Zoonotic Tuberculosis E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 886

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Zoonotic Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium bovis and Other Pathogenic Mycobacteria, Third Edition is a comprehensive review of the state of the art in the control and elimination of infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in animals and humans. This update to the most complete and current reference available on Mycobacterium bovis includes new coverage of the latest molecular techniques; more information on human infection and One Health; updates to the information on the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD), the World Health Organization (WHO), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Tuberculosis Eradication Program; and coverage of additional African countries. The Third Edition upholds the book's reputation as a truly global resource on M. bovis. Written by an international list of tuberculosis experts, chapters cover the status of tuberculosis in many regions throughout the world and deal with issues related to the detection, spread, and control of Mycobacterium bovis, as well as the economic impact of outbreaks. Zoonotic Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium bovis and Other Pathogenic Mycobacteria offers valuable information for public health officials, medical doctors, state and federal regulatory veterinarians, veterinary practitioners, and animal caretakers.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1 : Tuberculosis in animals and humans

Acknowledgment

Note

References

Chapter 2 : One Health approach for preventing and controlling tuberculosis in animals and humans

History of the One Health approach

Acceptance of the One Health approach

Advantages of the One Health approach

Using a One Health approach for the control of zoonotic tuberculosis

One Health integrates human and animal medicine with ecology, sociology, and economics

Control programs for zoonotic TB require action at all levels of its epidemiology

Sharing human and veterinary resources

Sharing research between disciplines

Improved efficiency of TB surveillance, diagnosis, and control programs

Conclusions

References

Chapter 3 : Public health significance of zoonotic tuberculosis caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Introduction

Historical background

Animal to human transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Human-to-animal and human-to-human transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Public health role during outbreaks of tuberculosis in animals

Summary

References

Chapter 4 : Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans and animals with an emphasis on countries in Central and South America

Argentina

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

Nicaragua

Uruguay

Venezuela

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 5 : Pathogenesis of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis

Introduction

Genomics and evolutionary implications

Pathogenesis

Intracellular location within phagocytic cells

Mycobacterial virulence factors

Effector mechanisms against mycobacterial infections

References

Chapter 6 : Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis

Introduction

Host species for M. bovis infection

Transmission of M. bovis

Surveillance for M. bovis

Control programs for M. bovis

Approaches to the prevention of new cases of M. bovis  infection

Future prospects

Conclusions

References

Chapter 7 : Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis

Introduction

Molecular techniques for genotyping M. bovis

What can the application of molecular techniques reveal about the epidemiology of M. bovis ?

Future prospects

Conclusions

References

Chapter 8 : New and current approaches for isolation, identification, and genotyping of Mycobacterium bovis

Introduction

Direct detection of M. bovis in tissues

Summary

References

Chapter 9 : Tuberculosis in animals in South Africa

History of Mycobacterium bovis infection in South Africa

Current M. bovis infections in livestock

Mycobacterium bovis infections in wildlife

Zoonotic implications of high prevalence rates of M. bovis infection in domesticated cattle and wildlife

Other mycobacterial infections in wildlife and domesticated animals

Future scenarios

References

Chapter 10 : Status and control of bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia

Introduction

Mycobacterium species isolated from cattle and other domestic animals in Ethiopia

Bovine tuberculosis survey

Diagnosis

Pathology

Risk factors

Zoonotic tuberculosis

Economic importance of bovine tuberculosis

Control of bovine tuberculosis

The way forward

References

Chapter 11 : Distribution, public health significance, and control status of bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in Uganda

The current status of bovine tuberculosis in Uganda

Pathology of M. bovis in Uganda

Epidemiology of M. bovis in Uganda

Diagnosis, surveillance, and control programs for BTB

The future of BTB in Uganda

References

Chapter 12 : Bovine tuberculosis

Introduction

Epidemiology of BTB

Research efforts and initiatives regarding BTB in Nigeria

Molecular epidemiology

Modern immunological assays

Risk factors associated with control of BTB

Zoonotic risks and transmission

Role of meat inspection services

Tuberculosis in wildlife and zoo animals

Activities and challenges of BTB control

Way forward and recommendations

References

Chapter 13 : Factors contributing to the transmission of bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis and its control status in Sudan

Introduction

The burden of bovine tuberculosis

Distribution and prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Sudan

Pathology of bovine tuberculosis

Diagnosis

Risk factors

Public health

Challenges for control of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Sudan

References

Chapter 14 : Overview of bovine tuberculosis in Ghana

Introduction

Prevalence

Diagnosis

Control

Challenges

Way forward

References

Chapter 15 : Status and control of tuberculosis in animals in Pakistan

Prevalence in large ruminants and risk association

Prevalence in small ruminants and risk association

Prevalence in zoo animals

Control program

References

Chapter 16 : Zoonotic tuberculosis in humans, elephants, and other animals in Nepal

Tuberculosis in elephants

Tuberculosis in cattle and buffalo

References

Chapter 17 : Zoonotic tuberculosis in India

Current scenario of Zoonotic tuberculosis

References

Chapter 18 : An overview of Mycobacterium bovis infections in domestic and wild animals in Korea

Introduction

History and epidemiology of BTB in Korea

Eradication program for BTB in Korea

Diagnosis of BTB in Korea

Research on BTB in Korea

Conclusions

References

Chapter 19 : Mycobacterium bovis infection and control in China

Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle and other animals

Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cattle

The diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in China

References

Chapter 20 : Zoonotic tuberculosis in Australia and New Zealand

Introduction

Zoonotic impact

Control of M. bovis in livestock

Involvement of wildlife (and other hosts)

Control and eradication of TB in wildlife

Summary

References

Chapter 21 : Bovine tuberculosis eradication in the United States

Historical perspectives

Measures of program success

Factors that contributed to success

Challenges to eradication

A new approach for managing bovine TB in the United States

Conclusion

References

Chapter 22 : The occurrence of M. bovis cases in U.S. cattle, 2001–2011

Introduction

Prevalence and distribution of M. bovis in U.S. cattle

Categories of affected herds

Summary

References

Chapter 23 : The importance of M. bovis infection in cervids on the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in the United States

Introduction

Public health risks

Effect of BTB in cervids on BTB eradication programs in livestock

Pathology/clinical presentation of tuberculosis in cervids

Epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in cervids

Regulations and rules for cervids

Prevention, control, and eradication of bovine tuberculosis

Effectiveness of TB prevention, control, and eradication programs for cervids

Conclusions

References

Chapter 24 : Evaluation of antemortem diagnostic tests for detecting bovine tuberculosis infection in the United States

Introduction

Historic approval of tuberculin tests

Basis of approval of nontuberculin antemortem tests

Considerations in evaluating antemortem tests for tuberculosis

Criteria for approving official antemortem tuberculosis diagnostic tests

USDA cooperation with other groups in the approval process for new diagnostic tests

Ongoing evaluations/monitoring of approved antemortem diagnostic tests

Conclusion

References

Chapter 25 : Canada's bovine tuberculosis eradication program

References

Chapter 26 : Bovine tuberculosis eradication program in Mexico

Introduction

United States–Mexico Binational Commission for BTB

Strategic plan

Regionalization and status classification

National system of movement control

Epidemiology

Quarantine issuance

Management of infected herds

Cattle exports

State governments

Accredited veterinarians in ruminants

Animal Health State Committees

Diagnosis infrastructure (laboratories)

References

Further reading

Chapter 27 : Epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Serbia with a brief overview of the current epidemiological situation in the region

History of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Serbia

Bovine tuberculosis control policy in the Republic of Serbia

Epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Serbia

Brief overview of the current epidemiological situation in the region

Conclusions

References

Chapter 28 : The impact of an integrated wildlife and bovine tuberculosis eradication program in Ireland

The initial bovine tuberculosis eradication program in Ireland

Wildlife

Cattle

Progress to date

Future progress

References

Chapter 29 : Bovine tuberculosis eradication in France

History of the epidemiology of BTB in cattle and of its eradication program

The national program

Current epidemiological situation

Evolution of breeding systems and emergence of new BTB risk factors

New control strategies and future challenges

References

Chapter 30 : Animal tuberculosis in Spain

Introduction

Cattle tuberculosis

Tuberculosis in other domestic animals

Tuberculosis in wildlife hosts

Strain diversity of animal tuberculosis in Spain, and implications for zoonotic tuberculosis

Outlook on ongoing research and animal TB control

References

Chapter 31 : Tuberculosis eradication in Italy

Bovine tuberculosis eradication plans in Italy

Officially TB-free qualification

Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife

Old and new diagnostic tools for M. bovis eradication and control

IFN-γ assay success application

Biomolecular assay application

Determination of M. bovis prevalence in man and evidence of cattle-to-human-to-cattle transmission

Losses resulting from bovine TB

References

Chapter 32 : Status of bovine tuberculosis control in countries of Central Europe and countries of the former Soviet Union

Introduction

Bovine tuberculosis in cattle in seven Central European countries during the years 2000–2010

Bovine tuberculosis in animals other than cattle in six Central European countries during the years 2000–2004

Bovine tuberculosis occurrence in red deer in Austria

Tuberculous lesions in cattle and pigs caused by other mycobacterial species

Tuberculoid lesions in cattle and pigs are often caused by Rhodococcus equi

Bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Russia and the former states of the Soviet Union

Bovine tuberculosis in cattle and in human populations in the Russian Federation

Bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Baltic countries

Bovine tuberculosis in cattle and humans in the remaining 11 countries of the former Soviet Union

Bovine tuberculosis of cattle in Ukraine

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 33 : Zoonotic tuberculosis in nonhuman primates

Introduction

Early investigation and natural history

Clinical signs

Pathogenesis

Gross pathology

Histopathology

Diagnostic testing and considerations

Radiographic

Culture

Staining

Hematologic

The great apes: Special diagnostic challenge

Prevention and control

References

Index

Eula

List of Illustrations

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Scheme of the proposed evolutionary pathway of the tubercle bacilli illustrating successive loss of DNA in certain lineages (shaded boxes). From: Brosch, R., et al. PNAS 2002; 99:3684–3689. Copyright (2002) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., used with permission.

Figure 3.2 Comparison of a normal bovine udder with a severely tuberculous udder. Source: Minnesota Board of Health (now Department of Health) via CDC Public Health Image Library (image in the public domain).

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Argentina: trends of slaughterhouse condemnations, in percentage of cattle seizures for tuberculosis (TB). Official veterinary inspection, SENASA. 1969–2011. Bars represent cattle carcasses submitted for official inspection, in millions. Values ranged between 6 and 13.5 million animals. The line with squares indicates prevalence of animals with condemnations because of TB, in percentage of the total number submitted to the inspection. The line with points indicates its trend.

Figure 4.2 Argentina: trends of slaughterhouse condemnations, in percentage of swine seizures for tuberculosis. Official veterinary inspection, SENASA. 1969–2011. Bars represent swine carcasses submitted for official inspection. Values ranged between 1.5 and 3.5 million animals. Indications are similar to Figure 4.1.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Proposed evolution of mycobacterial pathogens from a common ancestral M. canettii strain. During the course of evolution, the ancestral progenitor underwent various deletions such as loss of RD

can

, RD9, RD4, and RD1, giving origin to the various microorganisms of the M. tuberculosis complex. The two lineages for M. africanum are depicted, with the more ancestral-like lineage originating prior to the loss of RD7, RD8, and RD10. This scheme is compatible with bovine tuberculosis arising from human tuberculosis. Note that the recently identified M. mungi is closely related to M. africanum subtype 1 [5]. Names of microorganisms enclosed in rectangular boxes are from exclusive human pathogens; names enclosed in patterned boxes are host-adapted nonhuman animal pathogens; and zoonotic agents, including BCG per extension, are enclosed in oval boxes.

Figure 5.2 Schematic representation of the subcellular pathway in myeloid cells for different types of mycobacteria. Left panel represents the current view in which mycobacteria reside in an “early” phagosome. The two middle panels show traffic of M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis Tn::cfp-10 (a transposon mutant that does not express CFP10 and ESAT-6) after uptake, both residing and multiplying in a lysosomal-associated, protein-containing, membrane-enclosed compartment that fuses with lysosomes. Right panel shows virulent M. tuberculosis or M. leprae present in phagolysosomes and the subsequent translocation to the cytosol. Here possible replication, degradation, and peptide delivery to the MHC I pathway occurs. ER = endoplasmic reticulum. Reprinted from van der Wel, N., D. Hava, D. Houben, D. Fluitsma, M. van Zon, J. Pierson, M. Brenner, and P.J. Peters. 2007. M. tuberculosis and M. leprae translocate from the phagolysosome to the cytosol in myeloid cells. Cell 129:1287–1298, Figure 7B, 2007, with permission from Elsevier [15].

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 The two most common methods for genotyping strains of Mycobacterium bovis. Spoligotyping of the direct variable region (A) and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing (B).

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Spoligotyping membrane containing some of the more common M. bovis spoligotypes seen in North America.

Figure 8.2 Spoligotyping patterns of the five most common patterns seen in the National Veterinary Services Laboratories TB genotyping compared with SB0120. SB0145 is endemic in the northern lower peninsula of Michigan and Molokai, Hawaii. SB0673 is common in Mexico and has been sporadically identified in the United States and Canada. SB0271 was found in Minnesota cattle and white-tailed deer from 2005 to 2009; SB0265 is endemic in the United States, primarily in farmed cervids; and SB0121 is routinely isolated from cattle of Mexican origin.

Figure 8.3 Schematic of the genotypes identified from Michigan-origin cattle and wildlife since 1996. The original spoligotype, SB0145, and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) pattern continues to dominate the database, with the vast majority of isolates still retaining the original genotype. During that 17-year-period, four variant VNTR patterns and three spoligotype patterns have emerged. These variants are so rarely identified that it will likely take many decades before these genotyping methods will show enough diversity to be useful for local epidemiology.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Map of South Africa showing the Kruger National Park, the Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, and the Spioenkop Nature Reserve (in solid black).

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Different scenarios in the transmission of M. bovis from cattle to humans and humans to humans in Nigeria. 1. Prolonged contact between the Fulanis and their cattle encourage aerosol spread of M. bovis (X-B). 2. Dust particles or bacteria-containing aerosols are inhaled by farmers and herdsmen in farming areas grazed by infected cattle (X-F). 3. Some rural and urban dwellers may get infected through close contact with infected Fulani women and consumption of unpasteurized milk sold by them (B-I). 4. A large section of the population is exposed primarily through aerosol from already infected Fulani herdsmen/family members (X-I). 5. Secondarily, the larger section of the population may be infected by others who have been earlier infected (A-I, C-I, D-I, F-I, G-I). 6. People may also be directly infected through consumption of infected milk and meat products sold at the markets (E-I). 7. Spread of infection may also occur through overcrowding inside vehicles, where infected Fulanis share valuable transport time with people (B-I). 8. Transmission in cattle markets is enhanced through concentration of infected animals and activities of people (X-C-I). 9. Transmission is enhanced when some of the infected animals are used as diary animals for production of milk and milk products for the consuming public (X-E-I).

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Map of Sudan and South Sudan showing cattle, transborder movement of cattle between Sudan and Chad, slaughterhouses, and national parks.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 National parks and forest resource reserves of Ghana. Gray areas are wetlands; dark areas are forest reserves/national parks. NP = national park; RR = resource reserve; WS = wildlife sanctuary; SNR = strict nature reserve; RS = Ramsar site. (Courtesy Ghana Wildlife Division.)

Figure 14.2 Incidence of TB in Ghana. (Data from WHO, Global Tuberculosis Control Report.)

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Tuberculosis-positive buffalo at a public livestock experiment station, circle at the neck area is showing swelling at the site of tuberculin (PPD bovine) injection.

Figure 15.2 Culture obtained on Stonebrink's medium of M. bovis from milk samples from a tuberculin-positive buffalo.

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Percentage of cattle reacting to the caudal fold tuberculin test, United States, 1917–2010.

Figure 21.2 States' statuses of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and bison, United States, October 2011.

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Number of Mexican cattle imported annually and confirmed BTB cases per 100,000 imported cattle, 2001–2011. MX = Mexico.

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Chart of SENASICA organization.

Figure 26.2 Chart of Animal Health’s General Directorate organization.

Figure 26.3 General Directorate of Zoosanitary Campaigns.

Figure 26.4 BTB status classification of Mexico by SENASICA.

Figure 26.5 shows BTB status classifications throughout Mexico according to the USDA.

Figure 26.6 Checkpoints that are SENASICA approved and are eligible to receive federal funds.

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, 2002–2012.

Figure 27.2 Prevalence period of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, 2002–2012.

Figure 27.3 Geospatial distribution of BTB outbreaks in cattle in the Republic of Serbia, 2002–2012.

Figure 27.4 Number of BTB cases in cattle in the Republic of Serbia, 2002–2012.

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Transmission pathways for Mycobacterium bovis (Illustrations © Hannah More 2013).

Figure 28.2 Reactor animals identified per annum, 1959–2011.

Figure 28.3 Five-year exponential moving averages for reactor animals per thousand tests (APT) and for herd incidence, 2002–2011.

Figure 28.4 Density of TB incidence per square kilometer for 1999 and 2011 (kernel density with a search radius of 10 km).

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Evolution of the percentage of infected cattle herds in France since 1954. (Source: annual report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries, Rural Affairs, and Spatial Planning.)

Figure 29.2 Evolution of the incidence of BTB in France from 1955 to 2010 and measure of introduction in the eradication program (logarithmic coordinates). 1. Introduced animals should belong to BTB herds. 2. Introduction of the “green card.” 3. Skin test modification. 4. BTB-free herd protective measures become compulsory. 5. Total slaughter of infected herds. 6. Systematic epidemiological investigation. (Source: annual report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries, Rural Affairs, and Spatial Planning.)

Figure 29.3 Prevalence and incidence rates of BTB in France from 1995 to 2011. (Source: annual report of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries, Rural Affairs, and Spatial Planning.)

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 Cattle tuberculosis (TB) herd prevalence in Spain from 1986 to 2011 (solid dark line); cattle brucellosis herd prevalence in Spain for the same period (dashed line); and cattle TB herd prevalence in the autonomous region of Castilla–La Mancha from 2002 to 2011 (solid gray line). Both TB and brucellosis have declined nationwide due to the success of control schemes. However, brucellosis is closer to eradication while TB eradication is proving difficult in regions with dense wildlife reservoir populations such as Castilla–La Mancha.(Source: MAGRAMA, Spain)

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1 National annual prevalence of infected herds (years 1995–2011).

Figure 31.2 Spatial distribution of cattle tuberculosis outbreaks in years 2001, 2008, and 2011 in Piemonte.

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Tuberculosis lesion in liver of a rhesus monkey.

Figure 33.2 Lateral chest roentgenogram of a baboon with Mycobacterium bovis infection. Micronodular lesions up to 6 µm in diameter are observed.

List of Tables

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by primary host species.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Argentina: Patients with Mycobacterium bovis isolations in relation to the total number of TB cases diagnosed.

Table 4.2 Chile, 2011: A summary of bovine tuberculosis control activities.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 M. bovis proteins with major roles in pathogenesis.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Summary of the main routes of transmission of M. bovis.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Species of Mycobacterium isolated from various animals in Ethiopia.

Table 10.2 Distribution of tuberculous lesions (lns.) and M. bovis isolation from tissues and other specimens.

Table 10.3 Mycobacterium tb complex (MTBC) spoligotypes so far isolated from cattle and other animals in Ethiopia.

Table 10.4 Whole carcass condemnation due to generalized TB in cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa Abattoir (1992–2005).

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Mycobacterium bovis spoligotypes recovered from various hosts in Uganda.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Comparison of prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Korean dairy cattle according to different tuberculin testing programs used between 1961 and 2004.

Table 18.2 Recent outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and captive deer in Korea.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle diagnosed by tuberculin skin test.

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Number of BTB-affected herds identified per year, by production type (2001–2011).

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Bovine tuberculosis status in Canada.

Table 25.2 Summary of surveillance activities for bovine tuberculosis in Canada, 2009–2011.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 Budget allocated by Mexico's federal and state governments for the National Bovine Tuberculosis Program, 2009–2011.

Table 26.2 Percentage of success in epidemiological investigations of positive samples taken from regular sacrifice of animals in slaughterhouses.

Table 26.3 Bovine tuberculosis national program skin test surveillance, January–December 2011.

Table 26.4 Eleven regional laboratories in Mexico that belong to the OASAs.

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Total number of holdings and cattle tested for bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Serbia, 2002–2012.

Table 27.2 Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Serbia, 2002–2006.

Table 27.3 Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Serbia, 2007–2012.

Table 27.4 Number of bovine tuberculosis cases in 2011, stratified by the size of holdings.

Table 27.5 Prevalence of tuberculosis cases in other animal species, 2002–2012.

Table 27.6 Period prevalence (in percentages) of bovine tuberculosis in cattle, 2002–2012.

Table 27.7 Measurements of the correlation between herd size and the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis.

Table 27.8 Stratum-specific epidemiological data.

Table 27.9 Relative risk between different strata.

Table 27.10 Odds ratio between different strata.

Chapter 31

Table 31.1 Mycobacteria strains detected in wild boar specimens during the period 2000–2011 in northwestern Italy.

Table 31.2 Herds controlled with IFN-γ in the years 2004–2011.

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 Bovine tuberculosis in cattle in seven central European countries (OIE reports) during the years 2000–2010.

Table 32.2 Bovine tuberculosis in animals other than cattle in six central European countries during the years 2000–2004 (Pavlik et al. [18,29]).

Table 32.3 Bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Russia and the states of the former Soviet Union during the years 2004–2010.

Table 32.4 Bovine tuberculosis in humans (OIE reports) during the years 2005–2010.

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Tuberculin test reaction grades: Intradermal intrapapebral test.

Guide

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Table of Contents

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Zoonotic Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium bovis and other pathogenic mycobacteria

Third edition

Charles O. Thoen

James H. Steele

John B. Kaneene

This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 7 © 2014 UK Crown CopyrightChapters 3, 8, 22, 23, 25, 29 © 2014 remains with the US Government

First edition, 1995 © Iowa State University PressSecond edition, 2006 © Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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