Willis's Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor E-Book

Allan Ashworth

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 828

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Historically employed to estimate and measure the likely material requirements for any building project, the role of the modern quantity surveyor is diverse, with a wide range of employers and geographical locations to match. Change continues to be a feature in quantity surveying practice, with the New Rules of Measurement, the RICS Black Book and Building Information Modelling (BIM) all adding to the already dynamic environment in which the Quantity Surveyor operates.  This new edition of Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor reflects that dynamic environment, addressing changing practices and procedures in the profession, whilst focussing on the core skills which are essential to success.

The 13^th edition of this classic text, originally written by three generations of the Willis family (all quantity surveyors) continues to provide a thorough introduction to the work of the quantity surveyor in private practice, in public service and in contracting organisations.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

1 The Work of the Quantity Surveyor

Introduction

A changing industry

Construction sectors

The role of the quantity surveyor

Skills, knowledge and understanding

What’s in a name?

2 Education, Training and Employment

Introduction

Chronology of quantity surveying education 1960–2012

Quantity surveyors in education

Partnership and accreditation

Non-cognate disciplines

Vocational experience and qualifications

Assessment of professional competence (APC)

Continuing professional development (CPD)

Construction Industry Council (CIC)

Changing work patterns

The professions

Role of the RICS

3 Organisation and Management

Introduction

Staffing

Office organisation

Employer’s responsibilities

Public relations and marketing

Quality management

Time and cost management

Developing staff and skills

Finance and accounts

4 The Quantity Surveyor and the Law

Introduction

The quantity surveyor and the client

Collateral warranties

Performance bonds

Professional indemnity insurance

Contracts of employment

Equality Act 2010

5 Research and Innovation

Introduction

RICS

Classification of research and development

Research and development in the construction and property industries

‘Rethinking construction innovation and research’

Changing role of the quantity surveyor

Research and development in quantity surveying practice

Academic research

Research dissemination

The importance of change

Innovation

Conclusions

6 Cost Control

Introduction

Project cost control

Cost advice

New rules of measurement (NRM)

Precontract estimating methods

General considerations

Accuracy of approximate estimates

Preparing the approximate estimate

Whole life costing

Value management

Risk analysis

Best value

Taxation

Financial assistance for development

Post-contract methods

7 Whole Life Costing

Introduction

Brief history

Government policy

Whole life value

Whole life costing applications

Main factors to consider

Targeting the major elements of costs-in-use

Depreciation and obsolescence in buildings

Long life, loose fit and low energy

Calculations

Forecasting the future

Whole life cost forum (WLCF)

Conclusions

8 Value Management

Introduction

Background

Terminology

When should surveyors use value management?

The application of value management

Function analysis

Supporting the case for value management

Professional development and accreditation

9 Risk Management

Introduction

When should surveyors use risk management?

The application of risk management

Risk analysis

Risk registers

Expected monetary value (EMV)

Simulation (quantitative risk analysis)

Risk management

Appraisal of risk management options

Considerations in risk allocation

Merging risk management and value management opportunity?

10 Procurement

Introduction

General matters

Standard forms of contract

Methods of price determination

Contractor selection and appointment

Procurement options

Contract strategy

Client procurement needs

Partnering

The Private Finance Initiative (PFI)

The role of the quantity surveyor

11 Contract Documentation

Contract documents

Coordinated project information

Form of contract

Contract drawings

Schedules

Contract bills

Methods of measurement

Contract specification

Schedules of rates

Master programme

Information release schedule

Discrepancies in documents

12 Preparation of Contract Bills

Appointment of the quantity surveyor

Receipt of drawings

Taking-off

Contract bills

Invitation to tender

Receipt of tenders

E-tendering

13 Cost Management

Introduction

Valuations

Valuation on insolvency

Cost control and reporting

14 Final Accounts

Introduction

Variations

Procedure for measurement and evaluation

Pricing variations

Provisional sums

Fluctuations

Materials

Completing the account

Audit

Timing and resources

Case study

15 Insolvency

Introduction

The role of the quantity surveyor

Scenario

The role of the liquidator

Determination of contract (contractor insolvency)

Provision in the forms of contract

Factors to consider at insolvency

Completion of the contract

The employer’s loss

Expenditure involved

Termination of contract (employer insolvency)

Insolvency of the quantity surveyor or architect

Performance bonds

16 Contractual Disputes

Introduction

Why disputes arise

Litigation

Arbitration

Adjudication

Alternative dispute resolution

Conclusion

Expert witness

Lay advocacy

Claims

17 Project Management

Introduction

Justifying project management by adding value

Terminology

Attributes of the project manager

Duties and responsibilities of the project manager

Quantity surveying skills and expertise

Fees

Education and training for the project manager

18 Facilities Management

Introduction

The work of the facilities manager

Sustainability

Facilities management opportunities for the quantity surveyor

Education and training for the facilities manager

19 Emergent Themes: Sustainability and BIM

Introduction

Background

Quantity surveying and sustainability

Zero carbon

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

BIM use within the industry

Index

This edition first published 2013© 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ashworth, A. (Allan)Willis’s practice and procedure for the quantity surveyor / Allan Ashworth, Keith Hogg, Catherine Higgs. – Thirteenth edition.pages cmIncludes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-67219-8 (pbk.)1. Building–Estimates–Great Britain. I. Hogg, Keith. II. Higgs, Catherine. III. Title. IV. Title: Practice and procedure for the quantity surveyor. TH435.W6853 2013692′.50941–dc23

2012051176

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

ISBN: 978-0-470-67219-8 (pbk)

Cover image courtesy of iStockphotoCover design by www.hisandhersdesign.co.uk

Preface

These are changing times for the quantity surveyor; but that is nothing new! The ­profession is very different to what it was even twenty years ago. This is true for all professions where a commercial revolution has been taking place steered by the advent of new technology. If readers care to re-read the prefaces of earlier editions of this book, which was first published in 1951, they will observe that change has been a common theme. The ninth edition (1987), for example, stated, “…changes have evolved as the profession of quantity surveying has evolved. In the main these changes have been gradual but in recent years they have become more far reaching.” This all sounds like it could have been written in 2012. The comments in earlier editions of this book reflected on a number of RICS reports on the changing role and nature of the ­quantity surveyor.

We have in previous editions of this book considered changing the name of the quantity surveyor to reflect a more modern or upbeat name. We never quite go there! Construction economist sounded good in the 1990s although, as recruiters know full well, this title seems even less attractive than that of quantity surveyor. It ­certainly does not help to recruit new members to the profession. Some of the larger diversified practices are now content to use the term Management Consultant or, perhaps a better definition, Cost Management Consultant. Such titles offer a limited link to the construction industry in which the majority of quantity surveyors continue to work. Perhaps the most popular title today is that of Construction Cost Consultant. So why did we not change the title of the book? There are many ­reasons. Tradition that links us back to the first edition of this important work, many practitioners still describe themselves as quantity surveyors, the RICS still adopts this title, and the majority of university courses continue to use this description, are just some of our responses.

Changes in quantity surveying practice that are to be welcomed include the suite of New Rules of Measurement, the RICS Black Book and Building Information Modelling (BIM). These are truly exciting days for the quantity surveyor. This edition of Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor has taken into account the developing trends and changes occurring in the profession. The role of the quantity surveyor will continue to evolve by building on the sound foundations laid down by the profession and by exploiting to the full the new technologies available to us.

The future for quantity surveying remains excellent. The skills are highly valued amongst a diverse range of clients and cover an extensive range of activities that our forefathers could never have imagined.

Allan Ashworth, Keith Hogg and Cathy HiggsAugust 2012

1

The Work of the Quantity Surveyor

Introduction

In 1971, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) published a report titled The Future Role of the Quantity Surveyor, which defined the work of the quantity surveyor as:

‘…ensuring that the resources of the construction industry are utilised to the best advantage of society by providing, inter alia, the financial management for projects and a cost consultancy service to the client and designer during the whole construction process.’

The report sought to identify the distinctive competencies or skills of the quantity surveyor associated with measurement and valuation in the wider aspects of the construction industry. This provides the basis for the proper cost management of the construction project in the context of forecasting, analysing, planning, ­controlling and accounting. Many reading this will reflect that this is no longer an adequate description of the work of the quantity surveyor.

From the 1970s onwards, the profession began to evolve rapidly, and in 1983 the RICS prepared another report that would explore further the work of the quantity surveyor and at the same time attempt to assess its future potential and directions. This report, The Future Role of the Chartered Quantity Surveyor, identified a range of skills, knowledge and expertise provided by the quantity surveyor and indicated a greater expansion of possible services that could be provided both inside and ­outside of the construction industry. This report began to examine the changing and shifting scene, the requirements of clients, their dissatisfaction with the services provided by construction professionals generally, and their frequent ­disappointment with the products that they received.

Almost ten years later, in 1991, the Davis, Langdon and Everest consultancy group produced QS2000 on behalf of the RICS. This report began to describe the threats and opportunities that were facing the profession at the end of the twentieth century. Again, its key message related to change and in ensuring the services ­provided recognised that the status quo no longer applied. Clients were demanding more for their fees. Fee scales for their services had been abandoned many years earlier and were continuing to fall. This in itself was sufficient for quantity ­surveyors to examine their role and work in the construction industry. The changes identified in this report included:

Changes in markets

. It outlined the previous performance and trends in ­workloads across the different sectors and the importance of the changing international scene, particularly the challenges arising from the deepening European Union.

Changes in the construction industry

. The changing nature of contracting has placed an emphasis upon management of construction, the comparison with other countries abroad and the competition being offered from non-construction professionals.

Changes in client needs

. An emphasis in terms of the value added to the client’s business; they want purchaseable design, procurement and management of ­construction. Many now want the long-term view beyond the initial design and construction phase.

Changes in the profession

. It noted employment patterns, the growth in graduate members, the impact of fee competition, the ways in which the quantity ­surveyor is now appointed, and changes in their role and practice with changing attitudes and horizons.

Towards the end of that decade, the former Quantity Surveyor’s Division of the RICS produced a report titled The Challenge of Change (Powell 1998). This report provided stark warnings to the profession, almost as a final warning that if the ­profession did not adapt to change in the light of the changing attitudes of clients, pressures from the business world, the execution of projects, requirements of the skill base and the impact of information and technology, then it would not exist in the future. This would also be the last report from the Quantity Surveyor’s Division, since this marked the end of the divisional structure within the RICS.

In the decade following the publication of these reports, quantity surveying has continued to respond to the changes identified in QS2000. Advances in ICT have had a profound impact on how quantity surveyors operate, their function and the scope and breath of the services they provide. Large practices have responded to the needs of a global market and, over the last decade, there has been an increase in both multidisciplinary and multinational surveying organisations. An increase in niche market provision has also been seen.

Quantity surveying practices have diversified in response to government strategies; the most influential being those that address reducing greenhouse gases and improving efficiency within the industry.

A changing industry

The prospects of the construction industry are intrinsically linked to those of a ­country’s economy. In times of recession, the industry’s major employers are ­reluctant to invest and this has an immediate knock-on effect on the fortunes or otherwise of the construction industry. As a proportion of GDP, the output of the construction industry in the United Kingdom has been comparatively stable at about 8%. Currently (2011) it represents 7% of GDP. Construction output is ­considerably more if whole life contributions through planning, design, ­construction, maintenance, decommissioning and re-use are also taken into account. The ­construction industry, for example, has not suffered the considerable and terminal decline of engineering, especially ship building and coal mining.

However, the industry is changing shape. As a result of privatisations over the past 20 years the share of the public sector’s construction portfolio has been ­considerably reduced. At its peak in the 1970s, this represented almost 50%; it is now 40%. Coupled with this have been strategic changes in the procurement of public sector building and civil engineering projects, for example through the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). This has assisted the industry to refocus on longer-term measures, such as the consideration of whole life costing. There is also the continued dominance of design and build, a trend that is likely to continue.