Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 543

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry is the first book to offer a comprehensive reference to oral pathology and dental therapy in captive and wild exotic animals. Comprehensive in scope, the book is authored by noted experts on the topic who cover dental care for a broad range of species with an emphasis on oral health. Designed as a practical resource for treating exotic animals, the book is filled with instructive photographs and illustrations that clearly depict pathologies and demonstrate techniques. The book draws on the editors' and contributors' years of experience with exotic animals to offer a reliable resource to the history of veterinary dentistry, information on the evolution of teeth, practical dental therapeutics, and oral descriptions for each of the more than three hundred species included in the book. Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry covers a wide range of zoo and wild species, including cats, bears, primates, dogs, raccoons, weasels, hyenas, marsupials, herbivores, edentates, sea mammals, birds, reptiles, and more. This important resource: * Offers a comprehensive reference to oral pathology and dental therapy in captive and wild animals * Highlights oral health to promote overall health * Includes information on the most recent advances in the field * Contains a groundbreaking resource for the dental care of exotic animals Written for zoo and wildlife caretakers and veterinarians, veterinary dentists, veterinary technicians, and veterinary students, Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry is a practical resource that has information for the dental care of a wide range of animal species that are all too often neglected.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

List of Contributors

Foreword

About Peter Emily

1982

2005: The beginning of the Peter Emily International Veterinary Dental Foundation

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Periodontal Disease

Part I: A History of Veterinary Dentistry and of Teeth, and Dental Therapy of Wild Animals

1 History of Veterinary Dentistry, Including Development of Oral and Dental Treatment of Wild and Zoo, Safari Park and Refuge Animals

2 Odontology

Early Evolution

Enamel

Dental Evolution

Molar Evolution

References

3 Special Considerations Regarding Equipment and Instruments

4 Dental Form and Function as it Relates to Dental Therapy of Wild Animals

References

5 Carnivore Dental Therapy

5A Conventional (Standard/Normograde) Endodontics Overview

Atypical Tiger Apical Anatomy

Bleeding Canals

Posterior Endodontics

Pulpotomies

Apexification/Apexigenisis

5B Surgical Endodontics

Mandibular Canine Fistulas

Extra‐Oral Access

Fistulas

5C Periodontics

Tumors

5D Caries and Endodontic Access Preparation and Restoration

Prosthodontic Crown Coverage

5E Combined Endodontic‐Periodontal Therapy

5F Oral Surgery

Extraction

A Case of Surgical Extraction (see

Figures 5F.5.1

–

5F.5.8

)

Case of an Orthodontic Problem Treated by Surgical Extraction to Alleviate Traumatic Occlusion in a Tiger (see

Figures 5F.6.1

–

5F.6.11

)

Case of a Double Soft Tissue Flap Repair of a Large Oronasal Fistula in a Male African Lion (see

Figures 5F.7.1

–

5F.7.11

)

6 Herbivore Endodontic Therapy

6A Standard and Surgical Endodontics

Root Canal Therapy in Herbivores

Posterior Endodontic Procedure

Reference

7 Marsupial and Herbivore Abscesses

8 Elephant Dentistry

8A Tusk Therapy for Hog, Walrus, Elephant and Hippopotamus

Hog and Pig Tusk Therapy

Walrus Tusk Therapy

Elephant Tusk Therapy

Molar Extraction

Hippopotamus Tusk Therapy

8B Practical Elephant Dentistry

Introduction

Instrumentarium

Common Dental Pathology of Elephants Requiring Intervention

Dental Procedures for Elephants

References

9 Primate Dentistry

9A Endodontics

9B Caries and Restorative Dentistry

Restorative Procedures

9C Periodontal Disease

Bone Resorption

Reference

10 Avian Fractured and Maloccluded Beaks

10A Beak Fracture Repair

A Case of an Ibis with a Fractured and Lost Gnathotheca (Lower Beak) Segment (See Figures 10A.1.1–10A.1.6)

A Case of a Goose with a Lost Rhinotheca (Upper Beak) Segment (See Figures 10A.2.1–10A.2.6)

10B Orthobeakics

Equilibration

Case of a Toucan Malocclusion (See Figures 10B.1.1–10B.1.4)

A Case of Cross‐Beak in a Great Horned Owl (See Figures 10B.2.1–10B.2.3)

A Case of a Hornbill with a Damaged Rhinotheca (Upper Beak) (See Figures 10B.3.1–10B.3.9)

10C Beak Repair for Amphibians

A Case of an Amphibian with a Lost Mandibular Beak Segment (See Figures 10C.1–10C.5)

10D Beakistry

Introduction

Anatomy and Function

Occlusal Biomechanical Aspects

Diagnostic Methods

Beak and Oral Cavity Disorders and Treatment

Acknowledgments

References

11 Marine Mammal Dentistry

Introduction

Disease Conditions

Oral Examination

Digital Intraoral Radiology

Treatments for Fractured Teeth

Exodontics

Conclusion

References

12 Practical Anesthesia for Captive Wild Animals

Anesthetic Drug Protocols

Summary

Suggested Reading

Part II: Pertinent Dental Information, of 352 Species most often treated in Sanctuaries and Zoos

13 Carnivores

Mandibular Function/Jaw Action

Felidae: The Cat Family

Felidae Masticate in a Tilted Sideway Motion

13A Big Cats

Bobcat (

Lynx Rufus

) Acinonox:

(North America). The Smallest of the Lynx

Canadian (Lynx) Acinonox; the Largest of the Lynx

Caracal (

African Lynx

) Acinonox

European Lynx Acinonox (The Middle Size of the Lynx)

Cheetah (

Acinonox

–

Africa

)

Cougar (Mountain Lion, Puma) (

North America

)

Jaguar (South America)

Liger (Sterile Hybrid of Tiger

(Panthera tigris)/

African Lion

(Panthera leo)

)

Lion (African) (

Africa

)

Serval (Africa)

Tiger (Central and Western Asia)

References

13B Small Cats

African Wild Cat

Domestic Cat (Worldwide)

Fishing Cat (Asia)

Jungle Cat (Middle East, Asia, China)

Ocelot (Southwest United States, Mexico, Central, and South America)

Pallas Cat (

Manul

) (Central Asia)

Savanah (F1 Hybrid: Serval and Domestic Cat)

References

14 The Bear Family

14A Big Bears

American Black Bear/Brown Bear (Smallest of the American Bears) (North America)

Cinnamon Bear (Cinnamon‐Colored Subspecies of the Black Bear with the Same Dental Anatomy)

Grizzly Bear (

Omnivore

) (North America)

Himalayan Bear (Asian Bear)

Kodiak Bear (Omnivore: Phenotypical Grizzly) (Alaska)

Polar Bear (Primarily Carnivore) (Arctic Circle)

Spectacled Bear (South America)

Sun Bear (Southeast Asia)

References

14B Small Bears

Sloth Bear (

Asia

)

References

15 The Primates

Primates

References

15A Lower Primates: Prosimians

Aye Aye

(

Africa

–

Madagascar

) Daubentoniidae Aye Aye: Rarest Primate, Not Closely Related to Other Lemurs (Africa)

Bush Baby (Africa)

Indri (Indrisoid Lemurs) (Africa – Madagascar)

Lemurs (Madagascar)

Flying Lemurs Philippine Colugo (S. Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo Flying Lemur

Loris (Asia, Africa)

Potto (Africa)

Sifaka (Madagascar)

Tarsier (

Southeast Asia

)

References

15B Higher Primates

New World Monkeys

Old World Monkeys (Africa and Asia)

Yellow Baboon

APES

Suborder Anthropoidea:

Have wide open apices – must verify endodontic health with radiographs

Great Apes

References

16 Tree Shrews

Common Tree Shrew (South Malaysia, Indonesia, and Philippines)

Reference

17 The Dog Family

African Wild Dog (African Painted Dog)

Coyote (North America)

Dhole (

Asiatic Wild Dog, Indian Wild Dog

)

Dingo (Australia)

Domestic Dog (Various Breeds Worldwide)

Foxes

Jackal (Africa)

Wolves

Reference

18 The Racoon Family

Coatimundi (Coati) (South America)

Raccoon (North America)

Giant Panda (Panda Bear) (China)

Red Panda (Nepal, Myanmar and Northern China)

Kinkajou (Central and South America)

References

19 The Weasel Family

Mustelidea

Black‐Footed Ferret (American Polecat) (

North America

)

Domestic Ferret (

North America

)

Martens

Mink

Striped Skunk (Canada, United States and Northern Mexico)

Weasel (

North America

)

Wolverine (

Northern Canada and Alaska

): Largest of the Terrestrial Mustelids

Otters

References

20 The Mongoose Family

Binturong (Bear Cat) (

South and Southeast Asia

)

Civet (

Asia and Africa

)

Genet (

Africa

)

Meerkats (Botswana, Namibia, Angola, and South Africa)

References

21 The Hyena Family

Aardwolf (East and Southern Africa)

Brown Hyena (Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Southern Mozambique and South Africa): Least Common of the Hyenas; Smaller than the Spotted Hyena

Spotted Hyena (Laughing Hyena) (Sub‐Saharan Africa): Day Hunter

Striped Hyena (

Middle East, North and East Africa

): Night Hunter

References

22 Marsupials

American Opossum (North and South America)

Bandicoots and Bilbies (Australia, New Guinea)

Cuscuses and Brushtail Possums (Australian Possum)

Honey Possum (Australia)

Kangaroos, Wallabies, and Wombats (Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea) Grazers or Browsers

Kangaroo

Koala (South Australia): Eucalyptus Forests

Marsupial Carnivores

Ringtails, Pygmy Possums, Gliders (Mostly Australia, with One Species in Papua New Guinea)

Wombat (Australia)

References

23 Large Herbivores

23A Primitive Ungulates

References

23B The Hoofed Mammals

Odd‐Toed Ungulates Feeding Adaptations

Even‐Toed Ungulates

Ruminant Even‐Toed Ungulates

References

24 Small Herbivores

Feeding Adaptations

24A Squirrel‐Like Rodents

Squirrels

24B Mouse‐Like Rodents

Dormouse

Gerbil (Africa, India, and Asia)

Hamsters (Syria, Israel, and USA)

Pocket Mice (America)

New World Rats and Mice

Old World Rats and Mice (89 Genera; 408 Species)

Voles and Lemmings

24C Cavy‐Like Rodents

Histricomorph Rodents: Capybara, Porcupine, Nutria, Chinchilla Capybara (Central and South America)

Cavies

New World Porcupines

24D Other Cavy‐Like Rodents

24E Old World Porcupines

References

25 Lagomorphs

North American Pika

Rabbits and Hares

References

26 Elephant‐Shrew

27 Insectivores

Insectivores (Shrews, Moles, and Hedgehogs)

References

28 Edentates

Anteater (Central and South America)

Armadillo‐Nine‐Banded (Southern North America, Central and South America)

Armadillos‐Giant [

One of the Fairy Armadillos

] (Southern North America, Central and South America)

Pangolin (Scaley Anteater) (Asia, Malaysia)

Sloths

References

29 Bats

Black Flying Fox Bat (Queensland, Australia)

Brown Bat (North America)

Old World Fruit Bat (Eurasia, Africa and Oceana)

References

30 Monotremes

Duck‐Billed Platypus (Eastern Australia, including Tasmania)

Echidna (Australia and New Guinea)

Reference

31 Marine Mammals

31A Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins

31B Seals and Sea Lions

31C Sea Cows and Manatees

References

32 Amphibians

Leopard Tortoise (

Savannahs of Eastern and Southern Africa and Sudan to the Sourthern Cape

)

Galapagos Tortoise (Galapagos Islands of the South Pacific 400 Miles West of Ecuador and Aldabra in the Indian Ocean East of Tanzania)

Green Sea Turtle (Tropical and Subtropical Seas throughout the World)

33 Reptiles

Lizards

Snakes

References

34 Avian

34A Avian

Eagles

Owls

34B Scavangers

Long‐tailed Shrike (

Botswana, Africa

)

Vultures

Storks

34C Psittacine Birds

Hornbills

34D Ground‐nesting Birds and Shorebirds

34E Aquatic Birds

Appendix I: Taxonomy

Reference

Appendix II: Types of Dentition

Referring to General Dentition

Referring to Premolars and Molars

References

Appendix III: Dental Formulas

References

Appendix IV: Feeding Adaptations

Glossary of Dental Terms

References

Further Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 10D

Table 10D.1 Adhesive systems, commercial (trade) names and tensile strength v...

List of Illustrations

f06

Figure 1 Ed Eisner and Peter Emily, on Mulholland Drive, Burbank, CA USA, af...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Pelycosaur Edaphosaurus.

Figure 2.2 Dimetrodon.

Figure 2.3 Edaphosaurus (From Romer [1968] [2]).

Figure 2.4 Snout fragment of an ichthyosaur (After Quenstedt from Peyer [3] ...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Hand held, battery operated, 2.0 mA X‐ray generator, distributed ...

Figure 3.2 Nomad, rechargeable battery‐operated, hand‐held X‐ray generator 2...

Figure 3.3 Scan‐X: Supplier – All Pro. Has CR processors to accommodate any ...

Figure 3.4 CR‐7 Durr Medical, supplied by iM3, supplies film sizes up to and...

Figure 3.5 Dentalaire electric powered table unit. Delivery systems must hav...

Figure 3.6 Crown‐down Technique: Starting with shorter 31mm files and freque...

Figure 3.7 120 mm endodontic files, necessary for large carnivores, are six ...

Figure 3.8 60‐ and 90‐mm gutta percha points are commercially available but,...

Figure 3.9 Fabricating these longer gutta percha points ahead of time create...

Figure 3.10 120 mm pluggers and spreaders. It is best to hold these long ins...

Figure 3.11 Dental Stopping (gutta percha) is useful for canals of large dia...

Figure 3.12 60‐ and 90‐mm Lentulo paste filler. The instrument can be loaded...

Figure 3.13 For pulp canals size 90 or greater, for efficiency, we favor Gut...

Figure 3.14 GuttaFlow 2 can be delivered via a 20‐gauge catheter, but an 18‐...

Figure 3.15 System B heat and touch system expedites melting or severing gut...

Figure 3.16 Cordless light cure is handy in the field. Keep it in its rechar...

Figure 3.17 Lindemann bone‐cutting burs have an HP shank, fit a slow speed h...

Figure 3.18 Equine Wolf Tooth Kit affords greater surface area of root conta...

Figure 3.19 Equine Extraction Equipment provides greater leverage. Use it wi...

Figure 3.20 10 mm osteotome. A few controlled, powerful impacts are less tra...

Figure 3.21 The large 1″ Gouge. Also needs to be used with control and fines...

Figure 3.22 A large, double‐action rongeur for alveoloplasty/ridge contourin...

Figure 3.23 Vetroson V10® Electro‐surgery Unit (Summit Hill Laboratory. Tint...

Figure 3.24 A portable electrical evacuation system is handy, and saves usin...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Warthog – Elodont male mandibular canine teeth only. Posterior te...

Figure 4.2 Female Red River Hog. Only the male has lower tusks and they are ...

Figure 4.3 Hippopotamus – Heterodont, elodont incisors, and canines, bunodon...

Figure 4.4 Walrus – Maxillary canines are tusks. Elodont maxillary canines, ...

Figure 4.5 Beaver Rodentia Castoridae Castor (2 species). Elodont incisors, ...

Figures 4.6 and 4.7 Guinea pig: The mandibular canines extend to the last mo...

Figures 4.8–4.11 Lop Rabbit: Mandibular incisor extends to the mesial aspect...

Figure 4.12 Giant panda: Strongly bunodont, and brachydont.

Figure 4.13 Koala: Bunodont, brachydont.

Figures 4.14 and 4.15 Giraffe: Brachydont (browsers), bunodont, selenodont....

Figures 4.16 and 4.17 Beaver – Brachydont, loxidont.

Figure 4.18 Boa Constrictor.

Figure 4.19 Python.

Figures 4.20 and 4.21 Komodo Dragon.

Figures 4.22–4.24 Impala: Bunodont, selenodont.

Figures 4.25 and 4.26 Horses and Zebras have hypsodont (high‐crowned; grazer...

Figures 4.27 and 4.28

Perissodactyla

: Rhinoceros. Thecodont, brachydont, hyp...

Figures 4.29 and 4.30 Somali Leopard.

Figure 4.31 Clouded Leopard: Secodont, brachydont molar teeth.

Figure 4.32 Skunk: Secodont, brachydont molar teeth.

Figures 4.33 and 4.34 African lion: Heterodont, diphyodont, secodont carnass...

Figures 4.35 and 4.36 Maned Wolf: Heterodont, diphyodont, secodont carnassia...

Figure 4.37 Grizzly bear: Heterodont, diphyodont, brachydont posterior teeth...

Figure 4.38 Black bear: Heterodont, diphyodont, brachydont posterior teeth....

Figure 4.39 Baboon: Heterodont, diphyodont, bilophodont, brachydont posterio...

Figure 4.40 Mandrill: Heterodont, diphyodont, bilophodont, brachydont poster...

Figures 4.41 and 4.42 Chimpanzee: Heterodont, diphyodont, bilophodont, brach...

Figure 4.43 Wallaby Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA.

Figure 4.44 Wallaby.

Figure 4.45 Wallaby.

Figure 4.46 Tazmanian Devil.

Figure 4.47 Tazmanian Devil.

Figure 4.48 Tazmanian Devil.

Figure 4.49 Tazmanian Devil.

Figure 4.50 Tazmanian Devil.

Chapter 5A

Figure 5A.1 Seven‐year old tiger. Complicated crown fracture of upper right ...

Figure 5A.2 22‐year old mountain lion. Right lower canine #404 has internal ...

Figure 5A.3 22‐year old mountain lion. Right lower canine #404 has been surg...

Figure 5A.4 15‐year old tiger (See also Figures 5A.5 & 5A.6 below). Complica...

Figure 5A.5 15‐year old tiger. Radiograph shows lucent infected apical delta...

Figure 5A.6 15‐year old tiger. Under‐filled apical delta. Time constraints p...

Figure 5A.7 A 16‐year old, 350 lb. neutered male tiger. An apical bulbous ca...

Figure 5A.8 Successful obturation of both bulbous apical canal and apical de...

Figure 5A.9.1 Tiger canine tooth (see also Figures 5A.9.2 and 5A.9.3). Maxil...

Figure 5A.9.2 Radiograph of tiger canine tooth from above photo.

Figure 5A.9.3 Tiger canine tooth showing incomplete mid‐canal obturation ()...

Figure 5A.10.1 & 5A.10.2 Left upper tiger canine #204 showing typical flared...

Figure 5A.10.3 Tiger study skull showing flared root canal apex, and turbina...

Figure 5A.10.4 Endodontic failure. Obturation (→) incomplete. Tiger maxillar...

Figure 5A.10.5 Apical bulb and flared apical delta of tiger maxillary canine...

Figure 5A.11.1 Dental Stopping (gutta percha).

Figure 5A.11.2 Softening dental stopping so that it can be shaped to conform...

Figure 5A.11.3 Dental stopping after being rolled and shaped on a glass slab...

Figure 5A.12.1 Five‐year old diabetic lemur, “Mitzi.” Image shows internal p...

Figure 5A.12.2 The five‐year old lemur, “Mitzi” (1) above. Normal left upper...

Figure 5A.13.1 Root end resorption and bulbous root canal apex is a common f...

Figure 5A.13.2 Successful obturation of the tiger root canal terminus.

Figure 5A.14.1 Tiger with an open apex.

Figure 5A.14.2 MTA apical plug placement and Gutta Flow

®

2 obturation. ...

Figure 5A.15.1 Ingredients of MTA hand‐mixed recipe.

Figure 5A.15.2 Ingredients for after‐market MTA production, placed here on a...

Figure 5A.15.3 MTA bagged in a sealed sterilized pouch.

Figure 5A.15.4 90 mm Lentulo past filler mounted on a slow speed handpiece....

Figure 5A.15.5 MTA ingredients being mixed into a slurry consistency.

Figure 5A.15.6 Lentulo Spiral Paste Filler being loaded from a spatula for p...

Figure 5A.15.7 MTA can also be directed to the root canal terminus with the ...

Figure 5A.15.8 MTA Filapex.

Figure 5A.16.1 Apexification: Before first application of CA(OH)2.

Figure 5A.16.2 Apexification: At three‐months, after first application of CA...

Figure 5A.16.3 Apexification: At six months, after second three‐month applic...

Figure 5A.16.4 Apexification: At 90 days, after final application of CA(OH)2...

Figure 5A.17.1 Young tiger with a large pulp canal and thin dentinal wall. T...

Figure 5A.17.2 Canal necrotic content.

Figure 5A.17.3 One‐year post‐operative photograph, showing completed and sus...

Figure 5A.17.4 Typical, young, non‐vital canines (this radiograph is Actuall...

Figure 5A.17.5 Study model. Sagittal section of an immature adult tooth repr...

Chapter 5B

Figure 5B.18.1 An eight‐year old wolf has a complicated crown fracture of th...

Figure 5B.18.2 An eight‐year old wolf. The intra‐oral surgical incision is a...

Figure 5B.18.3 Eight‐year old wolf. Standard root canal therapy has been com...

Figure 5B.18.4 Eight‐year old wolf. Retrograde exposure and apicoectomy has ...

Figure 5B.18.5 Eight‐year old wolf. X‐ray, showing the apicoectomy and back‐...

Figure 5B.18.5a After the apicoectomy, above, a slot preparation, as shown, ...

Figure 5B.18.6 Eight‐year old wolf. The surgical site has been closed with c...

Figure 5B.19.1 18‐year‐old, 260 lb./118 kg, Fs tiger.

Figure 5B.19.2 Mandibular canine fistulous Tract (◯). A draining tract can b...

Figure 5B.19.3 Lower right canine #404 abscess (◯).

Figure 5B.19.4 71 mm working length.

Figure 5B.19.5 Open apex.

Figure 5B.19.6 There had been intermittent draining for five years. There wa...

Figure 5B.19.7 Crown‐down root canal preparation and obturation.

Figure 5B.19.8 Chlorhexidine scrub and an extra‐oral 3‐inch incision was mad...

Figure 5B.19.9 The retrograde preparation was performed with a #2 round bur....

Figure 5B.19.10 The coronal access was prepared with a barrel diamond bur, a...

Chapter 5D

Figure 5D.1 Jaguar: root canal therapy, prosthesis and TMS pin restorative r...

Figure 5D.2 Jaguar: Crown placement and occlusal evaluation.

Chapter 5E

Figure 5E.1 An 18‐year old, 410 lb. Tiger with a complicated crown‐root frac...

Figure 5E.2 Standard root canal therapy has been performed and a gingivectom...

Figure 5E.3 Osteoplasty and odontoplasty are being performed with a diamond ...

Figure 5E.4 Z‐250 3M posterior composite is being placed to re‐conform a hea...

Figure 5E.5 The surface restoration is smoothed with a plastic placement ins...

Figure 5E.6 The restoration is light‐cured.

Figure 5E.7 The finished treatment showing a healthy gingival margin.

Figure 5E.8 Diagram of infra‐bony pocket created from long axis crown fractu...

Figure 5E.9.1 Apically repositioned flap in the left lower canine #304 of a ...

Figure 5E.9.2 One‐year postoperative image in same tiger (above).

Chapter 5F

Figure 5F.1 A powerful, portable dental delivery system. Electrical surgery ...

Figure 5F.2 An electro‐surgical unit provides reduced bleeding compared to c...

Figure 5F.3 A set of equine wolf‐tooth elevators are more stout than small a...

Figure 5F.4 Equine extracting forceps offer a mechanical advantage.

Figure 5F.5.1 20‐year old, 425 lb. tiger. A full‐thickness gingival flap has...

Figure 5F.5.2 20‐year old, 425 lb. tiger. A 10 mm Osteotome and mallet can s...

Figure 5F.5.3 A 1 in./2.54 cm gouge and mallet. Occasional use of this instr...

Figure 5F.5.4 A 10 mm bone curet is useful to remove bacteria‐laden granulom...

Figure 5F.5.5 A large double‐action Rongeur forceps facilitates removal of s...

Figure 5F.5.6 Oral surgery can be accompanied by significant bleeding.

Figure 5F.5.7 A portable suction machine is also a tremendous asset, improvi...

Figure 5F.5.8 The surgery site was closed with a full‐thickness gingival adv...

Figure 5F.6.1 Six‐year‐old Bengal Tiger Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae, Panter...

Figure 5F.6.2 Notice the wry bite () overjet and traumatic occlusion (canin...

Figure 5F.6.3 The tiger’s lower left canine had been previously shortened an...

Figure 5F.6.4 The tiger’s right rostral diastema is wide enough with space f...

Figure 5F.6.5 However, the cat’s left rostral diastema is too narrow to acce...

Figure 5F.6.6 The tooth had been shortened previously twice by the sanctuary...

Figure 5F.6.7 The pulp canal is close to exposure.

Figure 5F.6.8 The decision was made to extract the left upper 3

rd

incisor #2...

Figure 5F.6.9 #304 was surgically extracted, and the site closed with absorb...

Figure 5F.6.10 An X‐ray showed that the extraction was complete.

Figure 5F.6.11 After extracting the left 3

rd

incisor #203, the previously co...

Figure 5F.7.1 A male African lion, Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae, Pantera leo...

Figure 5F.7.2 Oronasal fistula (()) which resulted when the maxillary canin...

Figure 5F.7.3 An X‐ray shows a retained root tip (()).

Figure 5F.7.4 A fenestration was created (()), to remove as little bone as ...

Figure 5F.7.5 Root tip has been retrieved.

Figure 5F.7.6 The palatal flap is raised, based on the palatal margin of the...

Figure 5F.7.7 When it was apparent that we would not have enough palatal sof...

Figure 5F.7.8 The palatal flap is folded back over the fistula and sutured t...

Figure 5F.7.9 The second flap is a mucosal flap, rotated from the inner side...

Figure 5F.7.10 Postoperatively, the double‐flap procedure appears secure....

Figure 5F.7.11 Six‐month recheck: well‐healed and stable tissue.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Alpaca: Apicoectomy Pre‐op photograph.

Figure 6.2 Alpaca: Prepared for surgical endodontics.

Figure 6.3 Alpaca: Pre‐op radiograph – notice necrotic (→) vs. vital root ca...

Figure 6.4 Alpaca: Surgical endodontic preparation.

Figure 6.5 Alpaca: Preparation Measurement.

Figures 6.6 and 6.7 SUPEREBA root canal cement. The alumina provides increas...

Figure 6.8 Alpaca: Placement of SUPEREBA cement.

Figure 6.9 Alpaca: radiograph of finished apicoectomy.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Lumpy jaw in a wallaby.

Figure 7.2 Camel mandible “lumpy jaw” pathology.

Figure 7.3 Buccotomy exposure.

Figure 7.4 Extraction of involved dentition.

Chapter 8A

Figure 8A.1 Hippopotamus in a cement pool.

Figure 8A.2 Hippopotamus: Example of extensive incisal occlusal abrasions to...

Figure 8A.3 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Local anesthesia (epinephrine‐free...

Figure 8A.4 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Sharp pulp dissection.

Figure 8A.5 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Post pulp dissection.

Figure 8A.6 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: MTA/Portland cement placement.

Figure 8A.7 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Placement of chemically cured comp...

Figure 8A.8 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Postop of final restorations.

Chapter 8B

Figure 8B.1 A 3D reconstructed computed tomography (CT) image of the mandibl...

Figure 8B.2 The pulp of the elephant tusk has a conical shape with the wides...

Figure 8B.3 An obvious complicated crown (tusk) fracture of the left tusk in...

Figure 8B.4 The fracture of this adult African elephant bull’s left tusk is ...

Figure 8B.5 Use of a good headlamp is indispensable while working on elephan...

Figure 8B.6 The author (Right) together with Prof. Adrian Tordiffe. All the ...

Figure 8B.7 When an elephant is anesthetized for a dental procedure, the ane...

Figure 8B.8 Elephant anesthesia can be extremely taxing and the position thi...

Figure 8B.9 Since elephants are very heavy, it is always advisable to have h...

Figure 8B.10 A student who was attacked by an African elephant bull after re...

Figure 8B.11 A reciprocal saw is a powerful instrument used to amputate a tu...

Figure 8B.12 On cut or fractured surfaces, the tusks may have a sharp edge t...

Figure 8B.13 A variety of elevators, varying in length and width is needed f...

Figure 8B.14 Tile cutting disks on a Dremel tool work very well to section p...

Figure 8B.15 An 80 cm long straight 5 mm stainless steel rod on a T piece ac...

Figure 8B.16 Two different types of plyers that can be used to remove molar ...

Figure 8B.17 Elephant partial pulpectomy: Once the pulp chamber has had suff...

Figure 8B.18 Elephant partial pulpectomy: In tusks where I have to amputate ...

Figure 8B.19 Elephant partial pulpectomy: The aim of a partial pulpectomy is...

Figure 8B.20 An extracted persistent (non‐exfoliated) mandibular molar tooth...

Figure 8B.21 The tusk of an adult African elephant bull is being hollowed ou...

Figure 8B.22 After removal of the entire tusk, all the fragments are pieced ...

Figure 8B.23 Inspecting the empty alveolus can be a difficult and tedious pr...

Figure 8B.24 A small fragment of tusk that remained after an extraction is r...

Chapter 9A

Figure 9A.1 Canal apical foremen, in primates, is approximately 1 mm short o...

Figure 9A.2 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Maxillary incisors are more readily acce...

Figure 9A.2a 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Mandibular incisors are also more readi...

Figure 9A.3 Typical primate apical pathology. Notice that the apical canal i...

Figure 9A.4 Access to maxillary primate premolars. First PM has two roots. B...

Figure 9A.5 Access to primate maxillary molars and three roots.

Figure 9A.6 Figure 9A.3a. 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Maxillary caudal teeth are...

Figure 9A.6a Figure 9A.3a. 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Maxillary molars are acce...

Figure 9A.7 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Mandibular caudal teeth are best accesse...

Figure 9A.7a 21‐year‐old chimpanzee. Mandibular second molars are also more ...

Figure 9A.8 Postoperative radiograph of root canal therapy on a lower right ...

Chapter 9B

Figure 9B.1 Cl 1 Lesion (Primate). Class 1 preparations are caries of occlus...

Figure 9B.2 Class 2 lesion (Primate). Class 2 cavity preparations are poster...

Figure 9B.3 Note: The use of a #330 pear shape bur creates a rounded corner ...

Figure 9B.4 Cl 2 preparation (Primate).

Figure 9B.5 Class 2 finished preparation with pin retention, shoeing, (reduc...

Figure 9B.6 Class 3 lesion (Primate). Class 3 preparations are for interprox...

Figure 9B.7 Class 3 preparation with Mylar strip and wedge placement. The re...

Figure 9B.8 Class 4 lesion. Class 4 preparations are a continuation of Class...

Figure 9B.9a Class 5 Lesion (Shallow). Class 5 preparations are for buccal (...

Figure 9B.9b Glass ionomer restoration of the Tiger Class V lesion in Figure...

Chapter 10A

Figure 10A.1.1 Ibis: Alginate impression being made.

Figure 10A.1.2 Ibis: Stone model made from alginate impression.

Figure 10A.1.3 Ibis: Acrylic prosthesis construction.

Figure 10A.1.4 Ibis: Two #0.030 Markley wires were threaded into caudal lowe...

Figure 10A.1.5 Ibis: Insertion of prosthesis onto a Markley wire and secured...

Figure 10A.1.6 Ibis: Completed lower beak restoration.

Figure 10A.2.1 Goose: Lost upper beak segment.

Figure 10A.2.2 Goose: Retention 1 × 4 mm self‐tapping posts are placed into ...

Figure 10A.2.3 Goose: Carding red wax matrix in place to establish occlusal ...

Figure 10A.2.4 Goose: Composite placed and being shaped.

Figure 10A.2.5 Goose: Occlusal check.

Figure 10A.2.6 Goose: Postoperative.

Chapter 10B

Figure 10B.1 Compound TMS pins with elastic chain ligatures; bit plane const...

Figure 10B.1.1 Toucan: malocclusion.

Figure 10B.1.2 Toucan: TMS Restorative Pins: Drill size 0.20 mm. Self‐thread...

Figure 10B.1.3 Dental composite bite plane fabrication.

Figure 10B.1.4 Corrected occlusion prior to bite plane removal.

Figure 10B.2.1 Great Horned Owl with cross beak.

Figure 10B.2.2 1 × 4 mm self‐tapping post for the Great Horned Owl.

Figure 10B.2.3 Great Horned Owl. Posts and ligatures in place from bone to b...

Figure 10B.3.1 Hornbill: Damaged upper beak.

Figure 10B.3.2 Hornbill: Removing necrotic beak section.

Figure 10B.3.3 Hornbill: Application of TMS pins.

Figure 10B.3.4 Hornbill: TMS pins in place.

Figure 10B.3.5 Hornbill: Ligature wire placement across the dorsal void.

Figure 10B.3.6 Hornbill: Application of composite hybrid to cover the wire t...

Figure 10B.3.7 Hornbill: Completed application of composite, before finishin...

Figure 10B.3.8 Hornbill: Prosthetic beak finished and shaped with diamond bu...

Figure 10B.3.9 Hornbill: Dye‐stained finish.

Chapter 10C

Figure 10C.1 Turtle with lost mandibular beak segment.

Figure 10C.2 Turtle: Lost beak segment.

Figure 10C.3 Turtle: Preparation of lower beak for acrylic prosthesis, with ...

Figure 10C.4 Insertion of prosthetic beak segment with Markley wire.

Figure 10C.5 Turtle: Acrylic and cyanoacrylate placement.

Chapter 10D

Figure 10D.1 Anatomical division of the rhamphoteca in the bird.

Figure 10D.2 Image obtained by thermography demonstrating the body thermoreg...

Figure 10D.3 Macroscopic (A) and microscopic (B) appearance of the trabecula...

Figure 10D.4 Radiograph of skull in a chicken showing poor congenital format...

Figure 10D.5 CT scan evaluation of a blue and gold macaw skull (Ara araruana...

Figure 10D.6 Overgrowth in the blue macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus). Corr...

Figure 10D.7 Scissor beak in Golden Conure (Guaruba guarouba), where the occ...

Figure 10D.8 Scheme demonstrating the use of orthopedic pin inside the front...

Figure 10D.9 Use of orthopedic screws for fixation of orthodontic elastic fo...

Figure 10D.10 Scheme demonstrating the use of the inclined plane technique....

Figure 10D.11 Use of inclined plane with acrylic resin for correction of bea...

Figure 10D.12 Use of orthodontic buttons for elastic fixation and correction...

Figure 10D.13 Fracture of the rhinotheca in cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis), ...

Figure 10D.14 Fracture on the lateral side of the gnathotheca on the blue an...

Figure 10D.15 Mandibular symphyseal diastasis in a cockatiel (Nymphicus holl...

Figure 10D.16 Surgical correction of symphysis dislocation in a cockatiel (N...

Figure 10D.17 Traumatic avulsion of upper and lower beak in green beak touca...

Figure 10D.18 Fixation of orthopedic mini‐plates (system 1.5) for fracture c...

Figure 10D.19 Rostral fracture of rhinotheca on toco toucan (Ramphastos toco...

Figure 10D.20 Taking an impression of a beak fracture in a goose using silic...

Figure 10D.21 Toco Toucan (Ramphastos toco), before and after the insertion ...

Figure 10D.22 Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara araruana) after the insertion of a he...

Figure 10D.23 Rhinoteca metal prosthesis in goose.

Figure 10D.24 Use of intra‐dentin pins and orthopedic plaques for the prepar...

Figure 10D.25 An example of a 3D scanner and the reference points needed for...

Figure 10D.26 Formation of the 3D surface of toucan beak using MeshLab softw...

Figure 10D.27 Use of Blender™ software for digital preparation of prosthesis...

Figure 10D.28 Virtual model of toucan rhinotheca prosthesis. Identification ...

Figure 10D.29 Example of use of 3D‐printed titanium prosthesis in blue and g...

Figure 10D.30 Fixation of bipartite prosthesis in green beak toucan (Ramphas...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Bilateral complicated mandibular canine fracture.

Figure 11.2 Dolphin pan bone.

Figure 11.3 Radiograph of Dolphin pan bone.

Figure 11.4 Palatal inflammation, secondary to adjacent tooth abscess in a C...

Figure 11.5 A chart of a Harbor Seal (and most phocid seals) courtesy of Vet...

Figure 11.6 A chart of a California Sea Lion (and most otariid seals) courte...

Figure 11.7 Maxillary dentition of a California Sea Lion.

Figure 11.8 Mandibular dentition of a California Sea Lion. The teeth are ori...

Figure 11.9 Sea Lion trained to hold an X‐ray plate. This sea lion has been ...

Figure 11.10 Sea Lion target for taking a radiograph. The sea lion touches t...

Figure 11.11 Fabricated CR Reusable Radiograph Plate and holder. Pictured is...

Figure 11.12 Rostral maxillary radiographic projection. The plate is in a si...

Figure 11.13 Caudal maxillary radiographic projection. The plate is placed i...

Figure 11.14 Rostral mandibular radiographic projection. The plate is placed...

Figure 11.15 Rostral mandibular radiograph.

Figure 11.16 Caudal mandibular radiographic projection.

Figure 11.17 Maxilla of a Sea Lion: maxilla of an adult California Sea Lion,...

Figure 11.18 Maxilla of a juvenile Sea Lion: maxilla of a juvenile Californi...

Figure 11.19 Stage 3 Periodontal disease: radiograph of a sea otter showing ...

Figure 11.20 Stage IV periodontal disease of all of the mandibular incisors,...

Figure 11.21 Sea Lion mandibular fistula from an abscessed left mandibular c...

Figure 11.22 Radiograph of Sea Lion showing mandibular fistula and periodont...

Figure 11.23 Left mandibular canine periapical lucency. Fractures may be not...

Figure 11.24 Bilateral complicated mandibular canine fracture: California Se...

Figure 11.25 Complicated crown fracture of a mandibular canine in a Northern...

Figure 11.26 Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris), aged four mon...

Figure 11.27 Postoperative radiograph of root canal therapy on left upper ca...

Figure 11.28 Five sizes of surgical luxators. Luxators are used similarly to...

Figure 11.29 XL T Winged Elevators.

Figure 11.30 Improper exodontic instrument grip on a winged elevator. The el...

Figure 11.31 Proper exodontic instrument grip. The elevator is held in the p...

Figure 11.32 Vettome Periotome™. The Powertome Periotome has custom blades t...

Figure 11.33 Winged elevators.

Chapter 13A

Figure 13A.1 Bobcat.

Figure 13A.2 Canada Lynx: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Colorado ...

Figure 13A.3 Caracal.Canada Lynx.

Figure 13A.4 European Lynx: Noah’s Ark Sanctuary, Locust Grove, Georgia, USA...

Figure 13A.5 Cheetah: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 13A.6 Cougar: Wildlife Waystation, Sylmar, California USA 2009.

Figure 13A.7 Melanotic cougar: Wildlife Waystation Sanctuary, Sylmar, Califo...

Figure 13A.8(1) Amelanotic leopard: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 13A.8(2) Amelanotic leopard: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 13A.9 Clouded Leopard: Denver, Colorado Zoo, USA.

Figure 13A.10 Snow Leopard: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 24 May 2019....

Figure 13A.11 Somalian leopard.

Figure 13A.12 Liger (Sterile hybrid of Tiger (

Panthera tigris

) and African L...

Figure 13A.13.1a African male lion: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 13A.13.1b African lioness: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 13A.14.1a Serval: Wildlife Waystation Sanctuary, Sylmar, California, ...

Figure 13A.14.1b Serval: Exotic Feline Rescue Center, Center Point, Indiana,...

Figure 13A.15 Tiger: InSync Exotics Wildlife Rescue & Education Facility, Wy...

Chapter 13B

Figure 13B.1 African Wildcat.

Figure 13B.2 Domestic Cat: Centennial, Colorado USA.

Figure 13B.3 Fishing Cat.

Figure 13B.4 Jungle Cat.

Figure 13B.5 Ocelot: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA. 24 May 2019.

Figure 13B.6 Pallas's Cat: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Colorado...

Figure 13B.7 Savanah.

Chapter 14A

Figure 14A.1 Black bear.

Figure 14A.2 Brown bear: Wild Animal Sanctuary, Keensburg, Colorado USA.

Figure 14A.3 Cinnamon Bear

Ursus americanus Cinnamomum

.

Source:

Pauk. Wilipe...

Figure 14A.4 Grizzly bear: Wild Animal Sanctuary, Keensburg, Colorado USA 20...

Figure 14A.5 Himalayan bear.

Figure 14A.6 Kodiak bear.

Figure 14A.7 Polar bear: Denver Colorado Zoo, USA.

Figure 14A.8 Spectacled bear.

Figure 14A.9 Sun bear.

Chapter 14B

Figure 14B.1 Sloth bear

Source:

Wikipedia Public Domain 29 March 2018.

Chapter 15A

Figure 15A.1 Aye Aye.

Figure 15A.2 Bush baby: Mfuwe Lodge, Kapamba Camp, Zambia, Africa 2014.

Figure 15A.3 Red Ruffed Lemur: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 24 May 2019....

Figure 15A.3a Ring‐tailed Lemur: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 24 May 201...

Figure 15A.4 Flying Lemur.

Figure 15A.5 Loris faces.

Figure 15A.6 Potto.

Figure 15A.7 Sifaka.

Figure 15A.8 Tarsier (Philippines).

Chapter 15B

Figure 15B.1.1 Golden Lion Tamarin: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 24 May ...

Figure 15B.1.1a Emperor Tamarin: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 24 May 201...

Figure 15B.1.2 Capuchin Monkey: Noah's Ark Sanctuary, Atlanta, Georgia USA 2...

Figure 15B.1.2a Hooded Capuchin Monkey: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA. 24...

Figure 15B.1.3 Howler Monkey: Denver Colorado Zoo 2017.

Figure 15B.1.4 Brazil Amazon Jungle 2007.

Figure 15B.1.5 Spider monkey: Sanctuary in Georgia, USA 2012.

Figure 15B.1.6 Wooly Monkey.

Figure 15B.2.1 Colobus Monkey: Denver Zoo, Colorado USA 2014.

Figure 15B.2.2 Silvered Leaf Monkey: Borneo (Kalimantan), Indonesia 2016....

Figure 15B.2.3 Wolf's Guenon: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 24 May 2019....

Figure 15B.2.4 Rhesus Macaque.

Figure 15B.2.5 Chacma Baboon, Botswana 2016.

Figure 15B.2.6 Olive Baboons, Amboseli, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 15B.2.7 Yellow baboon, Kapamba Camp, Zambia, Africa 2014.

Figure 15B.2.8 Mandrill: Wildlife Waystation Sanctuary, Sylmar, California, ...

Figure 15B.2.9 Proboscus Monkey: Borneo, Indonesia 2016.

Figure 15B.2.10 Vervet Monkey: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 15B.3.1a Gibbon Ape: Sanctuary in Georgia, USA 2012.

Figure 15B.3.1b Siamang: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Colorado U...

Figure 15B.3.2 Siamang: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 27 June 2019.

Figure 15B.4.1 Chimpanzee: Wildlife Waystation Sanctuary, Sylmar, California...

Figure 15B.4.2 Gorilla: Largest of the apes. Sydney Australia Zoo 2017.

Figure 15B.4.3 Peter P. Emily, Denver, Colorado USA 2017.

Figure 15B.4.4 Orangutan: Borneo (Kalimantan), Indonesia 2016.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Common Treeshrew.

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1.1a African Wild Dog: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 17.1.1b African Wild Dog: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 17.2 Coyote: Wild Animal Sanctuary, Keensburg, Colorado USA 2017.

Figure 17.3 Dhole.

Figure 17.4 Dingo.

Figure 17.5 Left, Norfolk terrier female puppy; Right, Labrador retriever ad...

Figure 17.6.1 Arctic fox: Denver, Colorado Zoo, USA 2009.

Figure 17.6.2 Gray fox.

Figure 17.6.3 Kit fox.

Figure 17.6.4 Red fox.

Figure 17.7.1a Black‐backed Jackal: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 17.7.1b Side‐striped Jackal: South Africa 2014.

Figure 17.8.1a Wolf: Sanctuary in southern California USA 2009.

Figure 17.8.1b Gray Wolf: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Colorado ...

Figure 17.9 Maned Wolf.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Coatimundi: Noah's Ark Sanctuary, Locust Grove, Georgia USA 2012...

Figure 18.2 Racoon.

Figure 18.3 Giant Panda.

Figure 18.4 Red Panda.

Figure 18.5 Kinkajou.

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Black‐footed Ferret.

Figure 19.2 Domestic Ferret.

Figure 19.3 Pine Martin.

Figure 19.4 Fisher.

Figure 19.5.1 American Mink: Dawes Glacier, Alaska, USA 2018.

Figure 19.6 European Mink.

Figure 19.7 Striped Skunk.

Figure 19.8 Weasel.

Figure 19.9 Wolverine: Anchorage Zoo, Alaska USA 2018.

Figure 19.10 American Badger.

Figure 19.11 North American River Otter (San Francisco Zoo, San Francisco US...

Figure 19.12 Sea Otter.

Figure 19.13 Small‐clawed Otter (Asia): Denver, Colorado Zoo, USA.

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Binturong.

Figure 20.2 African Civet.

Figure 20.3.1 Genet: Mfuwe Lodge, Chindeni Camp, South Africa 2014.

Figure 20.4.1 Banded Mongoose: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 20.4.2 Dwarf Mongoose: Amboseli, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 20.4.3 Gray Meerkat Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 20.4.4 Meerkat: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Colorado USA...

Figure 20.4.4a Meerkat: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Colorado US...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Aardwolf.

Figure 21.2 Brown hyena.

Figure 21.3 (a) Spotted hyena, with a young Cape Buffalo head. Maasai Mara, ...

Figure 21.4 Striped hyena: Denver, Colorado Zoo U.S.A. 2017.

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 American Opossum.

Figure 22.2 Bandicoot.

Figure 22.3 Cuscus.

Figure 22.4 Honey Possum

tarsipes rostratus

.

Source:

By John Gould – http://...

Figure 22.5 Kangaroo‐Grey: Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia 2017.

Figure 22.6.1a Kangaroo‐Red: Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia 2017.

Figure 22.6.1b Kangaroo‐Red: Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia 2007.

Figure 22.7 Tree Kangaroo: Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Sydney, Australia 2017.

Figure 22.8 Wallaby: Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia 2017.

Figure 22.9 Koala: Koala Sanctuary, Brisbane, Australia 2008.

Figure 22.10.1a Tasmanian Devil.

Figure 22.10.1b Tasmanian Devil Disease: Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia 2017...

Figure 22.10.1c Tasmanian devil skull: Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia 2017....

Figure 22.11 Pygmy Possum.

Figure 22.12 Wombat: Koala Sanctuary, Brisbane, Australia 2008.

Chapter 23A

Figure 23A.1 Aardvark.

Figure 23A.2 African Elephant: Amboseli, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 23A.3 Asian Elephant (Native of Thailand): Denver Zoo, Denver, CO USA...

Figure 23A.4 Rock Hyrax: Table Mountain, Capetown, South Africa 2014.

Chapter 23B

Figure 23B.1.1 Somali Wild Ass: Denver Colorado Zoo, USA 2017.

Figure 23B.1.2.1 Burchell's Zebra (Stripes meet mid‐ventral; ears thick and ...

Figure 23B.1.2.2 Gréve's Zebra, South Africa 2014.

Figure 23B.1.3.1a Domestic horse: Maui, Hawaii, USA 2016.

Figure 23B.1.3.1b Mongolian Wild Horse: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 24 ...

Figure 23B.1.3.1c Miniature Horse: Pueblo, Colorado Zoo USA 2012.

Figure 23B.1.4a Black Rhinoceros: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 23B.1.4b Black Rhinoceros, South Africa 2014.

Figure 23B.1.5 Greater One‐horned Rhinoceros: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado U...

Figure 23B.1.6 White Rhinoceros and calf: Botswana 2016.

Figure 23B.1.7 Sardinian Donkey.

Figure 23B.1.8a Mountain Tapir: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Col...

Figure 23B.1.8b Mountain Tapir: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Col...

Figure 23B.1.8c Malayan Tapir: Denver, Colorado Zoo U.S.A. 2017.

Figure 23B.2.1a(1) Babirusa (Deer Pig).

Figure 23B.2.1a(2) Babirusa.

Figure 23B.2.1b Bush Pig.

Figure 23B.2.1c Domestic Boar.

Figure 23B.2.1c(1) Vietnam Pot‐bellied pig: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA...

Figure 23B.2.1d Peccary.

Figure 23B.2.1e Pygmy Hog.

Figure 23B.2.1f(1) Warthog: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.1f(2) Warthog Skull

Figure 23B.2.1g(1) Hippopotamus: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 23B.2.1g(2) Sow with 1‐week old calf that just crossed a river. Chind...

Figure 23B.2.1g(3) Hippo: Denver Colorado Zoo USA 2017.

Figure 23B.2.1h Alpaca.

Figure 23B.2.1i(1) Bactrian Camel: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 24 May 2...

Figure 23B.2.1i(2) Dromedary Camel: Amboseli, Kenya, Africa 2014.

Figure 23B.2.1j Guanaco.

Figure 23B.2.1k Llamas: Cusco, Peru 2006.

Figure 23B.2.1l Vicuna.

Figure 23B.2.2a(1) Bison: Rocky Mountain Arsenal Preserve 2017, Denver, Colo...

Figure 23B.2.2a(2) Cape Buffalo: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 23B.2.2a(3a) Water Buffalo: Sydney Australia Zoo, 2017.

Figure 23B.2.2a(3b) Water Buffalo: Denver, Colorado Zoo, U.S.A. 2009.

Figure 23B.2.2a(4) Yak.

Figure 23B.2.2b(1) Bongo.

Figure 23B.2.2b(2) Bushbuck.

Figure 23B.2.2b(3) Common Eland.

Figure 23B.2.2b(4) Giant Eland: Amboseli, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 23B.2.2b(5a) Male Greater Kudu: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2b(5b) Female Greater Kudu: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2b(5c) Lesser Kudu: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 18 Septemb...

Figure 23B.2.2b(6) Mountain Nyala.

Figure 23B.2.2c(1a) A tower of Rothschild Giraffes, Botswana, Africa 2016....

Figure 23B.2.2c(1b) Female Giraffes have thinner, longer horns, Botswana, Af...

Figure 23B.2.2c(1c) Giraffe skull‐Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, C...

Figure 23B.2.2c(2) Okapi: Denver Colorado Zoo, Denver, Colorado U.S.A. 2017....

Figure 23B.2.2.d(1) Gnu (Black Wildebeest).

Figure 23B.2.2.d(2) Blue Wildebeest: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(3) Hartebeest.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(4a) Young male sparring Impalas: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa...

Figure 23B.2.2.d(4b) Female Impala: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(5) Red Lechwe: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(6a) Male Puku: Kapamba Camp, Zambia, Africa 2014.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(6b) Female Puku: Zambia, Africa 2014.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(7a) Male Reedbuck: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(7b) Female Reedbuck: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(8) Rhebok.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(9) Tessebe: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(10a) Waterbuck‐male: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(10b) Male Waterbuck: Samburu, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 23B.2.2.d(10c) Female Waterbuck: South Africa 2014.

Figure 23B.2.2.e(1) Gemsbok.

Figure 23B.2.2e(2) Arabian Oryx.

Figure 23B.2.2e(3) Pronghorn Antelope: Wyoming U.S.A. 1980s.

Figure 23B.2.2e(4) Roan Antelope: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2e(5) Sable Antelope.

Figure 23B.2.2e(6) Scimitar Oryx.

Figure 23B.2.2e(7) Topi: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 19 June 2011.

Figure 23B.2.2f(1) Argale Goat.

Figure 23B.2.2f(2) Dik Dik: Omalo, Kenya, Africa 18 June 2011.

Figure 23B.2.2f (3) Anglo‐Nubian goat: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Sprin...

Figure 23B.2.2f(4a) Gerenuk (Male): Denver, Colorado Zoo U.S.A.

Figure 23B.2.2.f(4b) Gerenuk (Female): Amboseli, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 23B.2.2f(5) Grant's Gazelle: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 23B.2.2g(1) African Pygmy Goat.

Figure 23B.2.2g(2) Springbok.

Figure 23B.2.2g(3a) Male Steenbok: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2g(3b) Female Steenbok: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2g(4) Bighorn Sheep: Mt. Evans, Colorado U.S.A. 2009.

Figure 23B.2.2g(5) Chevrotain.

Figure 23B.2.2g(6) Domestic Sheep: North Rotarua, New Zealand 2008.

Figure 23B.2.2g(7) Musk Deer.

Figure 23B.2.2h(1) Caribou (Reindeer): Denali National Park, SE Alaska USA 2...

Figure 23B.2.2h(2) Common Duiker.

Figure 23B.2.2h(3) Moose: State Forest State Park, Colorado U.S.A. 2015.

Figure 23B.2.2h(4) Mule Deer: Colorado Rocky Mountains U.S.A. 1960s.

Figure 23B.2.2h(5) Muntjac.

Figure 23B.2.2h(6) Red Deer.

Figure 23B.2.2h(7a) Reedbuck, male: Botswana. Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2h(7b) Reedbuck, female: Botswana, South Africa 2016.

Figure 23B.2.2h(8) Roe Deer.

Figure 23B.2.2h(9) Sambar Deer.

Figure 23B.2.2h(10) Wapiti.

Figure 23B.2.2h(11) Whitetail Deer.

Chapter 24

Figure 24A.1 Alpine Marmot: Colorado Rocky Mountains USA 2007.

Figure 24A.2 Beaver.

Figure 24A.3 Mountain Beaver.

Figure 24A.4 Plains Pocket Gopher.

Figure 24A.5 Prairie Dogs: Rocky Mountain Arsenal Animal Preserve, Denver, C...

Figure 24A.6 Giant Kangaroo Rat.

Figure 24A.7 Springhare.

Figure 24A.8 Tri‐color Squirrel: Denver Zoo, Denver. Colorado USA 24 May 201...

Figure 24A.8a Sugar Glider.

Chapter 24B

Figure 24B.1 Common Dormouse.

Figure 24B.2 Gerbil.

Figure 24B.3 Common Hamster.

Figure 24B.4 Pocket Mouse.

Figure 24B.5 Deer Mouse.

Figure 24B.6 Wood Rat.

Figure 24B.7 Common Rat (Norway Rat).

Figure 24B.8 House Mouse.

Figure 24B.9 Jeraboa.

Figure 24B.10 Prebles Meadow Jumping Mouse.

Figure 24B.11 Norwegian Lemming.

Figure 24B.12 Meadow Vole.

Figure 24B.13 Pine Vole.

Figure 24B.14 Muskrat.

Chapter 24C

Figure 24C.1 Capybara: Denver, Colorado Zoo USA 2017.

Figure 24C.2a Domestic Guinea Pigs: Denver, Colorado USA 1993.

Figure 24C.2b Domestic Guinea Pigs: Denver, Colorado USA 1993.

Figure 24C.3 Patagonian Guinea Pig.

Figure 24C.4 Degu.

Figure 24C.5 Paca.

Figure 24C.6 African porcupine: Denver, Colorado Zoo USA 2017.

Figure 24C.7 North American Porcupine: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Sprin...

Chapter 24D

Figure 24D.1 Agouti.

Figure 24D.2 Chinchilla.

Chapter 24E

Figure 24E.1 African Mole Rat.

Figure 24E.2 Gundi.

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 North American Pika.

Figure 25.2 Antelope Jackrabbit.

Figure 25.3 Eastern Cottontail Rabbit: Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Sprin...

Figure 25.4a Snowshoe Hare (Winter color).

Figure 25.4b Snowshoe Hare (Summer color).

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Elephant Shrew.

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Golden Mole.

Figure 27.2 Hedgehog.

Figure 27.3 Western Mole.

Figure 27.4 Common Shrew.

Figure 27.5 Solenodon.

Figure 27.6 Tenrec (Lesser Madagascar Hedgehog).

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Anteater.

Figure 28.2 Nine‐banded Armadillo.

Figure 28.3 Giant Armadillo.

Figure 28.4 Pangolin.

Figure 28.5 Three‐toed Sloth: Costa Rica 2002.

Figure 28.6 Two‐toed Sloth: Amazon Jungle, Brazil 2007.

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Fruit Bat: Taveuni Island, Fiji 2004.

Figure 29.2 Vespertilioni Bat: Wikipedia Public Domain 1 April 2018.

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Duck‐billed Platypus.

Figure 30.2 Echidna: Sydney Australia Zoo 2017.

Chapter 31A

Figure 31A.1a Bottlenose Dolphin. Puerto Vallarta 1995.

Figure 31A.1b Common Dolphin.

Figure 31A.1c False Killer Whale calf “Chester.”

Figure 31A.1c(1) False Killer Whale: from Peter Emily's collection.

Figure 31A.1d Killer Whale.

Figure 31A.1e Finless Porpoise.

Figure 31A.1f Sperm Whale.

Figure 31A.1g Beluga Whale.

Figure 31A.2a Gray Whale.

Figure 31A.2b Right Whale.

Figure 31A.2c Rorqual.

Figure 31A.2d Humpback Whale.

Chapter 31B

Figure 31B.1a California Sea Lion: Denver Zoo, Colorado U.S.A. 2009.

Figure 31B.1a(1) California Sea Lion: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado U.S.A. 20...

Figure 31B.1b Stellar Sea Lion male.

Figure 31B.1c Northern Fur Seal.

Figure 31B.2a Crabeater Seal.

Figure 31B.2b Elephant Seal.

Figure 31B.2c Harbor Seal: La Paz, Mexico 2002.

Figure 31B.2d(1) Walrus.

Figure 31B.2d(2) Walrus Rostral Maxilla skull

Source:

Peter Emily Collection...

Chapter 31C

Figure 31C.1 Dugong: Sydney, Australia Aquarium 2012.

Figure 31C.2 Manatee: Trichechus (two species).

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Leopard Tortoise: Omalo, Samburu, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 32.2 300 lb. Galapagos Tortoise: Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, South Pa...

Figure 32.3 Green Sea Turtle: Maui, Hawaii USA 1995.

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Caiman: Amazon jungle, Brazil, 2007.

Figure 33.2 Crocodile: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 33.3 Chameleon: Amazon jungle, Brazil, 2007.

Figure 33.4 Iguana: Ecuador 2006.

Figure 33.5a Komodo dragons swim fast and well: Komodo Island, Indonesia 201...

Figure 33.5b Komodo dragon: Komodo Island, Indonesia 2013.

Figure 33.5c Komodo dragon skull. Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 2017.

Figure 33.6 Monitor Lizard: Chindeni Camp, South Africa 2014.

Figure 33.7 Anaconda: Amazon jungle, Brazil, 10 ft long, held by Dr. Peter E...

Figure 33.8 Vine Boa: Amazon jungle 2007.

Chapter 34A

Figure 34A.1a Fish Eagle: Botswana Africa 2016.

Figure 34A.1b(1) American Bald Eagle: S.E. Alaska, U.S.A. 2018.

Figure 34A.1b(2) American Bald Eagle: S.E. Alaska, U.S.A. 2018.

Figure 34A.1c Batelleur Eagle: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34A.1d Martial Eagle: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34A.1e(1) Tawny Eagle: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34A.1e(2) Tawny Eagle: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34A.2a Giant Eagle Owl: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34A.2b Pels Owl: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34A.2c Spotted Eagle Owl: South Africa 2014.

Figure 34A.2d White Faced Owl: Kapamba Camp, Zambia, Africa 2014.

Chapter 34B

Figure 34B.1a Long‐tail Shrike Botswana 2016.

Figure 34B.1b Magpie: Highlands Ranch, Colorado 2019.

Figure 34B.2 White‐backed Vulture: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34B.2a Cinereous Vulture: Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA 24 May 201...

Figure 34B.3a(1a) Maribou Stork: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34B.3a(1b) Maribou Stork displaying its gular (carrier) sac: Botswana...

Figure 34B.3a(2) Yellow‐billed Stork: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34B.3a(3) Open‐billed Stork: Botswana 2016.

Figure 34B.3a(4) Saddle‐billed Stork: Botswana Africa 2016.

Chapter 34C

Figure 34C.1a African Gray Hornbill: Zambia, Africa 2014.

Figure 34C.1b Red‐billed Hornbill: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34C.1c Southern Ground Hornbill: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 34C.1d Yellow‐billed Hornbill: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34C.2 Lovebird: Wildlife Waystation, Sylmar California, USA 2009.

Figure 34C.3 Macaw: Amazon jungle, Brazil 2007.

Figure 34C.4 Toucan: Amazon jungle, Brazil 2007.

Chapter 34D

Figure 34D.1 Crowned Crane: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 34D.2 Saurus Crane: Denver Zoo, Denver, CO USA.

Figure 34D.3 Wattled Crane: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34D.4a Egret: Cost Rica 2002.

Figure 34D.4b Queen Egret: Costa Rica 2002.

Figure 34D.5 Emu: Sydney, Australia Zoo 2007.

Figure 34D.6 Flamingo: Houston, Texas USA Zoo 2014.

Figure 34D.7 Hooded Guinea Fowl: Amboseli, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 34D.8 Hammerkop: Amboseli, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 34D.9 Squacco Heron: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34D.10a Ibis: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34D.10b Sacred Ibis: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa 2011.

Figure 34D.11 Kingfisher: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34D.12 Kookaburra: Brisbane, Australia 2008.

Figure 34D.13a Kori Bustard in heat (thick neck): Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34D.13b Kori Bustard: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34D.14a Male Ostrich in rut (pink neck) Amboseli, Kenya 2011.

Figure 34D.14b Male and two female Ostrichs Amboseli, Kenya, Africa 2011....

Figure 34D.15 Secretary Bird: Maasai Mara, Kenya, Africa.

Chapter 34E

Figure 34E.1a Black Cormorant: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34E.1b(1) Double‐crested Cormorant: Denver, Colorado USA 2019.

Figure 34E.1b(2) Double‐crested Cormorant: Denver, Colorado USA 2019.

Figure 34E.1c(1) Pelican: Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia Zoo 2017.

Figure 34E.1c(2) Pelican: Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia Zoo 2017.

Figure 34E.1d Pink‐backed Pelican: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34E.1e Yelllow‐billed Pelican: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34E.1f African Penguins: South Africa‐Capetown 2014.

Figure 34E.1g African Spoon‐bill: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34E.1h(1) Pair of Mallard ducks: Littleton, CO 2019.

Figure 34E.1h(2) Mallard duck‐male: Littleton, CO 2019.

Figure 34E.1h(3) Mallard duck‐male: Littleton, CO 2019.

Figure 34E.1i(1) Common Merganser male: Littleton, CO 2019.

Figure 34E.1i(2) Common Merganser male: Littleton, CO 2019.

Figure 34E.i(3) Common Merganser female: Littleton, CO 2019.

Figure 34E.1j(1) Pair of Northern Shoveler Ducks: Denver, Colorado USA 2019....

Figure 34E.1j(2) Northern Shoveler Duck‐male: Denver, Colorado USA 2019.

Figure 34E.1j(3) Northern Shoveler Duck‐female: Denver, Colorado USA 2019....

Figure 34E.1k(1) Ring‐necked duck: Littleton, Colorado 2019.

Figure 34E.1k(2) Ring‐necked duck: Littleton, Colorado 2019.

Figure 34E.1l(1) Wood duck: Littleton, Colorado 2019.

Figure 34E.1l(2) Wood duck: Littleton, Colorado 2019.

Figure 34E.1m(1) Canada Goose: Denver, Colorado USA 2019.

Figure 34E.lm(2) Canada Goose: Denver, Colorado USA 2019.

Figure 34E.ln Egyptian Goose: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Figure 34E.lo Spur‐winged Goose: Botswana, Africa 2016.

Guide

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Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry

Edited by

Peter P. Emily DDS

Certification Periodontics, Endodontics, and Oral SurgeryHon. Dipl. American Veterinary Dental College

Edward R. Eisner AB, DVM

Diplomate American Veterinary Dental CollegeFounding AVDC Certificate Holder Zoo and Wildlife Dentistry

This edition first published 2021© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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