table 2.17 Ganglion cell densities in various species.

Table 2.18 Axon count and density of the optic nerve.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Reflexes involving the blink response.

Table 3.2 Blinking rates of domestic animals.

Table 3.3 Elastic moduli of layers of the cornea as determined by atomic forc...

Table 3.4 Components of the pupillary light reflex.

Table 3.5 Adrenergic receptors in the iris and ciliary body.

Table 3.6 Estimates of aqueous humor dynamics in selected species.

Table 3.7 Aqueous humor dynamics formulae.

Table 3.8 Methods to investigate aqueous humor dynamics.

Table 3.9 Comparative volumes of the chambers and select structures of the ey...

Table 3.10 Intraocular pressures in select animal species.

Table 3.11 Factors that cause short‐ and long‐term fluctuations in intraocula...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Luminances of natural and artificial light sources.

Table 4.2 Refraction constants in the human eye.

Table 4.3 Eye size (ascending order) and corneal power (descending order) in ...

Table 4.4 Lens power (in descending order) and refractive indices in selected...

Table 4.5 Refractive errors in selected animal species

Table 4.6 Photoreceptor concentrations in cats, dogs and humans.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Cone opsin peak sensitivities in selected species.

Table 5.2 Visual acuity in select species.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands.

Table 6.2 Mechanisms of pathogen elimination by innate immune responses.

Table 6.3 Soluble factors contributing to the development of anterior chamber...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Bacteria and fungi isolated from clinically normal eyes.

Table 7.2 The Chlamydiaceae family.

Chapter 8_2

Table 8.2.1 Classification of antibiotics commonly used in veterinary ophthal...

Table 8.2.2 Recommended ophthalmic antibiotic choices based on

in vitro

suscep...

Table 8.2.3 Antifungal medications used to treat keratomycosis.

Chapter 8_3

Table 8.3.1 Commercially available corticosteroid agents for subconjunctival ...

Chapter 8_4

Table 8.4.1 A summary of the reported mydriatic effects of some commonly util...

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Ocular fixatives and their advantages and disadvantages.

Table 9.2 Common histochemical stains used in ophthalmic pathology.

Table 9.3 Common immunohistochemical and histochemical markers used in ophtha...

Table 9.4 Ocular lesions associated with accidental or surgical trauma.

Table 9.5 Pathophysiology of ocular changes in glaucoma.

Table 9.6 Common endogenous infectious causes of ocular inflammatory disease ...

Table 9.7 Gross and histologic characteristics of primary orbital neoplasms.

Table 9.8 Gross and histologic features of common metastatic and locally inva...

Table 9.9 Common eyelid and conjunctival neoplasms.

Table 9.10 Clinical and histologic characteristics of some primary and metast...

Chapter 10_1

Table 10.1.1 Diagnostic sequence for the basic eye examination.

Table 10.1.2 Overview of characteristics of commonly available portable slit‐...

Table 10.1.3 Optical changes of direct ophthalmoscopy in animals: Change in m...

Table 10.1.4 Lateral and axial magnification in indirect ophthalmoscopy.

Table 10.1.5A Values for tear production and intraocular pressure in domesticate...

Table 10.1.5B Values for tear production and intraocular pressure in nondomestic...

Table 10.1.5C Values for tear production and intraocular pressure in avian speci...

Table 10.1.5D Values for tear production and intraocular pressure in fish, repti...

Table 10.1.6 Recommendations for laboratory sampling.

Table 10.1.7 Recommendations for aqueous and vitreous samples.

Chapter 10_3

Table 10.3.1 Calculated wavelengths and axial resolutions based on averaged s...

Chapter 10_4

Table 10.4.1 Stimulus and recording parameters for the recommended fERG proto...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Microsurgical presurgical surgeon checklist.

Table 12.2 Basic ophthalmic microsurgical pack.

Table 12.3 Basic corneal/intraocular ophthalmic microsurgical pack.

Table 12.4 Suture material size based as defined by the United States Pharmac...

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Depth of field (DOF) and its relationship to aperture, lens focal ...

Table 13.2 Comparison between harsh and soft lighting.

Table 13.3 Comparison between front, side, and backlighting techniques.

Table 13.4 Common metering modes: Methods of metering and their benefits.

Table 13.5 Common file formats and their impact pertaining to file size, degr...

Table 13.6 Canon and Nikon digital SLR cameras (2020).

Table 13.7 Canon and Nikon macro lenses for digital SLRs.

Table 13.8 Macro flash units for Nikon and Canon digital SLRs.

Table 13.9 Manufacturers and supplier websites for equipment used in digital ...

Table 13.10 Websites and books providing equipment, software reviews, photogr...

Table 13.11 Organizational summary for Adobe Lightroom Classic CC.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Diagnostic imaging: Added value beyond clinical examination/indica...

Table 14.2 Causes of exophthalmos.

Table 14.3 Neoplastic orbital diseases.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Histologic classification and frequency of canine eyelid neoplasms...

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Cases of canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and parotid duct ...

Table 17.2 Causes of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the dog.

Table 17.3 Breed disposition to keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS).

Table 17.4 Tear substitutes.

Table 17.5 Composition of parotid and tear secretions in humans.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Normal corneal measurements in dogs by

in vivo

confocal microscopy....

Table 19.2 Antiproteolytic agents for topical treatment of melting corneal ul...

Table 19.3 Crystalline corneal opacities in the dog.

Chapter 20

Table 20.1A Breeds of dogs with the primary glaucomas.

Table 20.1B Breeds of dogs with the highest prevalence of the primary glaucom...

Table 20.2 Types of glaucomas in dogs.

Table 20.3 The different stages of primary angle‐closure glaucoma in the dog.

Table 20.4 Summary of treatments for the secondary glaucomas in the dog.

Table 20.5 Inherited and breed predisposition to lens luxation in the dog.

Table 20.6 Treatment strategies for the canine glaucomas.

Table 20.7 Anterior shunts reported in the dog.

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Diseases proved or suspected of causing uveitis in the dog.

Table 21.2 Clinical signs of uveitis.

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Breeds predisposed to dystrophic persistent pupillary membranes ca...

Table 22.2 Canine breeds affected by persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous...

Table 22.3 Canine breeds affected by presumed hereditary cataracts (HC).

Table 22.4 Canine breeds affected by hereditary cataracts (HC), in which the ...

Table 22.5 Canine breeds affected with primary lens luxation (PLL). Mode of i...

Chapter 23

Table 23.1 Reported incidence of glaucoma and retinal detachment for specific...

Table 23.2 Summary of some commercially available phacoemulsification systems...

Table 23.3 Summary of characteristics of classic cohesive and dispersive opht...

Table 23.4 Description of some OVD available for use in cataract surgery.

Table 23.5 Individual patient and intraocular factors previously associated.

Table 23.6 Comparison of capsular tension ring (CTR) insertion techniques.

Chapter 24

Table 24.1 Classification of the lental and retrolental anomalies in Doberman...

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Genes known to be involved in canine progressive retinal atrophy (...

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Clinical features that may aid in differentiating pseudopapilledem...

Table 27.2 Causes of optic neuritis in dogs.

Chapter 28

Table 28.1 Blepharitis associated with feline dermatologic diseases.

Table 28.2 Frequency of feline eyelid tumors.

Table 28.3 Causes of feline Horner’s syndrome.

Table 28.4 Ocular surface disease in cats, based on predominant area of invol...

Table 28.5 Properties of and diagnostic considerations for four laboratory te...

Table 28.6 Reported polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection rates for vario...

Table 28.7 Efficacy of various antiviral drugs against feline herpesvirus (FH...

Table 28.8 Results of the Schirmer tear test (STT‐1), phenol red thread test ...

Table 28.9 Biomaterial grafts for feline deep corneal ulcers.

Table 28.10 Potential causes of feline uveitis.

Table 28.11 Documented causes of feline uveitis: Clinical, histopathologic, a...

Table 28.12 Types and causes of glaucoma in cats.

Table 28.13 Lysosomal storage diseases with ocular manifestations.

Chapter 29

Table 29.1 Treatment for periocular sarcoids.

Table 29.2 Treatment for periocular squamous cell carcinoma.

Table 29.3 Anticollagenase medications and their actions.

Table 29.4 When is surgical intervention indicated?

Table 29.5 Clinical classification of cataracts (Matthews, 2000b).

Table 29.6 Breed‐related eye disease in the horse.

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 Chemical analysis

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Published values for biometric ocular dimensions and chamber volum...

Table 33.2 Published values for ocular ancillary diagnostic tests in the adul...

Table 33.3 Features of animal models commonly used in ocular toxicology and o...

Chapter 36

Table 36.1 Neuroanatomic location of various nuclei and ganglia important in ...

Table 36.2 Innervation and function of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.

Table 36.3 Direction of strabismus due to unilateral denervation of extraocul...

Table 36.4 Cerebral syndrome (Braund, 2003).

Table 36.5 Diencephalic syndrome (Braund, 2003).

Table 36.6 Midbrain syndrome (Braund, 2003).

Table 36.7 Clinical signs associated with unilateral vestibular disease (Webb...

Table 36.8 Cerebellar syndrome (Braund, 2003).

Table 36.9 Pontomedullary syndrome (Braund, 2003).

Table 36.10 Cervical syndrome (Braund, 2003).

Table 36.11 Cervicothoracic syndrome (Braund, 2003).

Table 36.12 Neuroanatomic localization of Horner’s syndrome.

Table 36.13 Cavernous sinus syndrome.

Table 36.14 Toxic plants that may lead to systemic and ophthalmic disease in ...

Chapter 37_1

Table 37.1.1 Lysosomal storage disorders in humans (modified from (Greiner‐To...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 A blastocyst that has penetrated the maternal endometrium. An emb...

Figure 1.2

A.

Dorsal view of an embryo in the gastrulation stage with the am...

Figure 1.3 Dorsal view showing partial fusion of the neural folds to form th...

Figure 1.4 Development of the optic sulci, which are the first sign of eye d...

Figure 1.5

A.

Scanning electron micrograph of a mouse embryo (six somite pai...

Figure 1.6 Cross‐section at the level of the optic vesicle. Note that the ne...

Figure 1.7 Transection showing invaginating lens placode and optic vesicle (...

Figure 1.8

A.

Mouse embryo on day 10 of gestation (29 somite pairs, equivale...

Figure 1.9 Formation of the lens vesicle and optic cup. Note that the optic ...

Figure 1.10 Cross‐section through optic cup and optic fissure. The lens vesi...

Figure 1.11

A.

Following detachment of the lens vesicle from the surface ect...

Figure 1.12 Overview of the developing eye surrounded by mesenchyme (M), whi...

Figure 1.13 Secondary lens fibers and Y sutures. Secondary lens fibers elong...

Figure 1.14 The hyaloid vascular system and tunica vasculosa lentis.

Figure 1.15

A.

Scanning electron micrograph of a mouse embryo at 14 days of ...

Figure 1.16

A.

Scanning electron micrograph of a fetal human eye at approxim...

Figure 1.17

A.

Lateral view of the head of a human embryo at 6 weeks of gest...

Figure 1.18

A.

Cyclopia in a Holstein calf, etiology unknown. Note the singl...

Figure 1.19

A.

Microphthalmia and persistent pupillary membranes in a Chow C...

Figure 1.20 Microphthalmia and an inferior coloboma of the scleral and uveal...

Figure 1.21 Clinical (

A

) and gross (

B

) photographs of the ocular fundus of a...

Figure 1.22 Sequential histology of merle ocular dysgenesis (MOD).

A.

Normal...

Figure 1.23

A.

Fundus photograph of choroidal hypoplasia associated with Col...

Figure 1.24 Gross photograph of an optic nerve coloboma in a Collie. Note th...

Figure 1.25 Eyelid dermoid in a Boxer dog. The tissue is histologically norm...

Figure 1.26 Limbal dermoid in a Lhasa Apso puppy. This is an example of a ch...

Figure 1.27 Clinical features of Peters’ anomaly (anterior segment dysgenesi...

Figure 1.28

A.

Clinical photograph of a puppy with Peters’ anomaly exhibitin...

Figure 1.29 Keratolenticular dysgenesis induced by teratogen exposure in mic...

Figure 1.30 The relationship between microphthalmia and associated ocular ma...

Figure 1.31 Microphakia and spherophakia in a cat. Note the elongated ciliar...

Figure 1.32 Nonpigmented ciliary body cysts in a cat. Note the flattened len...

Figure 1.33 Iris cysts.

A.

Single iris cyst in a dog.

B.

Multiple iris cysts...

Figure 1.34 Histologic appearance of a uveal cyst on the posterior iris surf...

Figure 1.35 Spectrum of ocular lesions seen in Rocky Mountain horses.

A.

A l...

Figure 1.36 Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in a puppy associated w...

Figure 1.37 Fundus photograph of retinal folds in a young American Cocker Sp...

Figure 1.38 Histologic appearance of retinal folds. Note the normal stratifi...

Figure 1.39 Geographic retinal dysplasia in an English Springer Spaniel. The...

Figure 1.40 Histologic appearance of geographic retinal dysplasia. The retin...

Figure 1.41 Optic nerve hypoplasia in an 8‐week‐old Alsatian puppy. This was...

Figure 1.42 Eyelid coloboma in a kitten. The eyelid margin is absent from th...

Figure 1.43 A Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with bilateral lower eyelid colo...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1

A.

Canine orbit.

B

. Feline orbit. Bones of the orbit: frontal (F)...

Figure 2.2 Bovine orbit. Bones of the orbit: frontal (F), lacrimal (L), sphe...

Figure 2.3 Equine orbit. Bones of the orbit: frontal (F), lacrimal (L), sphe...

Figure 2.4 Divisions of orbital fascia.

Figure 2.5 Arrangement of the orbital muscles of domestic animals.

Figure 2.6 Superior lateral view of the canine extraocular musculature.

A.

L...

Figure 2.7 Orbital apex of the dog, illustrating structures passing through ...

Figure 2.8 Canine eye: medial canthus (A), lateral canthus (B), cilia (C), n...

Figure 2.9 Equine eye.

A

. Medial canthus (A), lateral canthus (B), cilia (C)...

Figure 2.10 Photomicrograph of the eyelid of a dog: hair follicle (HF), cili...

Figure 2.11 Bulbar conjunctiva of a porcine eyelid is externally lined by a ...

Figure 2.12 Drawing of a histologic section of the mammalian nictitating mem...

Figure 2.13

A

,

B

. Nictitating membrane of the horse contains both glandular ...

Figure 2.14 The nasolacrimal system.

Figure 2.15 The three tunics that comprise the mammalian globe. Outermost fi...

Figure 2.16 Lateral view of an equine globe. Note the marked flattening in t...

Figure 2.17 The equatorial and meridional planes of the eye.

Figure 2.18 Posterior view of a canine globe. LP, long posterior ciliary art...

Figure 2.19 The globe of the cow viewed anteriorly. Note the horizontally el...

Figure 2.20 Innervation of the limbus and cornea. The long ciliary nerve (A)...

Figure 2.21 Histologic view of the four layers in the equine cornea: anterio...

Figure 2.22 Basement membrane (arrows) of the anterior epithelium of the can...

Figure 2.23 SEM shows the surface of the anterior epithelium of a bovine cor...

Figure 2.24 SEM shows the corneal epithelial surface of a horse. Junction of...

Figure 2.25 The corneal epithelium and anterior stroma. Nonkeratinized squam...

Figure 2.26

A.

SEM of corneal stroma in the dog. (Original magnification, 7,...

Figure 2.27 Location of the corneal endothelial metabolic pump (Na

+

/K

+

ATPas...

Figure 2.28 Bowman’s layer among mammalian species.

A.

Rhesus monkey. (Origi...

Figure 2.29 SEM of a 4‐year‐old canine corneal endothelium reveals occasiona...

Figure 2.30 The lateral interdigitations observed between endothelial cells ...

Figure 2.31 Photomicrographs of canine limbus.

A.

The irregular connective t...

Figure 2.32 The intrascleral plexus (ISP) of a dog is located within the mid...

Figure 2.33 Corrosion cast of the canine ocular microvasculature demonstrate...

Figure 2.34 Scleral ossicles (SO) in birds vary in size and shape.

A.

Screec...

Figure 2.35 SEM of the canine anterior uvea: cornea (C), ciliary processes (...

Figure 2.36 Equine iris (I) and anterior ciliary body (CB). The arrow points...

Figure 2.37

A.

In many canine irides, melanocytes are concentrated in a wide...

Figure 2.38 SEM corrosion cast of the anterior microvasculature of the equin...

Figure 2.39 Sphincter muscle (SM) location in the dog (

A

) and in the horse (

Figure 2.40

A.

Iris sphincter muscles that create a slit pupil when the pupi...

Figure 2.41 SEM of the posterior iris surface of a cat. Arrows point to radi...

Figure 2.42 Inner surface of the ciliary body of a dog treated with α‐chymot...

Figure 2.43 SEM (sagittal view) of the inner ciliary body of a dog reveals n...

Figure 2.44 SEM of the ciliary processes and zonular fibers in a horse. Cili...

Figure 2.45 The bilayered ciliary epithelium that lines the ciliary processe...

Figure 2.46 Apical junctions of nonpigmented (NPE) and pigmented (PE) ciliar...

Figure 2.47 Degree of development of the ciliary body musculature among mamm...

Figure 2.48

A.

The deer has the traditional herbivorous type of iridocorneal...

Figure 2.49 Three additional configurations of the eutherian nonprimate irid...

Figure 2.50 The mongoose has the “high” accommodative type of iridocorneal a...

Figure 2.51 Comparative angioarchitecture of the ciliary processes.

A.

Roden...

Figure 2.52 Gonioscopic view of the anterior ciliary body shows the fibrous ...

Figure 2.53 Frontal view SEM of the canine iridocorneal angle. Fibrous pilla...

Figure 2.54 Frontal view SEM (

A

) and sagittal view light micrograph (

B

) of t...

Figure 2.55

A–D.

The corneoscleral trabecular meshwork (CM), sclera (S...

Figure 2.56 In the rabbit, as in most carnivores and monkeys, the peripheral...

Figure 2.57 Cells associated with the operculum in the dog form clusters and...

Figure 2.58 The majority of aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber (...

Figure 2.59 Located between the ciliary body meshwork and the sclera (i.e., ...

Figure 2.60 Anterior uveoscleral outflow pathway viewed tangentially.

A.

Bov...

Figure 2.61

A.

The canine choroid (C) consists of the suprachoroidea (1), la...

Figure 2.62 SEM corrosion cast of the choroidal vasculature in the dog. Larg...

Figure 2.63 SEM of the posterior canine eye shows the choroid (C) is compose...

Figure 2.64 The outer choroid in the avian (i.e., chicken) eye consists of s...

Figure 2.65 The tapetum lucidum (T), which is always located dorsally, usual...

Figure 2.66 The carnivorous tapetum lucidum (TL) consists of layers of cells...

Figure 2.67 Tapetal cells of a cat. The main cytoplasmic components are the ...

Figure 2.68 Capillaries (C) vertically interconnect medium‐sized blood vesse...

Figure 2.69 Choriocapillaris in the dog.

A.

Note the numerous fenestrations ...

Figure 2.70 Composite drawing of the lens, capsule, attachments, and nuclear...

Figure 2.71 The anterior epithelium of a neonatal canine lens near the equat...

Figure 2.72 Young horse lens near the equator. Lens capsule (A) and columnar...

Figure 2.73 Newly formed canine secondary lens fibers are evenly hexagonal i...

Figure 2.74 At the equator of a dog lens, the nuclei (Nu) of the newly formi...

Figure 2.75 Stereoscopic view of the posterior pole in an adult bovine lens ...

Figure 2.76 Drawing of the embryonal lens (i.e., nucleus) shows the anterior...

Figure 2.77 Close‐up of a suture line in a dog lens reveals the great amount...

Figure 2.78 The avian lens is capable of dramatic changes in shape during ac...

Figure 2.79 The “ringwulst,” or annular pad (AP), of a screech owl’s lens co...

Figure 2.80 Zonular attachments to the lens in a dog.

A.

SEM shows zonules (...

Figure 2.81 Caudal‐view SEM of ciliary processes and zonular attachments to ...

Figure 2.82 SEM shows that the apical portion (A) of each ciliary process in...

Figure 2.83 The various components of and spaces within the vitreous. The se...

Figure 2.84 Relationship between different neuronal cells within the retina....

Figure 2.85 The retina consists of nine discrete layers and a supportive pig...

Figure 2.86 SEM shows cryofractured RPE and the underlying choriocapillaris ...

Figure 2.87 TEM shows the basal complex (i.e., Bruch’s membrane) in the capi...

Figure 2.88 The foveal arrangement in the swallow, which possesses two fovea...

Figure 2.89 The photoreceptor layer of the pig contains many cones (C) among...

Figure 2.90 Tip of the outer segment discs in a rod of a young dog. Note tha...

Figure 2.91 Inner portion of the outer segment (OS) and adjacent inner segme...

Figure 2.92

A.

The outer portion of a rod inner segment (IS) of a dog contai...

Figure 2.93 Long, villous extensions of Müller cells, known as fiber baskets...

Figure 2.94 An avian double‐cone photoreceptor. Nu, nucleus; OD, oil droplet...

Figure 2.95 Within the outer nuclear layer of a sheep, cone nuclei (CNu) for...

Figure 2.96 Outer plexiform layer of the cat. Synaptic vesicles fill spherul...

Figure 2.97 Inner nuclear layer (INL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) of a p...

Figure 2.98 The bipolar–amacrine–ganglion cell interaction. The bipolar cell...

Figure 2.99

A.

The avian pecten, as seen here in the chicken, consists of a ...

Figure 2.100 Ventral view of the dog brain–eye relationship. The right cereb...

Figure 2.101 The optic nerve head and bulbar optic nerve of a dog. Arrows in...

Figure 2.102 Trypsin digest of a canine optic nerve shows the network of col...

Figure 2.103 Cross‐section of the optic nerve in a dog (

A

) and a horse (

B

) p...

Figure 2.104 SEM shows how the orbital optic nerve is protected by the three...

Figure 2.105 Pial septae within the pig bulbar optic nerve can contain melan...

Figure 2.106 Arterial system of the mammalian orbit. Note that variations ex...

Figure 2.107 Venous system of the mammalian orbit.

Figure 2.108 Venous system in the equine orbit.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 The tear film is a complex multilayered fluid phase. This figure ...

Figure 3.2 In the normal cornea (

A

), a cross‐section of the corneal fibrils ...

Figure 3.3 Schematic of collagen fiber organization in the canine cornea. Th...

Figure 3.4 Schematic of corneal innervation. The limbal plexus is a ring‐lik...

Figure 3.5 Schematic of aqueous humor (AH) production across the pigmented e...

Figure 3.6 Aqueous humor (AH) drainage occurs via the traditional and uveosc...

Figure 3.7 Chemical composition of the aqueous humor and lens. Water and pro...

Figure 3.8 Schematic of the vitreal ultrastructure. Parallel collagen fibril...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Representation of light as a wave, which is characterized by two ...

Figure 4.2 Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Visible light occupies onl...

Figure 4.3 Transmittance rates of light through various structures of the hu...

Figure 4.4 Refraction of light as it passes from one medium to another is go...

Figure 4.5 Refraction of light through various lenses.

A.

A spherical convex...

Figure 4.6 The effect of vitreous elongation on ocular refraction.

A.

A focu...

Figure 4.7 Accommodation in the primate lens.

A.

In an accommodated eye, the...

Figure 4.8 A generalized scheme of the mechanism of accommodation in birds. ...

Figure 4.9

A.

In emmetropia, parallel light rays are focused on the retina.

Figure 4.10 The effect of anterior chamber depth on lens curvature in a huma...

Figure 4.11 A normal eye can see focused horizontal and vertical lines (left...

Figure 4.12 Lower‐field myopia in the terrestrial turtle

Geoemyda

as an exam...

Figure 4.13 Spherical aberrations occur when light passes through the lens (

Figure 4.14 Multifocal lenses reduce the amount of spherical aberrations. A ...

Figure 4.15 Pupillary diameter affects the magnitude of spherical aberration...

Figure 4.16 Chromatic aberrations in the lens.

A

. White light is composed of...

Figure 4.17 The functional significance of the slit pupil in combination wit...

Figure 4.18 No eye can be emmetropic both in air and under water. An eye of ...

Figure 4.19 A sectioned eye of a cormorant during accommodation. The bulging...

Figure 4.20 A frontal (

A

) and sectioned (

B

) view of the anterior segment of ...

Figure 4.21 Schematic drawing of the mammalian retina with part of the choro...

Figure 4.22

A.

The discs of the outer segments (facing the retinal pigment e...

Figure 4.23 Activation of the rod phototransduction cascade. The top of the ...

Figure 4.24 Inactivation of the rod phototransduction cascade that results i...

Figure 4.25 The retinoid (visual) cycle, which begins when a photon (hv) cau...

Figure 4.26 The primary rod pathway is indirect and more convergent that tha...

Figure 4.27 Cone pathways in the central (foveal) and in the peripheral prim...

Figure 4.28 Center‐surround antagonism of bipolar (and consequently ganglion...

Figure 4.29 Amacrine cells (AC) form complex networks with other retinal neu...

Figure 4.30 The intricate amacrine AII network contributes to both horizonta...

Figure 4.31

A

. A mammalian ON–OFF direction‐selective ganglion cell (DSGC) f...

Figure 4.32 The upper half shows responses of an ON‐center OFF‐surround reti...

Figure 4.33 Schematic drawing of color opponent circuits in the primate fove...

Figure 4.34 So far five distinct subtypes of intrinsically photosensitive re...

Figure 4.35 The M5 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC...

Figure 4.36 In animals with more frontally positioned eyes, such as several ...

Figure 4.37 In the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the parvo‐ and magnocel...

Figure 4.38 The functional architecture of the cat visual area 1 (V1) is hig...

Figure 4.39

A

. The flow of visual information from the retina to ventral str...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 A considerable amount of processing of data from the photorecepto...

Figure 5.2 The inverse relationship between retinal threshold (right Y‐axis)...

Figure 5.3 Responses of mouse rods and cones.

A

. Mean responses of mouse rod...

Figure 5.4 Ocular fundus of various species showing the absence or presence ...

Figure 5.5 Increased scotopic sensitivity of a cat. The same spider is seen ...

Figure 5.6 The processes of dark adaptation in humans. Cones dark‐adapt for ...

Figure 5.7 In a comprehensive canine electroretinographic (ERG) protocol, fo...

Figure 5.8 The direct and consensual pupillary light reflex in mice as a fun...

Figure 5.9 Critical flicker frequency (CFF) as a function of retinal illumin...

Figure 5.10

A

. The visual field of a horse showing a frontal binocular field...

Figure 5.11 Binocular disparity and the perception of stereoscopic depth. Th...

Figure 5.12 The effect of visual perspective on vision. The same scene as vi...

Figure 5.13 Diplopia, or double vision, is the simultaneous perception of tw...

Figure 5.14 Even though this picture is two‐dimensional, various visual cues...

Figure 5.15 Approximate absorption spectra of human rhodopsin (rods) and con...

Figure 5.16 A colorful dog, as seen by a normal trichromat (

A

). In (

B

), the ...

Figure 5.17 Snellen acuity chart. A normal human with 6/6 or 20/20 vision sh...

Figure 5.18 Visual acuity expressed in cycles per degree (cpd) and minutes o...

Figure 5.19 Comparative visual resolution. The same landscape is seen by (

A

)...

Figure 5.20 Simulated blurred vision due to myopia. 1–3 D (diopter) defocus ...

Figure 5.21 The effect of pupil diameter on visual acuity. Luminance values ...

Figure 5.22 The effect of pupil size on light diffraction. Note that with th...

Figure 5.23 The effect of globe size on the image projected on the retina. T...

Figure 5.24 Stereologic sampling scheme used to map the topographic distribu...

Figure 5.25 Light scatter by the tapetum. The left side of this figure repre...

Figure 5.26 The projection of the visual field on the cat cortex.

A.

Perimet...

Figure 5.27 Visual acuity increases with contrast. With high contrast (top r...

Figure 5.28 Visual texture allows the viewer to differentiate an object from...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Ocular surface adaptive immune response. Antigen presentation thr...

Figure 6.2 Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling. TLR ligands and signaling. TL...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1

A.

A sheet of intact cells.

B.

The round, oval, and rarely triang...

Figure 7.2 The SNAP® device (Idexx Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA) u...

Figure 7.3 The Witness® device (Synbiotics Co., Kansas, MO, USA) uses immuno...

Figure 7.4 A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument.

Figure 7.5 Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) traces for two samp...

Figure 7.6 Impression smear prepared from a conjunctival swab. Microscopic e...

Figure 7.7 Diff‐Quik stain: jar 1 contains the fixative reagent (methanol an...

Figure 7.8 Numerous positively stained acid‐fast organisms (red rods). (Orig...

Figure 7.9 Strip for the identification of bacteria (see text).

Figure 7.10 Agar‐disk‐diffusion for testing antimicrobial susceptibility. Th...

Figure 7.11 Smear prepared after centrifugation of vitreous fluid which was ...

Chapter 8_1

Figure 8.1.1 Schematic illustration of the blood–aqueous barrier (BAB). In t...

Figure 8.1.2 Schematic illustration of the blood–retinal barrier (BRB). In t...

Figure 8.1.3 Disposition of ophthalmic drugs after topical application to th...

Figure 8.1.4 Equilibrium reactions and transcorneal diffusion of ionizable d...

Figure 8.1.5 Topically applied medications can enter the systemic circulatio...

Figure 8.1.6 Differences in kinetic profiles of ophthalmic drugs applied as ...

Figure 8.1.7 Following topical application onto the eye, ester‐prodrugs pene...

Figure 8.1.8 Routes of drug distribution after subconjunctival injection.

Chapter 8_5

Figure 8.5.1 Contribution of carbonic anhydrase to aqueous humor formation i...

Figure 8.5.2 Chemical structures of the four commercially available prostagl...

Figure 8.5.3 Effect on IOP of 0.005% latanoprost in the Beagle with primary ...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1

A.

An exenterated bovine eye that was immersion fixed in Bouin’s ...

Figure 9.2 Ciliary hypoplasia and elongated ciliary processes are common and...

Figure 9.3 A gross section of a formalin‐fixed eye from a blind Collie puppy...

Figure 9.4 A section of retina from a Miniature Schnauzer with inherited ret...

Figure 9.5 Inherited corneal dystrophy in an Alaskan Malamute. Note the opal...

Figure 9.6 Optic nerve atrophy is a common lesion that develops secondary to...

Figure 9.7

A.

A histologic section of a chronically detached retina. Note th...

Figure 9.8

A

. Osseous metaplasia (OM) of the anterior segment of a Guinea pi...

Figure 9.9

A.

Choroiditis (C) and retinal necrosis (RN) in a septic bovine c...

Figure 9.10

A.

Tarsal gland adenomas (TGA) are common benign eyelid neoplasm...

Figure 9.11 Fine needle aspirate from the vitreous of a dog with septic endo...

Figure 9.12

A.

This is a section of a part of the anterior segment of a cat’...

Figure 9.13 Eosinophils and mast cells are readily identified by several his...

Figure 9.14 Mast cells are normal inhabitants of the conjunctival and episcl...

Figure 9.15 Multiple coalescing epithelioid macrophages (M) within a fibrova...

Figure 9.16 Pyogranulomatous inflammation commonly accompanies fungal endoph...

Figure 9.17

A

. This Bouin’s fixed canine globe has panophthalmitis with plas...

Figure 9.18

A

. Gross section of canine eye with septic endophthalmitis. Note...

Figure 9.19 Retinal and choroidal degeneration with intraretinal migration o...

Figure 9.20 Gross (

A

) and subgross (

B

) sections. Phthisis bulbi develops sec...

Figure 9.21

A.

Microphthalmia in a Siamese kitten. Lack of support by a norm...

Figure 9.22

A.

A bovine cyclops with a single central eye and lack of nasal ...

Figure 9.23 A peripapillary coloboma (C), staphyloma (S), retinal detachment...

Figure 9.24 Retinal dysplasia in a dog. Note the outer nuclear rosettes (R) ...

Figure 9.25 Optic nerve hypoplasia manifests as a small optic nerve; the aff...

Figure 9.26

A.

Congenital glaucoma in a Llama (

Llama glama

) characterized by...

Figure 9.27 Persistent and dysplastic pupillary membranes occur in three var...

Figure 9.28 Multiple dysplastic eyelid tarsal glands with ectopic cilia in a...

Figure 9.29 Dacryops in a dog. Note the primarily double layered cuboidal ep...

Figure 9.30

A.

A corneal dermoid in a puppy.

B.

Histologic section of a corn...

Figure 9.31 Congenital cataract and lenticular pseudocoloboma (*) in a dog. ...

Figure 9.32

A.

Posterior lenticonus in a calf. This is a congenital protrusi...

Figure 9.33

A.

This cat eye sustained penetrating trauma. Note the thin disc...

Figure 9.34 Extraocular myositis in a young Golden Retriever. There are dens...

Figure 9.35

A.

Lacrimal gland cyst with a bilayered lining of cuboidal epith...

Figure 9.36

A.

Normal canine lacrimal gland. Note the acinar structure and o...

Figure 9.37

A.

Acute conjunctivitis in a dog. Note the vasodilation congesti...

Figure 9.38

A.

A conjunctival biopsy from the conjunctival fornix of a norma...

Figure 9.39

A.

Conjunctival overgrowth in rabbit.

B.

Histologic appearance o...

Figure 9.40 Ligneous conjunctivitis in a Doberman Pinscher. Note the hyperem...

Figure 9.41

A.

Chronic keratitis in any species can induce chronic changes i...

Figure 9.42 An indolent corneal ulcer in a Boxer dog. Note the epithelial no...

Figure 9.43

A.

Collagenolysis of the cornea in dog. A large deep ulcer is pr...

Figure 9.44

A.

A corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in a Miniature Poodle.

B.

Figure 9.45

A.

Calcific corneal degeneration in a dog. Calcium appears as a ...

Figure 9.46

A.

A feline corneal sequestrum (CS) with characteristic amber co...

Figure 9.47 Inherited corneal dystrophy in a young American Cocker Spaniel. ...

Figure 9.48

A.

A Boston Terrier with endothelial dystrophy following corneal...

Figure 9.49 Chronic superficial keratitis in a dog. Note the nonspecific epi...

Figure 9.50

A.

Nodular episclerokeratitis in a Collie.

B.

The light microsco...

Figure 9.51

A.

Canine globe with necrotic scleritis. Note the extensive thic...

Figure 9.52 Lymphoplasmacytic uveitis in a cat diagnosed with secondary glau...

Figure 9.53 Equine recurrent uveitis. A fibrovascular membrane incorporates ...

Figure 9.54 Vasculitis in the retina of a cow with malignant catarrhal fever...

Figure 9.55 Severe phacolytic uveitis in a dog. Note the keratic precipitate...

Figure 9.56

A.

Phacoclastic uveitis in a dog. Note the discontinuous lens ca...

Figure 9.57 Ocular melanocytosis in a Cairn terrier. Note the heavily pigmen...

Figure 9.58

A.

Exudative retinal detachment (RD) in a dog with uveodermatolo...

Figure 9.59 Transmission electron micrograph of the retina of a 6‐month‐old ...

Figure 9.60

A.

Inherited multifocal retinopathy of Great Pyrenees dogs.

B.

R...

Figure 9.61

A.

Vitreous degeneration (VD) in dog with secondary glaucoma and...

Figure 9.62

A.

A mature male Borzoi dog with Borzoi chorioretinopathy. Note ...

Figure 9.63 The inclusions that are characteristic of neuronal ceroid lipofu...

Figure 9.64

A.

A mature cataract is present in this gross section of this do...

Figure 9.65 A clinical photograph of an inherited posterior lens luxation in...

Figure 9.66

A.

Goniodysgenesis in an American Cocker Spaniel. The pectinate ...

Figure 9.67

A.

A light microscopic section of a corneal stria that developed...

Figure 9.68 Systemic hypertension will induce significant intraocular diseas...

Figure 9.69

A

. Granulomatous uveitis in a cat. Note the predominance of larg...

Figure 9.70

A.

A fundus photograph of a cat with systemic candidiasis.

B.

Hi...

Figure 9.71

A.

A firm mass is present arising from the zygomatic arch in thi...

Figure 9.72

A.

Multiple tarsal gland adenomas on the eyelid margin of an age...

Figure 9.73

A.

Conjunctival papillomatosis in dog with pigmentary keratitis....

Figure 9.74

A.

Button‐like profile of a histiocytoma in a young dog. (Origin...

Figure 9.75

A.

Conjunctival lymphosarcoma in a Golden Retriever that present...

Figure 9.76

A.

Darkly pigmented and pedunculated eyelid melanoma in a Golden...

Figure 9.77

A.

Conjunctival melanoma when ignored will invade and metastasiz...

Figure 9.78 Equine eyelid sarcoid with prominent interlacing spindle cells a...

Figure 9.79

A.

Gross section of a canine eye with a vascularized corneal and...

Figure 9.80

A.

Limbal melanocytoma in a cat. Note the small fan‐shaped deep ...

Figure 9.81

A.

Clinical appearance of an anterior uveal melanoma in a dog. A...

Figure 9.82

A.

This is a section of a Bouin’s fixed eye from a dog with a br...

Figure 9.83

A.

The subgross characteristics of a malignant feline diffuse ir...

Figure 9.84

A.

Feline intraocular sarcomas are aggressive neoplasms that wil...

Figure 9.85

A.

Ciliary adenomas are usually pink‐colored masses that grow fr...

Figure 9.86 Ciliary body adenocarcinomas can resemble intraocular sarcomas o...

Figure 9.87 This well‐vascularized iridal tumor was confirmed as a spindle c...

Figure 9.88

A.

This medulloepithelioma appears as a pale frond‐like tumor th...

Figure 9.89 Canine eye with an optic nerve astrocytoma. Note the neoplasm ex...

Figure 9.90

A.

Canine exenteration specimen with an orbital meningioma that ...

Figure 9.91

A.

Canine globe that contains a metastatic neoplasm that has inv...

Chapter 10_1

Figure 10.1.1 Three‐dimensional computed tomography reconstruction of a hors...

Figure 10.1.2 The supraorbital nerve in the horse is blocked at the level of...

Figure 10.1.3 Correct position of the needle in the inferotemporal approach ...

Figure 10.1.4 An aerial view highlights unilateral exophthalmos affecting th...

Figure 10.1.5 A. Anisocoria (left mydriasis) in an adult Terrier is recogniz...

Figure 10.1.6 Corneal reflex. Corneal sensation is tested by means of a wisp...

Figure 10.1.7 Specular reflection.

A

. The right eye of an adult Persian cat ...

Figure 10.1.8 Keeler PSL®. Handheld lightweight (0.93 kg) slit‐lamp model of...

Figure 10.1.9 Table‐mounted slit‐lamp models may provide superior optics and...

Figure 10.1.10 Use of a handheld slit‐lamp in a dog.

Figure 10.1.11 Magnification during use of the slit lamp for examination of ...

Figure 10.1.12 On a slit setting with high levels of illumination, the slit ...

Figure 10.1.13 The use of a broad slit beam (> 0.5 cm) is demonstrated here ...

Figure 10.1.14 Keratic precipitates in a cat with chronic anterior uveitis. ...

Figure 10.1.15 Human cornea on examination with a thin slit beam. In the cor...

Figure 10.1.16 It is important that with both the use of broad and narrow be...

Figure 10.1.17 Descemetocoele in a West Highland White Terrier with keratoco...

Figure 10.1.18 Diffuse iris melanoma in a cat.

A

. Appearance of a lesion on ...

Figure 10.1.19 Distance estimation with the help of a slit beam.

A

. The clos...

Figure 10.1.20 Examination of the anterior chamber for signs of aqueous flar...

Figure 10.1.21 Appearance of the human corneal endothelium by examination of...

Figure 10.1.22 A posterior polar subcapsular cataract seen with the broad be...

Figure 10.1.23 Subtle corneal changes are best examined with indirect method...

Figure 10.1.24 Illustration of the same changes as shown in Fig. 10.1.23.

Figure 10.1.25 Types of lesions observed with the slit‐lamp biomicroscope. U...

Figure 10.1.26 The level of blood vessels and position of sequestra or forei...

Figure 10.1.27 The position of a cataract can be located accurately on exami...

Figure 10.1.28 Direct ophthalmoscope head.

A

. Observer side with viewing ape...

Figure 10.1.29 Optics of direct ophthalmoscopy. The direct ophthalmoscope al...

Figure 10.1.30 Distant direct ophthalmoscopy. The patient’s fundic reflex is...

Figure 10.1.31 Close direct ophthalmoscopy. The examiner must be as close as...

Figure 10.1.32 Comparison of direct, panoptic, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. ...

Figure 10.1.33 Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. In this technique, the obs...

Figure 10.1.34 Monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. The technique can be carri...

Figure 10.1.35 Optics in binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. In this techniqu...

Figure 10.1.36

A

. Keeler (Broomall, PA, USA and Windsor, UK) Vantage indirec...

Figure 10.1.37 Retinoscopy carried out in a dog. Note the working distance o...

Figure 10.1.38 Keeler streak retinoscope®.

Figure 10.1.39

A

. Cochet–Bonnet esthesiometer®.

B

. Corneal sensation can be ...

Figure 10.1.40 Aqueous tear production can be accessed by the Schirmer tear ...

Figure 10.1.41

A

. Aqueous tear production can be assessed quantitatively by ...

Figure 10.1.42

A

. Examination of the posterior (bulbar) surface of the third...

Figure 10.1.43

A

. Standard and minitip swabs. Minitip swabs are useful for t...

Figure 10.1.44

A

. Instruments for corneoconjunctival cytology include Kimura...

Figure 10.1.45

A

. Corneal cytology from a cat reveals a moderate number of e...

Figure 10.1.46 Ophthalmic stains.

A

. Fluorescein dye is available as a steri...

Figure 10.1.47 Application of fluorescein dye. The fluorescein‐impregnated s...

Figure 10.1.48 It is important to irrigate excess fluorescein dye from the o...

Figure 10.1.49 Positive Seidel test depicts a leaking corneal wound at 12 o’...

Figure 10.1.50 Jones test (fluorescein dye passage test) in a 1‐year‐old Lab...

Figure 10.1.51

A

. Rose Bengal dye is available as a sterile impregnated pape...

Figure 10.1.52 Indentation tonometry: the degree of indentation by the metal...

Figure 10.1.53 Indentation tonometry.

A

. Schiøtz tonometer with 7.5 and 10.0...

Figure 10.1.54 Applanation tonometry: the force required to flatten, or appl...

Figure 10.1.55 Applanation tonometry.

A

. Tono‐Pen Vet.

B

. The footplate cont...

Figure 10.1.56 Rebound tonometry: a small probe is rapidly propelled from a ...

Figure 10.1.57 Rebound tonometry.

A

. TonoVet.

B

. Small metal pin with rounde...

Figure 10.1.58 Phenomenon of total internal reflection.

A

. When a light beam...

Figure 10.1.59 Gonioscopy lenses can be divided into direct and indirect.

A

....

Figure 10.1.60 Direct gonioscopy lenses provide a magnified image, as demons...

Figure 10.1.61 Koeppe lens

in situ

. The lens is retained by suction on the c...

Figure 10.1.62 Lovac‐Barkan lens

in situ

. The lens is retained in place with...

Figure 10.1.63 Posner indirect gonioprism. The observer can assess multiple ...

Figure 10.1.64 Normal iridocorneal angle in a Flat‐Coated Retriever.

Figure 10.1.65 Normal iridocorneal angle in a blue‐eyed Siberian Husky.

Figure 10.1.66 Focal fibrae latae in an otherwise normal iridocorneal angle ...

Figure 10.1.67 Severely dysplastic pectinal ligament visible on gonioscopy i...

Figure 10.1.68

A

. Selection of plastic and metal lacrimal cannulas suitable ...

Figure 10.1.69 Nasolacrimal flush in a dog.

A

. With a 2–5 mL syringe of ster...

Figure 10.1.70 Nasolacrimal flush in a horse.

A

. The distal punctum is large...

Figure 10.1.71 Paracentesis.

A

. Aqueous paracentesis. The needle is inserted...

Chapter 10_2

Figure 10.2.1

A

. Dacryocystorhinogram of the normal nasolacrimal duct system...

Figure 10.2.2 This postcontrast three‐dimensional reformatted computed tomog...

Figure 10.2.3

A, B

. Postcontrast reformatted computed tomography (CT) sagitt...

Figure 10.2.4 Aggressive osteolytic soft tissue nasal tumor invading the rig...

Figure 10.2.5 Orbital abscessation in a 4‐year‐old Dalmatian. Reformatted do...

Figure 10.2.6 Fracture of the left bony orbit in an 18‐month‐old Labrador Re...

Figure 10.2.7 Dacryocystitis in a 3‐year‐old entire male Labrador Retriever....

Figure 10.2.8 The appearance of the normal canine globe and orbit on dorsal ...

Figure 10.2.9 Multiple cerebral hemorrhagic infarcts in a 10‐year‐old cross‐...

Figure 10.2.10 Optic neuritis in an 11‐year‐old Golden Retriever. Sagittal o...

Figure 10.2.11 Extraocular muscle myositis in a 7‐year‐old Border Terrier. D...

Figure 10.2.12 Optic neuritis in a 6‐year‐old Jack Russell Terrier.

A

. Trans...

Figure 10.2.13 Optic neuritis and granulomatous meningoencephalitis in a 3‐y...

Figure 10.2.14 Ciliary body melanoma affecting the left eye of a 3‐year‐old ...

Figure 10.2.15 Orbital carcinoma in a 4‐year‐old Irish Water Spaniel. Dorsal...

Figure 10.2.16 Optic nerve meningioma in a 16‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding....

Figure 10.2.17 Optic neuritis affecting the right side in an 8‐year‐old Labr...

Figure 10.2.18 Tear ferning patterns in healthy dogs according to the Roland...

Figure 10.2.19 Tear ferning patterns of healthy dogs according to Masmali’s ...

Figure 10.2.20 Schematic illustration of optical pachymeter.

Figure 10.2.21 Pachymetry being performed on a normal rabbit cornea.

Figure 10.2.22 Pachymetry being performed on a normal llama cornea.

Figure 10.2.23 Simplified illustration of a specular microscope. Light illum...

Figure 10.2.24

A

. Noncontact specular microscopy being undertaken on an anes...

Figure 10.2.25 Specular microscopy (Topcon SP. 2000P, Topcon Medical Systems...

Figure 10.2.26

A

. Llama endothelial cells imaged by specular microscopy.

B

. ...

Figure 10.2.27

A

. Schematic illustration of the confocal microscopy principl...

Figure 10.2.28

A

,

B

. Illustration of a confocal microscope at differing foca...

Figure 10.2.29

A

. Image of Heidelberg

in vivo

confocal microscope with attac...

Figure 10.2.30 Confocal microscopy images from normal canine and feline corn...

Figure 10.2.31 Fungal hyphae (

Cylindrocarpon spp

.) in the excised corneal bu...

Figure 10.2.32 cSLO in a dog: (

A

) optic disc, (

B

) tapetal fundus, (

C

) nontap...

Figure 10.2.33 Schematic illustration of phase retardation of polarized ligh...

Figure 10.2.34 Optical coherence tomography two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐d...

Figure 10.2.35 Optical coherence tomography with three‐dimensional (3D) reco...

Figure 10.2.36 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) two‐dimensional (2D) and t...

Figure 10.2.37

A

. Fundus photograph and optical coherence tomography (OCT) i...

Figure 10.2.38 Standard (

A

), red‐free (

B

), and anterior segment fluorescein ...

Figure 10.2.39 Standard (

A

), red‐free (

B

), and anterior segment fluorescein ...

Figure 10.2.40 Standard (

A

), red‐free (

B

), and anterior segment fluorescein ...

Figure 10.2.41

A

. Fundus photograph from 6‐month‐old Coton de Tulear dog aff...

Figure 10.2.42

A

. Fundus image from a 2‐year‐old Coton de Tulear dog affecte...

Figure 10.2.43

A

. Fluorescein angiogram of the right eye of a Beagle 24 hour...

Figure 10.2.44 Normal equine fluorescein angiography images.

A

. Choroidal ph...

Figure 10.2.45 Fluorescein angiography images of a sheep.

A

. Arterial phase....

Figure 10.2.46 Fundoscopic view of

Pteropus poliocephalus

(

A

) 11 s and (

B

) 3...

Chapter 10_3

Figure 10.3.1

A

. B‐mode ultrasound image using a 10 MHz transducer with gain...

Figure 10.3.2

A

. A‐scan transducer on a dog’s eye.

B

. A‐scan ultrasound imag...

Figure 10.3.3 B‐mode high‐resolution ultrasound using a 40 MHz transducer of...

Figure 10.3.4 B‐mode ultrasound image using a 10 MHz transducer of a dog wit...

Figure 10.3.5

A

. 10 MHz sectoral transducer used directly on the cornea of a...

Figure 10.3.6 Perilimbal and limbal approach. Radial (

A

) or transverse (

B

) s...

Figure 10.3.7 B‐mode ultrasound image using a 20 MHz sectoral transducer of ...

Figure 10.3.8 Persistent hyaloid vasculature in a dog.

A

. Clinical photo dem...

Figure 10.3.9 B‐mode ultrasound using a 10 MHz transducer. Two different mer...

Figure 10.3.10 B‐mode ultrasound image using a 10 MHz transducer in the 12 a...

Figure 10.3.11 B‐mode ultrasound images of a dog.

A

. Note vitreal hemorrhage...

Figure 10.3.12 B‐mode ultrasound images using a 10 MHz transducer.

A

. Image ...

Figure 10.3.13 B‐mode ultrasound image using a 10 MHz transducer of a dog wi...

Figure 10.3.14

A

. B‐mode ultrasound image of a retrobulbar abscess in a dog ...

Figure 10.3.15

A

. B‐mode ultrasound of a normal dog with a 40 MHz transducer...

Figure 10.3.16 A B‐mode ultrasound using a 40 MHz transducer to evaluate cor...

Figure 10.3.17 Axial and paraxial views with a 35 MHz sectorial transducer o...

Figure 10.3.18 High‐resolution ultrasound with 35 MHz transducer of the ante...

Figure 10.3.19 Ultrasound biomicroscopy scan of the anterior chamber in a ho...

Figure 10.3.20

A

. B‐mode ultrasound image using a 40 MHz transducer of the n...

Figure 10.3.21

A

. Photograph of a dog with iridociliary cysts, hyphema, and ...

Figure 10.3.22 B‐mode ultrasound multiplanar image using a three‐dimensional...

Chapter 10_4

Figure 10.4.1 A handheld ERG machine with a mini‐Ganzfeld stimulator is held...

Figure 10.4.2 Ganzfeld (

A

) and mini‐Ganzfeld (

B

) stimulators. These stimulat...

Figure 10.4.3

A

. The ERG‐Jet contact lens electrode is the most common recor...

Figure 10.4.4

A

. The ERG‐Jet contact lens electrode is placed on the cornea ...

Figure 10.4.5

A

. The b‐wave amplitude of the fERG increases during dark adap...

Figure 10.4.6 An ERG recording system, including a Ganzfeld stimulator, is l...

Figure 10.4.7 Diagram of the six basic ERGs defined by the ISCEV Standard. T...

Figure 10.4.8

A

. A combined rod–cone response. The a‐ and b‐waves are clearl...

Figure 10.4.9 An fERG trace with a large, positive blink artifact (red arrow...

Figure 10.4.10 A large (~160 μV), regular sinusoidal wave, consistent with a...

Figure 10.4.11 Connecting the recording electrode to the reference electrode...

Figure 10.4.12 Representative examples of photopic ERGs from selected specie...

Figure 10.4.13 Typical waveforms of the flash visual evoked potential in you...

Figure 10.4.14 A pattern electroretinographic (PERG) trace. Note the low amp...

Figure 10.4.15 Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). Stimulus pattern cons...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 This is a screenshot of the UCSC Genome Browser showing the regi...

Figure 11.2 Details of the gene mutation in

CEP290

that causes the RdAc form...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Surgeon seated at the operating microscope. The surgeon’s back i...

Figure 12.2 The primary surgeon is seated and is using a pair of Zeiss Galil...

Figure 12.3 Equine corneal surgery with all surgeons standing. The primary s...

Figure 12.4 Zeiss prismatic loupes mounted on a headband and Zeiss and Heine...

Figure 12.5 Galilean surgical loupes. The loupes on the left are Heine 2.5× ...

Figure 12.6 Prismatic surgical loupes. The loupes on the left are Heine 3.5×...

Figure 12.7 Zeiss 5.0× prismatic loupes with a light source and fiberoptic c...

Figure 12.8 Headpiece of a Zeiss OPMI microscope® with a primary surgeon, as...

Figure 12.9 Foot control for a Zeiss operating microscope®. The surgeon cont...

Figure 12.10 Headpiece of a Zeiss OPMI microscope® with an Iris Medical diod...

Figure 12.11 The Varioscope® (Leica Microsystems Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL, US...

Figure 12.12 Zeiss OPMI microscope® with articulating arms mounted on a floo...

Figure 12.13 Prior to surgery, the microscope, surgical chairs, and all othe...

Figure 12.14 A vacuum pillow designed to allow the surgeon to position the p...

Figure 12.15 Sterile handles for the Zeiss OPMI microscope® to allow the sur...

Figure 12.16 A sterile microscope drape is used to provide the surgeon acces...

Figure 12.17 Intraoperative photograph during phacoemulsification. The prima...

Figure 12.18 Two hydraulic surgical chairs. The chair on the left with two a...

Figure 12.19 A patient has been positioned in lateral recumbency. The cornea...

Figure 12.20 A horse being prepared for unilateral phacoemulsification. The ...

Figure 12.21 A partially inflated inner tube is used to cushion the horse’s ...

Figure 12.22 A disposable, sterile sticky drape with a fluid collection bag ...

Figure 12.23 Barraquer wire eyelid speculums in adult and pediatric sizes.

Figure 12.24 Demarres chalazion clamp.

Figure 12.25 Jaeger eyelid plate.

Figure 12.26 Jameson (top) and Castroviejo (bottom) calipers.

Figure 12.27 Carter sphere introducer.

Figure 12.28 Beaver handle with #64 blade (top) and Bard‐Parker handle (bott...

Figure 12.29 Martinez corneal dissector.

Figure 12.30 Serrifine clamp.

Figure 12.31 Autoclavable plastic microsurgical tray to store and protect mi...

Figure 12.32 Instruments arranged on a surgical table in preparation for rou...

Figure 12.33 Barraquer fine needle holders with rounded and knurled handles ...

Figure 12.34 Microsurgical pack with instrument milk to lubricate and preven...

Figure 12.35 Westcott tenotomy scissors held in a pencil grip.

Figure 12.36 The palm grip may be used for Stevens tenotomy scissors but is ...

Figure 12.37 A Beaver handle with a #64 blade is held. The #65 and #63 Beave...

Figure 12.38 A 3.2 mm (top) and a round‐tipped (bottom) sapphire knives are ...

Figure 12.39 Curved, blunt‐tipped, Stevens tenotomy scissors with ringed gri...

Figure 12.40 Curved intraocular MicroSurgical Technology® (Redmond, WA, USA)...

Figure 12.41 Curved Westcott tenotomy scissors (top) and curved Vannas lens ...

Figure 12.42 Troutman‐Castroviejo corneal section scissors with a stop are s...

Figure 12.43 Right and left Troutman‐Castroviejo corneal section scissors.

Figure 12.44 Troutman‐Castroviejo corneal section scissors. In the upper ima...

Figure 12.45 Storz® (Bausch and Lomb Storz, Manchester, MO, USA) intraocular...

Figure 12.46 Zones of compression seen with simple interrupted sutures. Note...

Figure 12.47

A.

A simple sawtooth suture pattern.

B.

A symmetrical sawtooth ...

Figure 12.48 McPherson straight and angled tying forceps.

Figure 12.49 Large superior and inferior eyelid masses have been excised. Cl...

Figure 12.50 Terms used to describe the anatomy of a surgical needle.

Figure 12.51 Various types and shapes of surgical needles and their effects ...

Figure 12.52 The jaws of two Barraquer microneedle holders. The jaws at the ...

Figure 12.53 Colibri 0.12 mm utility forceps (top) and Bishop‐Harmon (delica...

Figure 12.54 Colibri 0.12 mm utility forceps (left) with 1 × 2 teeth that in...

Figure 12.55 Bishop‐Harmon fine, 1 × 2 straight teeth without a tying platfo...

Figure 12.56 Cellulose surgical spears are absorbent without shedding fibers...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Image obtained from the rear lens of a Nikon 105 mm macro lens w...

Figure 13.2 Two images of the same eye and adnexa taken with identical setti...

Figure 13.3 Examples of Canon (EOS 5D Mk II with 100 mm lens) and Nikon (D90...

Figure 13.4

A

. Nikon R1C1 Speedlight.

B

. Canon Macro Twin Lite MT‐24EX.

Figure 13.5 A compact point and shoot should not be held too close to the su...

Figure 13.6 Uneven illumination with a compact point and shoot camera (espec...

Figure 13.7 Cobalt blue filter illumination of a fluorescein‐positive superf...

Figure 13.8

A.

Overview of upper eyelid location of tubing from a subpalpebr...

Figure 13.9 Slit lamp image of a subluxated lens with vitreal prolapse and p...

Figure 13.10 Postoperative image of a corneoconjunctival transposition to su...

Figure 13.11 Cytology sample from an infected corneal ulcer in a 15‐year‐old...

Figure 13.12 This image of an intrastromal injection of voriconazole for the...

Figure 13.13

A

. Avoid use of fluorescent overhead lighting.

B

. Use a darkene...

Figure 13.14 Avoid photographing ophthalmic subjects outdoors or without fla...

Figure 13.15 The photographer should not use the same hand and arm to hold t...

Figure 13.16 The size of the corneal flash artifact and its effect on the im...

Figure 13.17 Canine patient being manually restrained and positioned by a te...

Figure 13.18 A Finoff transilluminator is directed obliquely at the right ey...

Figure 13.19 Oblique lighting from the Finoff transilluminator provided the ...

Figure 13.20 A Kowa SL‐14 handheld slit lamp and a dSLR equipped with a macr...

Figure 13.21

A

. In this canine cornea, two circular lesions (medial descemet...

Figure 13.22 Slit lamp image of temporal vitreal prolapse in a horse obtaine...

Figure 13.23 Wide slit beam (parallelepiped) of light used to illuminate mul...

Figure 13.24 Note the brightly illuminated, punctate lesions along the poste...

Figure 13.25

A

. Note the multifocal, bright white, circular to linear opacit...

Figure 13.26

A

. Conventional anterior segment image of an equine eye with ch...

Figure 13.27

A

. Conventional image of the left eye of a horse with a circula...

Figure 13.28 This handheld slit lamp image localizes these corneal opacities...

Figure 13.29

A

. Conventional image of an 11‐year‐old Quarter Horse’s left ey...

Figure 13.30 A thin slit beam of light is used to highlight the appearance o...

Figure 13.31 Color image of the back of an infrared (IR) converted Nikon D20...

Figure 13.32

A

. In this conventional image of an equine eye with an axial am...

Figure 13.33

A

. Conventional color image of an equine eye with chronic, ulce...

Figure 13.34

A

. Conventional color image of the left eye of a 19‐year‐old Cl...

Figure 13.35

A

. Color image of the right eye of a 9‐year‐old, gray Quarter H...

Figure 13.36

A

. Color image of the right eye of an 11‐year‐old Quarter Horse...

Figure 13.37

A

. Color image of the left eye of an 8‐year‐old male castrated ...

Figure 13.38 Digital infrared image taken with direct flash illumination. No...

Figure 13.39 Digital infrared image taken with tangential illumination. This...

Figure 13.40 Oblique digital infrared image of the same eye as in Figure 13....

Figure 13.41 Handheld slit lamp and oblique positioned dSLR utilized to obta...