Wind Power E-Book

Victor M. Lyatkher

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 362

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

An up-to-date and thorough treatment of the technologies, practical applications, and future of wind power, with the pros and cons and technical intricacies of various types of wind turbines and wind power prediction With the demand for energy outstripping availability from conventional sources such as fossil fuels, new sources of energy must be found. Wind power is the most mature of all of the renewable or alternative sources of energy being widely used today. With many old wind turbines becoming obsolete or in need of replacement, new methods and materials for building turbines are constantly being sought after, and troubleshooting, from an engineering perspective, is paramount to the operational efficiency of turbines currently in use. Wind Power: Turbine Design, Selection, and Optimization: * Details the technical attributes of various types of wind turbines, including new collinear windmills, orthogonal windmills, non-vibration VAWT wind turbines, and others * Covers all the updated protocols for wind power and its applications * Offers a thorough explanation of the current and future state of wind power * Is suitable not only as a reference for the engineer working with wind power but as a textbook for graduate students, postdoctoral students, and researchers Wind power is one of the fastest-growing, oldest, and "greenest" of the major sources of renewable energy that has been developed, with more efficient and cost-effective technologies and materials now constantly being sought for turbines and the equipment used with them. Here is a comprehensive and thorough review of the engineering pros and cons of using different kinds of wind turbines in different environments, including offshore. With full technical knowledge, engineers, managers, and other decision-makers in the wind energy industry can make more informed decisions about increasing capacity, cost-efficiency, and equipment longevity. Covering the various types of wind turbines available, such as new collinear windmills, orthogonal turbines, and others, this highly technical treatment of wind turbines offers engineers, students, and researchers insight into the practical applications of these turbines and their potential for maximum efficiency.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Preface

Chapter 1: Transformation of Flow Power

References

Chapter 2: Collinear Wind Turbines (Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines-HAWTs)

References

Chapter 3: Orthogonal Wind Units: Mathematical Models

References

Chapter 4: Ordinary Orthogonal Windmills (Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines – VAWTs)

References

Chapter 5: The Largest Open Wind Turbines on the Ground or Sea

References

Chapter 6: The Unit Without External Rotation

References

Chapter 7: High Jet Power Station

References

Conclusion

Author Index

Subject Index

Wind Power

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Copyright © 2014 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:ISBN 978-1-118-72092-9

Preface

The proposed wind power units are intended for the conversion of wind energy into electric power of alternating current in regions with moderate and high winds. The installations are used as part of an electrical network, which includes other generating sources of considerably larger capacity. The units may be located on the surface of the water, thereby using more strong winds without the environmental impact. The assembly of the general wind power unit (Chapter 5) is nontraditional. Working blades of aerodynamic profile are fixed vertically and move in opposite directions along the ring routes, located one above another and connected by the forces of electromagnetic interaction. The idea of the unit consists in the use of the pull force of the wing, arising at its flow around, with attack angles smaller than the critical one; the effect of the turbulent mixing of air flows providing the recovery of wind energy at the approach to the rear order of the blades; and the effect of the mutual compensation of torques and transverse forces acting on the blades, which move in opposite directions. The indicated ideas, reflected in the construction of the unit, allow for qualitatively increasing its economic effectiveness and reliability. The general problems of the small wind speed power system (Chapter 6) and the high wind speed power system in atmospheric jet streams (Chapter 7) are discussed.

Chapter 1

Transformation of Flow Power

The systems transforming the energy of wind currents can be either those employing mechanical action in combination with electric, pump, frictional or thermal units, or those employing non-mechanical action, using, for example, an effect of ionization and conductivity of the stream passed through an electric or magnetic field. All mechanical systems, called - power installations (PI), use the action of the forces arising at a flow of mobile elements of the installations which are structurally united into power rotors (PR). The PI’s working elements, PR, move on the closed routes, sweeping some surfaces where the axis of symmetry can be either parallel (collinear), or perpendicular (orthogonal) to the stream. Respectively, PR are classified into two groups:

Collinear, at which the axis of symmetry is approximately parallel to the stream, and

Orthogonal, at which the axis of symmetry lies in the orthogonal plane to the stream direction.

The PR elements are able to move more slowly or quickly than the stream on the way to the PR. Respectively, they are called low-speed (action turbine) or high-speed (reaction turbine) machines. The collinear high-speed units (see Figure 1.1) are the most popular at present. Other types of units are not even included in the modern handbooks [1].

Figure 1.1 Modern collinear wind turbine. The rotation axis (1) is parallel to the stream. The blades (2) move in a plane perpendicular to the stream.

The orthogonal units may have a horizontal or a vertical axis (see Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2 Orthogonal high-speed units with the rotation axis (1) perpendicular to the direction of the current. The blades (2) move by the ring routes. Left: a horizontal unit which is effective at invariable directions of the streams (for example, in a mountain valley or on a seashore); right: a vertical wind turbine.

Comparing various types of power installations of even one class causes certain difficulties as it is necessary to take into account some criteria measured in different equipment: specific material consumption (per a power unit and an output), quality of developed energy degree of simplicity and factory readiness, convenience and reliability in operation, labor input of construction and operation, ecological safety. The combination of these criteria defines the multidimensional quality characteristics of PR. Comparing PR quality is especially difficult for machines of various classes. Therefore, the choice of perspective schemes is conditional. The cost change (the social importance) of some points in view of the quality may change the conclusions. However, the economic, power, and ecological indicators currently accepted as the main points, should preserve the value for many years.

Since the wave aerodynamic resistance and acoustic radiation greatly increases when the body movement speeds approach the speed of sound, the wind unit elements should be designed so that air flows around them at speeds significantly less than sound speed (with small Mach numbers). Thus, the air can be considered almost incompressible, or squeezed under any law (adiabatically or isothermally); and all the results of aerodynamic calculations become suitable for recalculation by the movement conditions of incompressible liquids with any other density. In particular, all results can be directly applied to the analysis of river or oceanic power installations of similar configurations. Thus, one should keep in mind that for quiet water streams with small Froude numbers, the role of the stream free surface is somewhat close to the role of a firm smooth wall. [2]