Wind Energy Essentials E-Book

Richard P. Walker

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 804

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Examines the possible societal impacts of wind energy projects and explains the potential issues faced when siting, constructing, and operating a wind energy project. This book begins with a history of wind power and the social impacts of both electricity and wind power from a historical perspective, a discussion of basic electrical terms, and a primer on the conversion of power in the wind to electricity. Much of the second half of the book is devoted to comparing wind energy to other forms of electric generation, both renewable and non-renewable sources. In order to have a true understanding of the impact of wind energy on society, one also has to have a thorough understanding of the impacts that other sources of electric generation have, such as fossil-fuelled plants or nuclear power plants. The comparison of electric generation sources includes a review of how such sources are typically utilized within the electric system, as well as the economic factors and environmental considerations that affect which resources utilities or operators of electric grids have to take into account. The authors conclude with a discussion of energy policies in the U.S., individual states, and foreign nations, how these policies influence the use of renewable energy, and what our future may hold in terms of energy supply and demand. Some highlights of this book are: * style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">Discusses the wind energy impacts on the environment, local economy, electric utilities, individuals and communities * style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">Provides a visual explanation of wind energy principles through tables, graphs, maps, illustrations and photographs * style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">Offers a comprehensive overview of the issues associated with the creation and use of wind energy * style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;">Models chapters around an existing university curriculum Spanning the broad range of environmental, financial, policy and other topics that define and determine the relationships between wind energy technology and our energy-dependent society, Wind Energy Essentials is a resource for students, universities, and the entire wind energy industry.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

COVER

TITLE PAGE

PREFACE

FOREWORD

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1 IMPACTS OF ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY ON SOCIETY

1.1 WHAT ARE “SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS”?

1.2 EARLY WIND POWER INNOVATION AND DISCOVERY

1.3 IMPACT OF ELECTRICITY ON SOCIETY

1.4 HISTORY OF WIND ENERGY FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

1.5 RENEWABLES AND ELECTRIFICATION IN THIRD-WORLD COUNTRIES

1.6 THE NEXUS OF WIND, WATER, AND ELECTRICITY

REFERENCES

2 THE BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

2.1 UNITS OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT

2.2 DESCRIPTIONS OF COMMON ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

2.3 TYPES OF COMPANIES OR BUSINESS UNITS WITHIN THE ELECTRIC INDUSTRY

2.4 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

REFERENCE

3 OVERVIEW OF WIND ENERGY AND OTHER SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY

3.1 DEFINING RENEWABLE ENERGY

3.2 SOURCES AND USES OF ENERGY

3.3 GROWTH OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE UNITED STATES

3.4 USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES

3.5 GROWTH OF WIND POWER CAPACITY IN THE UNITED STATES

3.6 SUBSIDIES OR INCENTIVES FOR WIND ENERGY

3.7 POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED USE OF WIND ENERGY IN THE UNITED STATES

3.8 WIND RESOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES

3.9 OVERVIEW OF OTHER SOURCES OF ELECTRIC GENERATION IN THE UNITED STATES

REFERENCES

4 CONVERSION OF POWER IN THE WIND TO ELECTRICITY

4.1 WIND POWER PLANTS AND WIND TURBINES

4.2 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

4.3 WIND STATISTICS

5 THE WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

5.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ECONOMICALLY VIABLE WIND ENERGY PROJECT

5.2 OTHER FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE SUCCESS OF A WIND ENERGY PROJECT

5.3 POTENTIAL “FATAL FLAWS”

5.4 COORDINATION OF THE WIND ENERGY PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

5.5 TIMELINE FOR DEVELOPING A WIND ENERGY PROJECT

5.6 MAJOR STEPS IN THE EARLY-STAGE WIND PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

5.7 MAJOR STEPS IN LATTER-STAGE WIND ENERGY PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

5.8 FINAL STEPS IN DEVELOPING A WIND ENERGY PROJECT

5.9 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

6 OVERVIEW OF ISSUES FACED BY WIND ENERGY

6.1 THE NEED TO UNDERSTAND AND RESPOND

6.2 COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS AND PUBLIC OUTREACH

6.3 GENERAL CATEGORIZATION OF ISSUES

REFERENCE

7 WIND AND WILDLIFE: SITING ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

7.1 OVERVIEW OF WILDLIFE-RELATED ISSUES FACED BY THE WIND INDUSTRY

7.2 STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS RELEVANT TO WIND DEVELOPMENT’S IMPACT ON WILDLIFE

7.3 USFWS GUIDELINES FOR WIND DEVELOPMENT

7.4 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT INCLUDED AS CHAPTER 7 OF THE USFWS

LAND-BASED WIND ENERGY GUIDELINES

7.5 BIRD DEATHS DUE TO COLLISIONS WITH WIND TURBINE BLADES

7.6 WIND GENERATION WILDLIFE ISSUES NOT LIMITED TO AVIAN COLLISIONS

7.7 AVIAN SPECIES OF CONCERN

7.8 BAT DEATHS DUE TO WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

7.9 ORGANIZATIONS STUDYING WAYS TO MINIMIZE EFFECTS OF WIND DEVELOPMENT ON BIRDS AND OTHER WILDLIFE

7.10 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF WIND ENERGY ON HUMANS: PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES

8.1 OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS ON HUMANS

8.2 WIND TURBINE NOISE: KEY TERMS

8.3 ESTIMATES OF NOISE FROM WIND TURBINES

8.4 POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF AUDIBLE OR SUBAUDIBLE NOISE FROM WIND TURBINES

8.5 NOISE ORDINANCES

8.6 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES THAT CAN REDUCE TURBINE NOISE

8.7 SITING PROCEDURES FOR NOISE MITIGATION

8.8 SHADOW FLICKER

8.9 MITIGATION OF SHADOW FLICKER

8.10 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

8.11 MITIGATING EMF EXPOSURE FROM WIND PROJECTS

8.12 SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTES

8.13 MITIGATION OF SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE ISSUES

8.14 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF WIND ENERGY ON HUMANS: PUBLIC AND WORKFORCE SAFETY ISSUES

9.1 OVERVIEW OF WORKFORCE AND PUBLIC SAFETY ISSUES

9.2 THINGS CAN GO WRONG ANYTIME HUMANS ARE INVOLVED (IN ANY INDUSTRY)

9.3 ICE SHEDDING

9.4 MITIGATING ICE SHEDDING ISSUES

9.5 BLADE THROW

9.6 MITIGATING BLADE THROW ISSUES

9.7 RISK OF FIRE

9.8 MITIGATING RISK OF FIRE

9.9 LIGHTNING

9.10 OTHER WEATHER EMERGENCIES: HURRICANES, TORNADOES, AND HAIL

9.11 THE IMPACT OF WIND ENERGY ON VEHICULAR TRAFFIC

9.12 PLANNING FOR AND ADDRESSING TRANSPORTATION ISSUES

9.13 ELECTRICAL AND PIPELINE SAFETY: HEIGHT, DEPTH, AND LOCATION OF ELECTRIC LINES

9.14 OTHER WIND ENERGY INDUSTRY WORKFORCE SAFETY ISSUES

9.15 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

10 WIND ENERGY'S IMPACT ON AVIATION, RADAR, AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

10.1 IMPACT OF WIND ENERGY ON MILITARY AND CIVILIAN AVIATION

10.2 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS AND FAA PERMITTING PROCESS

10.3 FAA SCREENING TOOLS

10.4 FAA REQUIREMENTS FOR MARKING OR LIGHTING OF OBSTRUCTIONS

10.5 MARKING AND/OR LIGHTING OF METEOROLOGICAL TOWERS

10.6 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WIND TURBINES ON AVIATION OR NAVIGATION RADAR

10.7 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WIND TURBINES ON WEATHER RADAR

10.8 POTENTIAL IMPACT OF WIND TURBINES ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS

REFERENCES

11 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: AESTHETICS, CULTURAL RESOURCES, LAND USE COMPATIBILITY, WATER RESOURCES, AND SITE RESTORATION

11.1 AESTHETIC ISSUES: WIND ENERGY’S IMPACT ON SCENERY OR VIEWSHED

11.2 MITIGATING AESTHETIC IMPACTS AND ISSUES

11.3 IMPACT OF WIND ENERGY ON CULTURAL RESOURCES

11.4 COMPATIBILITY OF WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT WITH EXISTING LAND USE

11.5 IMPACT OF WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ON WATER RESOURCES

11.6 REMOVAL OF RETIRED EQUIPMENT AND RESTORATION OF PROPERTY

11.7 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR DECOMMISSIONING OF WIND ENERGY PROJECTS (FROM USFWS

LAND-BASED WIND ENERGY GUIDELINES

)

REFERENCES

12 IMPACT OF WIND ENERGYON THE ELECTRIC GRID

12.1 OVERVIEW OF WIND INTEGRATION ISSUES

12.2 THE ELECTRIC GRID

12.3 WIND PENETRATION

12.4 ISSUES THAT ARISE DUE TO INTEGRATION OF WIND ENERGY

12.5 CAPABILITY OF WIND TURBINES TO MEET APPLICABLE STANDARDS FOR GRID INTERCONNECTION

12.6 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

13 NON-WIND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES USED TO MEET ELECTRICITY NEEDS

13.1 COMPARING SOURCES OF ELECTRIC GENERATION: ATTRIBUTES THAT WILL BE CONSIDERED

13.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION RESOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES

13.3 HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION

13.4 SOLAR ENERGY

13.5 BIOMASS ENERGY

13.6 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

13.7 LANDFILL GAS

13.8 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

13.9 ENERGY FROM THE OCEAN: TIDAL POWER AND WAVE POWER

13.10 HYDROGEN

REFERENCES

14 NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES USED TO MEET ELECTRICITY NEEDS

14.1 COMPARING SOURCES OF ELECTRIC GENERATION

14.2 PROCESSES OR TECHNOLOGIES USED TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY

14.3 COMPARING EFFICIENCIES OF GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES

14.4 GENERATION RESOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES

14.5 NUCLEAR ENERGY

14.6 COAL-FIRED GENERATION

14.7 NATURAL GAS–FIRED GENERATION

14.8 OIL-FIRED GENERATION

14.9 METHANE HYDRATES

REFERENCES

15 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION: “LESS IS MORE” AND “DOING WITHOUT”

15.1 OVERVIEW

15.2 CONCEPTS

15.3 CONSUMER EFFICIENCY AND DSM

15.4 GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY

15.5 CONSERVING RESOURCES AND REDUCING EMISSIONS

15.6 POSITIVE ATTRIBUTES OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION

15.7 LIMITS TO ELECTRIC ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION

REFERENCES

16 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

16.1 OVERVIEW

16.2 THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

16.3 FOSSIL FUELS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO GHG LEVELS

16.4 INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES OF CONTROLLING GHG EMISSIONS

16.5 PUBLIC OPINION AND POLICY

16.6 POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

16.7 METHODS AND COSTS OF MITIGATION

16.8 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

17 SITING AND PERMITTING OF ELECTRIC GENERATION PROJECTS

17.1 FEDERAL LAW, REGULATIONS, AND PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS

17.2 FEDERAL PERMITS, APPROVALS, OR CONSULTATIONS

17.3 STATE AND LOCAL PERMITTING

17.4 PUBLIC OPPOSITION TO POWER PLANTS AND TRANSMISSION LINES

17.5 EXAMPLES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS EXPERIENCING DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING REQUIRED PERMITS OR APPROVALS

17.6 EXAMPLES OF FOSSIL-FUELED OR NUCLEAR GENERATION PROJECTS EXPERIENCING DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING REQUIRED PERMITS OR APPROVALS

17.7 TRANSMISSION LINE PROJECTS EXPERIENCING DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING REQUIRED PERMITS OR APPROVALS

17.8 CHECKLIST FOR GOVERNMENTAL APPROVALS

REFERENCES

18 ECONOMICS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

18.1 SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

18.2 ELECTRICAL DEMAND VERSUS SUPPLY

18.3 MARGINAL COST OF ELECTRICITY/ENERGY VALUE

18.4 EFFECT OF GENERATION RESOURCE DIVERSITY ON ELECTRICITY MARKET PRICE

18.5 CAPACITY VALUE OF ELECTRIC GENERATION

18.6 EFFECT OF CAPACITY FACTOR ON THE ECONOMICS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

18.7 EFFECT OF EXPECTED USEFUL LIFE OR ECONOMIC LIFE OF POWER PLANTS ON THE ECONOMICS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION

18.8 BOOK DEPRECIATION VERSUS DEPRECIATION FOR TAX PURPOSES

18.9 AD VALOREM OR PROPERTY TAXES

18.10 FEDERAL SUPPORT AND SUBSIDIES

18.11 ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES

18.12 USING LEVELIZED COST OF ENERGY TO COMPARE COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES