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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
A GLOBAL HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE NOW FEATURING ADDITIONAL COVERAGE OF CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL ARCHITECTURE AND MORE SUPERB DRAWINGS BY FRANCIS D.K. CHING! The book that forever changed the way architectural history is viewed, taught, and studied, A Global History of Architecture examines 5,000 years of the built environment. Spanning from 3,500 BCE to the present, and organized along a global timeline, this unique guide was written by experts in their fields who emphasize the connections, contrasts, and influences of architectural movements throughout history and around the world. Fully updated and revised to reflect current scholarship, this Third Edition features expanded chapter introductions that set the stage for a global view, as well as: * An expanded section on contemporary global architecture * More coverage of non-Western cultures, particularly South Asia, South East Asia Pre-Columbian America, and Africa. * New drawings and maps by the iconic Francis D.K. Ching, as well as more stunning photographs * An updated companion website with digital learning tools and Google Earth¯(TM) mapping service coordinates that make it easier to find sites Art and architecture enthusiasts, and anyone interested in architectural history, will have 5,000 years of the built environment perpetually at their fingertips with A Global History of Architecture, Third Edition.
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Seitenzahl: 1955
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
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A Global History of Architecture
Third Edition
Francis D.K. Ching
Mark Jarzombek
Vikramditya Prakash
Cover image: © Jorg Hackemann/Shutterstock.com
Cover design: Wiley
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Names: Ching, Francis D. K., 1943- author. | Jarzombek, Mark, author. |
Prakash, Vikramaditya, author.
Title: A global history of architecture / Francis D.K. Ching, Mark Jarzombek,
Vikramaditya Prakash.
Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, 2017. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017004046 (print) | LCCN 2017005382 (ebook) | ISBN
9781118981337 (hardback) | ISBN 9781118981610 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN
9781118981603 (ePub)
Subjects: LCSH: Architecture--History. | BISAC: ARCHITECTURE / History /
General.
Classification: LCC NA200 .C493 2017 (print) | LCC NA200 (ebook) | DDC
720.9--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004046
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface
3500
BCE
Ritual Centers
Beginnings of China’s Civilizations
Niuheliang Ritual Center
Mehrgarh and Early Indus Settlements
The Village Networks of Mesopotamia and the Balkans
Catal Hüyük
Tell es-Sawwan
Eridu and Uruk
Pre- and Early Dynastic Egypt
European Developments
Newgrange
Carnac
2500
BCE
The Indus Ghaggar-Hakra Civilization
Mohenjo-Daro
Margiana
Early Empires of Mesopotamia
Ziggurat at Ur
Egypt: The Old Kingdom
Pyramids at Giza
Valley Temple of Khafre
Architecture and Food
Stonehenge
Megalithic Temples of Malta
The First Civilizations of South America
Caral
1500
BCE
The Minoans and Knossos
Egypt: The New Kingdom
Waset (Thebes)
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
Temple of Luxor
Abu Simbel
Egyptian Columns
Egyptian Design Methods
Hittite Empire
Hattusas
Mycenaean Civilization
Treasury of Atreus
Poverty Point
Shang Dynasty, China
Civilization of the High Andes
800
BCE
The Olmecs
San Lorenzo and La Venta
Chavín de Huántar
The Iron Age
The Etruscans
Etruscan Religion
Etruscan Temples
Greece: The Geometric Period
Emergence of the Greek Temple Form
Temple of Poseidon
Kingdom of Kush
Saba/Sa’abia
Temple of Solomon
Zhou Dynasty, China
The Ritual Complex
The Aryan Invasion and Varanasi
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Babylon
400
BCE
The Achaemenid Empire
Pasargadae and Persepolis
Greece and the Mediterranean
The Greek Temple
Athens
The Parthenon
Erechtheum
Ionic Order
Telesterion at Eleusis
Delphi
Temple of Apollo at Delphi
The Hellenistic Age
Delos
Priene
Pergamon
Sanctuary of Athena at Lindos
Temple of Apollo at Didyma
Ptolemies
Temple of Horus
Mauryan Dynasty and Early Buddhism
Barabar Hills Caves
China: The Warring States Period
Xianyang Palace
Tomb of Zeng Hou Yi
0
The Founding of Rome
Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste
The Roman Urban Villa
Republican Tombs
Bibracte
Augustan Rome
Forum of Augustus
Tholoi Tombs
Vitruvius
Corinthian Capitals
Post-Augustan Rome
Palace of Domitian
The Colosseum
The Imperial Forums
Rock-Cut Tombs
Petra
Northern Palace at Masada
Taxila: The Gandharan Cosmopolis
Qin Dynasty, China
Tomb of the First Emperor
Great Wall of China
Development of Mahayana Buddhism
Sanchi Complex
Abhayagiri Vihara
Junnar Caves
The Maya
Shaft Tombs of Teuchitlán
Nakbe
El Mirador
200
CE
Roman Empire
Ephesus
Miletus
The Roman Theater
The Pantheon
Hadrian’s Villa
Roman Vertical Surface
Roman Baths
Diocletian’s Palace
Baalbek
The Parthian Empire
Aksum
Amaravati Stupa
Caitya
Hall at Karli
Anuradhapura
Han Dynasty China
Mingtang-Biyong Ritual Complex
Teotihuacán
Temple of the Feathered Serpent
Moche and Nazca Civilizations
Nazca Lines
North Amazon Societies
Ohio’s Hopewell Mounds
400
CE
Ajanta Caves
Establishment of Chinese and Central Asian Buddhism
Mogao Caves
Yungang Caves
Kushans of Bamiyan
The Sassanian Empire
Zoroastrian Fire Temples
Hindu Renaissance
Mahabodhi Temple
Sigiriya
The Pyu, Mon, and Funan
Emergence of Christianity
Martyria
St. Peter’s in Rome
First Baptisteries
Post-Constantinian Age
Tomb of Theodoric the Great
Kofun Period: Japan
Zapotecs of Oaxaca
Monte Albán
600
CE
Age of Justinian
Hagia Sophia
Byzantine Capitals
Armenian Architecture
St. Hripsime
Zvartnots Cathedral
Vishnu Deogarh and Elephanta
The Five Rathas
Shore Temple at Mamallapuram
Southeast Asia
My Son
Sui and T’ang Dynasties
Daxing (Chang’an)
Daming Palace
Songyue Temple Ta
Nara Period: Japan
Ise Jingu
Horyu-ji
800
CE
Rise of Islam
Umayyad Mosque
Baghdad
Great Mosque of Samarra
Great Mosque of Córdoba
Dome of the Rock
Mahaviharas at Nalanda
Rajasimhesvara and Virupaksha Temples
Kailasnath at Ellora
Samye, Tibet
Indonesia at a Crossroads
Borobudur
Hindu Kingdoms of Cambodia
Hariharalaya
Mahendraparvata (Mt. Meru)
Siem Reap (Ganges River)
Indratataka (Sea of Indra)
Bakong
Korean Buddhism
Foguang Monastery
Europe and the Carolingians
Plan of St. Gall
St. Riquier
Palatine Chapel
Tikal
Mayan City-States
Copán
Tiwanaku
Quirigua
Guayabo
1000
CE
Mayan Uxmal
Cahokia
Serpent Mound
Pueblo Bonito
Seljuk Turks
Sultan Han
Great Mosque of Isfahan
First Madrasas
Muqarnas
The Fatimids
Rise of the Rajput Kingdoms
Rani-ni-Vav at Patan
Sun Temple at Modhera
Chandellas
Khandariya Mahadeva Temple
Tantrism
Vastu-Shastras
Orissa and Lingaraja Temple
Jains
Jain Temples at Mt. Abu
Cholamandalam
Dakshinameru (Rajarajeshwara Temple)
Polonnaruwa
Song Dynasty China
Sage Mother Hall
The Iron Pagoda
Liao Dynasty
Mu-ta
Dulesi Monastery
Pure Land Buddhism
Byzantine Revival
Kievan Russia
Armenia
Sanahin Complex
Ottonian Germany
Speyer Cathedral
The Normans
Durham Cathedral
Canterbury Cathedral
Cefalù Cathedral
Pilgrimage Churches
Tuscany
Cathedral of Pisa
Baptistery of Parma
1200
CE
Vrah Vishnulok (Angkor Wat)
Angkor Thom and Preah Khan
Kingdom of Pagan
Sanju-sangen-do
Itsukushima Shrine
Southern Song Dynasty
Yingzhao Fashi
Mongol Empire
Yuan Dynasty China
Delhi
Tughlaqabad
Quwwat-ul-Islam
Africa
Mamluk Sultanate
Lalibela
Great Zimbabwe
Mosques of Mali
Fontenay Abbey
Medieval Scandinavia
Europe: The High Middle Ages
Cathedral Design
Amiens and Bourges Cathedrals
Notre-Dame of Reims
Exeter Cathedral
Italian Town Halls
Siena
Mendicant Orders
Nasrid Sultanate and the Alhambra
Toltec Empire
Chichén Itzá
1400
CE
The Americas
Hopis
New England Societies
Tenochtitlán
Incas
Machu Picchu
Republic of Venice
Ottoman Empire
Beyazit Medical Complex
Topkapi Palace
Italian Renaissance
Cathedral of Florence
Florentine Loggias
San Lorenzo
Medici Palace
Rucellai Palace
Sant’Andrea at Mantua
Villa Medici
Tempietto of San Pietro
French Châteaux
Mamluk Sultanate
Mausoleum Complex of Sultan Qaitbay
Timurid Dynasty
Deccan Sultanates
Pandua
Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad
Friday Mosque of Gulbarga
Ming Dynasty China
Forbidden City
Mt. Wudang
Temple of Heaven
Dabao-en Temple, or the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing
Joseon Dynasty
Muromachi Japan
Kinkakuji
Ginkakuji
Ayutthaya
1600
CE
Architecture of the Eurasian Power Bloc
Tokugawa Shogunate
Nikko Toshogu
Nijo-jo
Katsura Rikyu (Katsura Imperial Villa)
Ming Tombs
Potala Palace
Voyages of Zheng He
Mughals
Humayun’s Tomb
Fatehpur Sikri
Buland Darwaza
Diwan-i-Khas
Rauza-I-Munavvara (Taj Mahal)
Vijaynagara
Bijapur
Isfahan
Suleymaniye Complex
Kremlin’s New Churches
Church of the Ascension
Dogon of Mali
Palladio
Villa Rotonda
Baroque Italy
Campidoglio
St. Peter’s Basilica
Sant’Andrea al Quirinale
Il Gesù
Spanish Invasion of America
Atrios
Colonial Forts
Amsterdam
Amsterdam Town Hall
Place Royale
Elizabethan England
Banqueting House
Church of Santo Domingo
Ryoanji
1700
CE
Colonialism
Haciendas
New European Colonial Urban Culture
The Louvre and the
Hôtel
Château de Versailles
St. Petersburg
Rationalization and the Age of Reason
Observatoire de Paris
Hôtel des Invalides
Johann Balthasar Neumann and the New Neresheim
China and the European Enlightenment
The Gongyuan and the Jinshi
Stowe Gardens and The Temple of British Worthies
Sans Souci
Qing Beijing
Beihai
Yuanmingyuan
Joseon Dynasty of Korea
Mallas of Nepal
Kyoto’s Odoi and Shimabara
Edo (Tokyo)
Nayaks of Madurai
Jaipur
Nurosmaniye Mosque, Istanbul
The Anglican Church
St. Mary Woolnoth
Whigs and the Palladian Revival
Touro Synagogue, Newport
Shirley Plantation, Virginia
1800
CE
Tash-Khovli
Jaipur and the End of the Mughal Empire
Darbar Sahib
Wat Pra Kaew
Neoclassicim vs. Romanticism
Laugier, Rousseau, and the Noble Savage
St. Geneviève
Ledoux and Boullée
Napoleonic Cemeteries
Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand
Jeffersonian Neoclassicism
Monticello
Washington, DC
Nationalism
Altes Museum
Colonial Calcutta:The Esplanade
Writers’ Building
St. John’s Church
Government House
Greek Revival
Tennessee State Capitol
Metcalfe Hall
Industrial Revolution
Albert Dock
Panoptic Prisons
Workhouses
Shakers
August Welby Pugin and the English Parliament Building
Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-Le-Duc
Architectural Preservation
Bibliothèque Ste.-Geneviève
Kanamaru-za
Qianlong’s Universal Vision
Chengde
Qingyi Garden
Synagogues
1900
CE
Public Sector Architecture
London Law Courts
Railroad Stations
The Athenaeum
National Museums
World’s Fairs
Global Arts and Crafts Movement
Arts and Crafts in India: Indo-Saracenic Style
Arts and Crafts in California
Central Park
Paris and Haussmann
The
Passage
École des Beaux-Arts
Chettinad Mansions
Colonial Modernism
Henry Hobson Richardson
The Global Bungalow
Shingle Style
Campus Architecture in the United States
Art Nouveau’s Maison Tassel
Rise of Professionalism
International City Beautiful Plans
Walter Burley Griffin
The Garden City Movement
International Beaux-Arts
Skyscrapers
Wrigley Building
Casa Batlló
Frank Lloyd Wright
Taliesin
African Land Grab
Kyoto National Museum
Myongdong Cathedral
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Building
Concrete
Adolf Loos
The Factory Aesthetic
Deutsche Werkbund
German Concrete
Expressionism
New Delhi
Mombasa
Asplund and Lewerentz
Frank Lloyd Wright and the Mayan Revival Style
Dutch Kampung
De Stijl Movement
Friedrichstrasse Office Building
Russian Constructivism
Tatlin’s Tower
Soviet Pavilion
The Bauhaus
Le Corbusier and
Vers une Architecture
Villa Savoye
Lovell House
1950
CE
Modernism
Weissenhof Siedlung
Usonian Houses
Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne
Pavilion Suisse
Barcelona Pavilion
Palace of the Soviets Competition
Rockefeller Center
Czechoslovakia
Touba
National Modernism, Ankara
National Modernism, Tel Aviv
Japanese Pavilion
Villa Mairea
Fallingwater
Brazilian Modernism
Fascist Modernism, Italy
Säynätsalo Town Hall
Illinois Institute of Technology Library Building
Farnsworth House
Eames House
Yale University Art Gallery
National Modernism, Brasília
National Modernism, Chandigarh
Chapel At Ronchamp
Guggenheim Museum
Ekistics
Sydney Opera House
Eero Saarinen
Steel and Glass Skyscraper
Latin-American Modernism
National Modernism, Cuba
Salk Institute
National Modernism, Bangladesh
Metabolism
Brutalism
Archigram
Buckminster Fuller
Counterculture Architecture
National Modernism, Nigeria
South Asian Modernism
Postmodernism
Magney House
Globalization Today
Glossary
Bibliography
Illustration Credits
Index
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
1.1 !Kung hut
1.2 Haida settlement, Canada
1.3 Village scene
1.4 Pottery making
1.5 Herding
1.6 Plan: Nabta Playa, Egypt
1.7 Göbekli Tepe, near Urfa, Turkey
1.8 Elam, a typical Mesopotamian city with walls and towers, as depicted in this bas-relief commemorating Assyrian king Ashurbanipal’s conquest and destruction of the city in 647
BCE
.
1.9 China’s early agriculture
1.10 Plan: Cairn with stone tomb, Niuheliang Ritual Center, tomb site II
1.11 Reconstruction of Banpo village, China
1.12 Reconstruction of circular dwelling at Banpo
1.13 Reconstruction of meeting hall at Banpo
1.14 Dragon, human, and tiger figures found in tomb at Xisuipo, Henan Province, China
1.15 Walled city of Shijiahe, China
1.16 Location of the Indus civilizations of Mehrgarh and Harappa
1.17 Site plan of Mehrgarh, Pakistan
1.18 Plan: Mud-brick granaries, Mehrgarh II
1.19 Fertile Crescent: An early, dense network of cities and villages
1.20 Typical Iranian mountain village
1.21 Site plan: Catal Hüyük, near Konya, Turkey
1.22 Housing pattern at Catal Hüyük
1.23 Bull design on a shrine wall at Catal Hüyük
1.24 Reconstructed shrine at Catal Hüyük
1.25 Typical house in Catal Hüyük
1.26 Terra-cotta figurine of seated goddess from Catal Hüyük
1.27 Vinca statuette
1.28 Location of Eridu and Uruk
1.29 Iraqi marsh
1.30 Temple atop the stone-faced platform at Eridu, near Abu Shahrain, Iran
1.31 Plan: Temple at Eridu
1.32 Temple XVI–XVIII at Eridu
1.33 Statue of King Gudea at Eridu, with a temple plan carved on a lap tablet
1.34 A size comparison of Eridu, Susa, and Uruk
1.35 Mosaics from the Stone-Cone Temple in the Eanna District of Uruk, near Samawa, Iraq
1.36 Plan: White Temple at Uruk
1.37 Early dynastic Egypt
1.38 Site of royal tombs at Umm el-Qaab, Abydos, Egypt
1.39 Royal tombs at Umm el-Qaab
1.40 Tomb of King Djed at Saqqâra
1.41 Bull horns at the base of Tomb 3504, Saqqara, Egypt
1.42 Megalithic cultures, 4800–1200 BCE
1.43 Passage grave on Île Longue, South Brittany, France, ca. 4100
BCE
1.44 Newgrange, Ireland
1.45 Newgrange, Ireland
1.46 Site plan at different scales: Carnac, France
1.47 Stone alignment, Carnac, France
1.48 Crucuno Dolmen, Carnac, France
Chapter 2
2.1 Central Asia, emerging contacts, ca. 2500
BCE
2.2 Zoser Pyramid, Saqqâra, Egypt
2.3 Mnajdra Temple, Malta
2.4 Neolithic sites and the Indus Civilization
2.5 Site plan: Dholavira, Blachau, India
2.6 Reconstruction view of Dholavira
2.7 An entrance gate to Harappa, near Sahiwal, Pakistan
2.8 Urban fabric of Mohenjo-Daro, in Sindh Province, Pakistan
2.9 Plan: The upper town of Mohenjo-Daro
2.10 Axonometric of the Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro
2.11 Site plan: Gonur, near Mary, Turkmenistan
2.12 Plan: The Citadel at Gonur
2.13 Early Lower Mesopotamia
2.14 Statue of the head of an Akkadian ruler
2.15 Plan: The Palace of Naram-Sin
2.16 Group of statues from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq
2.17 Plan of Ur, near Nasiriyah, Iraq
2.18 The Ziggurat at Ur within the temple complex of Nanna
2.19 Massing of the Ziggurat at Ur
2.20 Pictorial view from the northwest: Ziggurat at Ur
2.21 Egypt, ca. 3rd century
BCE
2.22 Mortuary Complex of Zozer, Saqqâra, Egypt
2.23 Plan: Mortuary Complex of Zoser
2.24 Section through entrance hall, Mortuary Complex of Zoser
2.25 Entrance hall to the Mortuary Complex of Zoser
2.26 Section through step pyramid and tomb of Zoser
2.27 Ka statue of Zoser
2.28 A scalar comparison of Egyptian pyramids
2.29 Site plan: The Pyramids at Giza, Egypt
2.30 Section: Great Pyramid of Khufu
2.31 Plan: Mortuary and valley temples of Khafre at Giza
2.32 Section through the king’s chamber, Great Pyramid of Khufu
2.33 Plan: Valley Temple of Khafre
2.34 Overview: Valley Temple of Khafre
2.35 Interior: Valley Temple of Khafre
2.36 Egyptian slab stela
2.37 Statuette of a woman bearing offerings
2.38 Plan: Stonehenge, ca. 2500
BCE
2.39 Reorientation of Stonehenge by the Beaker People
2.40 Plan: Stonehenge, ca. 2200
BCE
2.41 Plan: Stonehenge, ca. 1800
BCE
2.42 Temple sites on the island of Malta
2.43 Sleeping Goddess from the subterranean temple of Hal Saflieni
2.44 Plans of temple complexes on Malta drawn at the same scale and orientation: Ggantija (above left) and Tarxien (above right)
2.45 Section through a typical Malta temple
2.46 Temple complex at Mnajdra, Malta
2.47 Early Peruvian Settlements
2.48 Volumetric reconstruction: Galgada Step Pyramid, Peru
2.49 Galgada ruins today
2.50 Circular sunken plaza, Caral, Peru
2.51 Central zone of Caral
2.52 Caral and its environment
Chapter 3
3.1 Reconstruction of the city of Mari, Syria
3.2 Plan: Palace at Mari, Syria
3.3 Inner Asia camel and horse diffusion areas to around 1300
BCE
3.4 Statue of a water goddess found in the palace at Mari
3.5 Camel caravan in Mongolia
3.6 Reconstruction of the town of Arkaim, Russia
3.7 Ramesses on his chariot, relief in Abu Simbel, near Philae, Egypt, ca. 1260
BCE
3.8 A Western Zhou chariot burial pit unearthed at Zhangjiapo, Chang’an County, China
3.9 Vitthala Temple chariot, Vijayanagar, India, ca. 1500
BCE
3.10 Wooden substructure with tombs for the chief, his wife, and their horses, Arzhan, Russia
3.11 Helios the Sun God
3.12 Trade diagram, ca. 1600
BCE
3.13 Minoan sites on Crete
3.14 Ruin of ritual structure: Cave of Eileithyia, near Amnisos, Crete
3.15 The double axe, or
labrys
, principal symbol of the Minoan-Mycenaean religion, standing erect on a bull’s head
3.16 Overview of Knossos, near Heraklion, Crete
3.17 Plan of throne sanctuary at Knossos
3.18 Throne room, Palace at Knossos
3.19 Court-level plan: Palace at Knossos
3.20 Schematic plan: Palace at Knossos
3.21 Diagram of entry sequence: Palace at Knossos
3.22 One of the grand stairways at the Palace at Knossos
3.23 Egypt, ca. 1500
BCE
3.24 Barque chamber at Karnak
3.25 Relief carving showing the barque being ceremoniously carried at Karnak
3.26 The principal temples and processional routes of Karnak
3.27 Entrance pylon to the Karnak Temple of Khonsu, Thebes, Egypt
3.28 Barque sanctuary of Temple of Khonsu
3.29 Plan: Temple Complex of Karnak
3.30 Hypostyle hall, Temple of Amun
3.31 Temple of Amun
3.32 Plan and section: Hypostyle hall, Temple of Amun
3.33 Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt
3.34 Plan and section: Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
3.35 Temple of Luxor, Thebes, Egypt
3.36 Plan: Temple of Luxor
3.37 Temple at Abu Simbel, near Philae, Egypt
3.38 View looking toward the sanctuary of the Temple at Abu Simbel
3.39 Section and plan: Temple at Abu Simbel
3.40 Relief of a Djed column
3.41 Papyrus column, bundled shaft
3.42 Papyrus column, bundled shaft with lotus bud capital
3.43 Hatshepsut mortuary temple columns
3.44 Laying out construction with knotted cords and pegs
3.45 Low relief of a pylon: An early example of an architectural design
3.46 Design of a column capital based on a geometric series, each fraction of which symbolizes a different part of the eye of Horus
3.47 Hittite Empire
3.48 Relief depicting twelve gods of the Hittite underworld, Yazilikaya, Turkey
3.49 Area plan: Hattusas (Bogazköy), Turkey
3.50 Plan: Temple I, Hattusas
3.51 Mycenaean Greece
3.52 Plan: Palace complex at Pylos, Greece
3.53 Overview of Mycenae, Greece
3.54
Megaron
at Palace of Pylos, Mycenae
3.55 Section and plan: Treasury of Atreus, near Mycenae
3.56 Plan: Treasury of Atreus
3.57 Mississippi cultures
3.58 Pictorial view: Mound A (Large Bird Mound), Poverty Point, near Epps, Louisiana
3.59 Area plan: Poverty Point
3.60 Shang dynasty, China
3.61 Reconstruction of a Shang dynasty palace
3.62 Site plan: Yin, Anyang County, China
3.63 Plan and section: Tomb of Fu Hao, near Yin
3.64 Interior plan: Tomb of Fu Hao
3.65 The Casma-Sechin valleys
3.66 Volumetric reconstruction of Moxeke
3.67 Site plan and plan of Moxeke, near Casma, Peru
3.68 Reconstruction: Huaca A, near Casma, Peru
Chapter 4
4.1 Relative sizes of sites
4.2 Urbanization of the Americas, ca. 800
BCE
4.3 Trade in the Americas, ca. 800
BCE
4.4 A fired-clay Toltec votive vessel with an image of corn priest, dedicated to Xilonen, the Aztec goddess of maize, from around 1500
CE
4.5 A characteristic motif of Olmec art was the were-jaguar, a human face with the mouth of a jaguar
4.6 Colossal monolithic head uncovered at San Lorenzo, Mexico
4.7 Site plan: San Lorenzo
4.8 Partial site plan: La Venta, Mexico
4.9 Aerial view: The ceremonial center at La Venta
4.10 Mysterious buried “pavement,” La Venta
4.11 Chavín culture along the Peruvian coast
4.12 Area plan: Chavín de Huántar, Peru
4.13 Section through central passageway of the Old Temple leading to the Lanzón at Chavín de Huántar
4.14 Lanzón, Chavín de Huantar, Peru
4.15 Site plan: Chavín de Huántar
4.16 Plan: Old Temple at Chavín de Huántar
4.17 West Asian and African metal centers, ca. 800
BCE
4.18 Eurasian trade diagram, 800
BCE
4.19 Etruscan Italy
4.20 Tumulus mound, Etruscan necropolis of Banditaccia at Cerveteri, Italy, 7th to 5th centuries
BCE
4.21 Example of an Etruscan arch
4.22 Bronze Etruscan model of a liver, 3rd century
BCE
4.23 Diagram of
cardo
and
decumanus
4.24 Site plan: Marzabotto, Italy, 5th century
BCE
4.25 Detail of an Etruscan capital
4.26 Etruscan tomb, Tarquinia, Italy
4.27 Plan and pictorial view: An Etruscan temple, based on descriptions by Vitruvius
4.28 Side elevation: Portonaccio Temple at Veii, Italy, 515–490
BCE
4.29 Greece in the Archaic period
4.30 Geometric period Greek vase, typically serving as a monumental grave marker
4.31 Statue of a calf-bearer
4.32 Plans: The Temple at Samos, Greece (above left). The Altar of Zeus at Pergamon (upper right) drawn at the same scale and orientation
4.33 First Temple of Apollo at Thermos, Greece
4.34 Plan: Later Temple of Apollo at Thermos
4.35 Scene depicting early Greek sacrificial rites
4.36 Slightly bigger than life-size female figure, mid-6th century
BCE
4.37 Site plan: Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia, Greece
4.38 Pictorial view: Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia
4.39 Section and plan: Typical Napatan royal tomb, near Kuraymah, Sudan
4.40 Overview of Napata tombs
4.41 Mortuary structure of Meroë, near Kabushiyah, Sudan
4.42 The ruins of Mahram Bilqis, a Sabaean temple at Ma’rib, Yemen
4.43 Plan of Mahram Bilqis
4.44 Frankincense tree
4.45 Conjectural plan, section, and pictorial view: Temple of Solomon, Jerusalem
4.46
Gui
vessel
4.47
Zun
vessel
4.48
Ding
vessel
4.49 A modern food offering in a market stall in Bangkok
4.50 Plan: Ritual complex at Fengchu, Shaanxi Province, China
4.51 Pictorial view: Ritual complex at Fengchu
4.52 Idealized plan of Wangcheng
4.53 City plan of Chengzhou (Luoyang)
4.54 The sixteen great kingdoms, or
mahajanapadas
, of India
4.55 Plan of Varanasi, India
4.56 A contemporary Vedic fire ceremony, Satara, Maharashtra, India
4.57 A cremation fire at Varanasi
4.58 Ritual ablutions at Varanasi
4.59 The ghats of Varanasi
4.60 Neo-Assyrian Empire
4.61 Plan: Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad), near Mosul, Iraq
4.62 View of palace compound of Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad)
4.63 Plan of Babylon, near Al Hillah, Iraq
4.64 Ishtar gate leading into Babylon from the north
4.65 Plan: Summer Palace, Babylon
Chapter 5
5.1 Parthenon, Athens
5.2 The Achaemenid Empire
5.3 Trade diagram, ca. 400
BCE
5.4 Area plan of Persepolis, Iran
5.5 Plan: Palace complex at Persepolis
5.6 Plan: Apadana, the principal audience hall of Darius I, at Persepolis
5.7 Plan: Throne room (Hall of a Hundred Columns) at Persepolis
5.8 Part of the palace complex at Persepolis
5.9 Staircase leading to the Apadana at Persepolis
5.10 Staircase frieze at Persepolis
5.11 Greek and Phoenician colonies around the Mediterranean, ca. 550
BCE
5.12 Plan: Temple of Artemis at Corfu (Kerkira), Greece, ca. 580
BCE
5.13 Temple of Segesta, Sicily, Italy
5.14 Plan: comparison of Temple C at Selinus, Sicily, Italy, with the Temple of Poseidon, at Paestum, Italy
5.15 Greek temple sites
5.16 A collapased column showing typical drums of which the column was made.
5.17 A comparison of Greek temple types
5.18 Greek temple terminology
5.19 Elements of the Doric order
5.20 Site plan showing the relationship between the agora and the acropolis, Athens
5.21 Site plan of the agora of Athens
5.22 Calvacade frieze, southern wall of the Parthenon, Athens
5.23 Approach to the Parthenon from the Propylaea
5.24 Plan: Acropolis at Athens
5.25 A conception of the interior of the Parthenon, based on the evidence
5.26 Diagram of the curved stylobate and inclined vertical axes of the perimeter columns of the Parthenon
5.27 Detail of the pediment of the Parthenon
5.28 Section and plan: Parthenon, Athens
5.29 Caryatid porch, Erechtheum, Athens
5.30 Drawing: Caryatid porch, Erectheum, Athens
5.31 Erectheum from the south, as it stands today
5.32 Plan, section, elevation: Erectheum, Athens
5.33 Ionic capital from the temple at Neandris
5.34 Bronze female figure with headdress
5.35 Treasury of Siphnos at Delphi
5.36 Elements of the Ionic order
5.37 Plan: Temple of Athena Polias at Priene, Turkey
5.38 Development of the Ionic spiral
5.39 Temple of Athena Nike, acropolis, Athens, Greece
5.40 Sacred Way from Athens to Delphi
5.41 Plan: Telesterion at Eleusis, Greece
5.42 Site plan: City of Delphi, Greece
5.43 Plan: Temenos at Delphi, Greece
5.44 Delphic Pythia sitting on a tripod, attended by a supplicant
5.45 The ruins of Delphi from above the Temple of Apollo
5.46 Treasury of Athens, Delphi
5.47 Eurasian trade diagram, ca. 300
BCE
5.48 Dionysus Theater, Athens
5.49 Elevation and plan: Mercantile hall, Delos, Greece
5.50 Plans of two houses, Delos
5.51 Plan of Delos
5.52 Plan of Priene, Turkey
5.53 Priene and environs
5.54 Plan: Agora at Priene
5.55 Plan: Pergamon, near Bergama, Turkey
5.56 Remains of the theater at Pergamon
5.57 Propylaea on the acropolis at Lindos, Greece
5.58 Pictorial view: Sanctuary of Athena on the acropolis at Lindos
5.59 Plan: Sanctuary of Athena on the acropolis at Lindos
5.60 Temple of Apollo, Didyma, Turkey
5.61 Plan: Temple of Apollo
5.62 Section: Temple of Apollo
5.63 Hypostyle hall, Temple of Horus, Edfu, Egypt
5.64 Pronaos at the Temple of Horus
5.65 Plan: Temple of Horus
5.66 Asokan pillar at Vaishali, near Patna, India
5.67 Important sites in the life the Buddha
5.68 Vajrasana (“Diamond Throne”) at Bodh Gaya, India
5.69 Plan, section, and interior: Lomas Rsi Cave, near Bodh Gaya, India
5.70 Entrance, Lomas Rsi Cave
5.71 China during the Warring States period
5.72 Map of Xi’an, China, through history
5.73 The monumentality of palace complexes in the Warring States period
5.74 Elevation: Xianyang Palace No. 1, Xi’an, China
5.75 Pictorial view: Xianyang Palace No. 1
5.76 Plan and section: Tomb of Zeng Hou Yi, Sui Zhou, China
5.77 Coffins with window-like and door-like openings found in the Tomb of Zeng Hou Yi
5.78 Bianzhong bells found in the Tomb of Zeng Hou Yi, along with a 125-piece orchestra and 25 musicians
Chapter 6
6.1 The remnants of a Roman road, the Via Appia, south of Rome
6.2 The Colosseum, Rome
6.3 Map of Rome, ca. 4th century
BCE
6.4 Plan: Forum Romanum, Rome, ca. 150
BCE
6.5 A reconstruction of the Tabularium, Rome
6.6 A Roman sacrifice being prepared at an altar in front of a temple
6.7 Plan: Basiica Aemilia, Rome
6.8 Sites of Roman cities and colonies
6.9 Ruins of the Temple of Fortuna showing a curved element
6.10 Pictorial view: Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste, Italy
6.11 Section of hemicycle: Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste
6.12
Opus incertum
concrete wall
6.13 Three types of Roman concrete walls
6.14 Residential fabric of Pompeii, Italy
6.15 Plan: Portion of the Taxilan city Sirkap, Pakistan, at the same scale as Pompeii, for comparison
6.16 Elements of a typical Roman house
6.17 Tomb of Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces, Rome
6.18 Monument of the Julii, St.-Rémy, France
6.19 Tomb of Absalom, Jerusalem
6.20 Section: Tomb of Absalom
6.21 Leading trade products, ca. 200
BCE
6.22 Celtic trade routes, ca. 200
BCE
6.23 Plan of Bibracte, France
6.24 A ritual basin, Bibracte
6.25 Pictorial view of Bibracte
6.26 Section through fortification wall of Bibracte
6.27 Relationship of the Forum Romanum to the forums of Caesar and Augustus
6.28 Temple of Mars Ultor, Forum of Augustus, Rome
6.29 View eastward into the Forum Romanum
6.30 Kbour-er-Roumia (Tomb of the Christian Woman), Tipasa, Algeria
6.31 Plan and elevation: Kbour-er-Roumia
6.32 Plan and elevation: Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome
6.33 Corinthian capital: Temple of Athena, Tegea, near Tripolis, Greece
6.34 Corinthian capital: Temple of Castor and Pollux, Rome
6.35 Parts of a Corinthian capital
6.36 Reconstruction of Villa Jovis, Isle of Capri, Italy
6.37 Area plan: Nero’s palace complex, Rome
6.38 Interior: Octagonal room of the Domus Aurea
6.39 Plan and section: Octagonal room, Domus Aurea
6.40 Plan: Esquiline wing of the Domus Aurea, Rome
6.41 Water garden, Palace of Domitian, Palatine Hill, Rome
6.42 View into court, Palace of Domitian
6.43 Plan: Palace of Domitian, Palatine Hill, Rome
6.44 Pictorial cutaway:
Triclinium
, Palace of Domitian
6.45 Colosseum, Rome
6.46 Possible method for laying out the Colosseum
6.47 Partial section and elevation: Colosseum
6.48 Plan of imperial Rome
6.49 Aerial view of the Colosseum
6.50 Forum of Trajan
6.51 Figure ground: Imperial forums
6.52 Plan: Imperial forums
6.53 Plan and Elevation, Lycian chamber tomb
6.54 Lycian tombs, Dalyan, Turkey
6.55
Impluvium
of a rock-cut tomb, Paphos, Cyprus
6.56 Rock of Naqsh-i-Rustam, near Persepolis, Iran
6.57 West Asia, 1
CE
6.58 Detail: Khasneh al Faroun, Petra, Jordan
6.59 Water channel, Petra
6.60 Khasneh al Faroun, Petra
6.61 Plan and facade: Khasneh al Faroun, Petra
6.62 Northern palace at Masada, Israel
6.63 Plan and elevation: Northern palace at Masada
6.64 Masada, Israel
6.65 Plan of a Jandial temple
6.66 Plan: Dharmarajika Monastery, Taxila, Pakistan
6.67 Plan of Taxila
6.68 Qin dynasty, China
6.69 Terra-cotta warriors in the Tomb of the First Emperor, near Xi’an, China
6.70 Site plan: Tomb of the First Emperor
6.71 Section through vaults: Tomb of the First Emperor
6.72 Construction of the Great Wall during the Warring States period, the Qin dynasty, and the Han dynasty
6.73 View of the Great Wall of China
6.74 Post-Mauryan India
6.75 Stupa II at Sanchi, near Bhopal, India
6.76 Plan diagram: Stupa II at Sanchi
6.77 The idea of the stupa
6.78 East
torana
, Great Stupa at Sanchi
6.79 Area plan of Sanchi
6.80 Steps leading up the Great Stupa, Sanchi
6.81 Plan: Stupa complex at Sanchi
6.82 Plan and elevation: Mahastupa at Sanchi
6.83 Mahastupa at Sanchi
6.84 Junnar Caves area
6.85 View of Junnar Caves, near Naneghat, India
6.86 Plans of
caitya
halls: Lenyadri and Guntupalli, India
6.87 Plan of
caitya
halls at Tulija Lena, Junnar, India
6.88 Cross-section:
Caitya
hall at Bhaja, Maharashtra, India
6.89 Entrance to the rock-cut Buddhist shrine and
vihara
, Cave 12, at Bhaja, Maharashtra
6.90 Interior:
Caitya
hall at Bhaja
6.91 Plan:
Caitya
hall at Bhaja
6.92 Urbanization of the Americas, 1
CE
6.93 Trade in the Americas, 1
CE
6.94 Model of a temple sited on an elevated platform
6.95 Plan and pictorial view: Shaft tomb at El Arenal, Mexico
6.96 Site plan: Guachimonton precinct at Teuchitlán, near Ameca, Mexico
6.97 Plan and section: Central circular structures of the Guachimonton complex at Teuchitlán
6.98 Site plan: Huitzilapa, near Guadalajara, Mexico
6.99 Pictorial view of Huitzilapa
6.100 Stela 1, the hero Twins, Nakbe, Guatemala
6.101 Site plan of Nakbe
6.102 Reconstruction of El Tigre, El Mirador, Guatemala
6.103 Site plan: The west group at El Mirador
6.104 El Tigre, El Mirador, Guatemala, as it stands today
Chapter 7
7.1 Pont du Gard (Roman aqueduct), Nîmes, France
7.2 Trade routes across Asia, 2nd and 3rd centuries
CE
7.3 A stupa from a cave mural in China
7.4 Trade routes in Europe and western Asia, 2nd and 3rd centuries
CE
7.5 Principal temple of Djemila, Algeria
7.6 Plans of three Roman towns drawn at the sample scale and orientation
7.7 Main road of Timgad, Algeria
7.8 Plan: Ephesus, Turkey
7.9 Area plan of Ephesus
7.10 Theater at Ephesus
7.11 Plan of Miletus, near Yenihisar, Turkey
7.12 Plan: Roman theater at Aspendos, Turkey
7.13 Roman theater at Aspendos
7.14 Pantheon, Rome
7.15 Plan and section: Pantheon
7.16 Campus Martius
7.17 Oculus of the Pantheon
7.18 Interior of the Pantheon
7.19 Section elevation: Pantheon
7.20 Dome detail: Pantheon
7.21 Plan: Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy
7.22
Canopus
, Hadrian’s Villa
7.23 Plan: Island Villa, Hadrian’s Villa
7.24 Island Villa, Hadrian’s Villa
7.25 Plan: Piazza d’Oro, Hadrian’s Villa
7.26 Fornix system of the
tabularium
7.27 Arch of Septimus Severus, Rome
7.28 Arch of Trajan at Timgad, Algeria
7.29 Library of Celsus, Ephesus, Turkey
7.30 South Theater, Gerasa, Jordan
7.31 Facade detail: Court of the Temple of Zeus, Baalbek, Lebanon
7.32 Plan: Agora Baths at Ephesus
7.33 Interior scale: Baths of Caracalla, Rome
7.34 Locations of the baths in Rome
7.35 Plan: Baths of Diocletian, Rome
7.36 Plan: Baths of Caracalla
7.37 Reorganization of the Roman Empire into four praetorian prefects, ca. 405
CE
7.38 Plan: Piazza Armerina, Sicily
7.39 Plan: Diocletian’s Palace at Split, Croatia
7.40 Relative size of Piazza Armerina and Diocletian’s Palace
7.41 Section through the mausoleum at Diocletian’s Palace
7.42 Location of Baalbek, Lebanon, West Asia
7.43 Plan: Sanctuary of Jupiter Heliopolitanus, Baalbek
7.44 Pictorial view: Sanctuary of Jupiter Heliopolitanus
7.45 Temple of Venus, Baalbek
7.46
Cella
of the Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek
7.47 Horse statuette of Parthian warrior
7.48 Area of Aksumite influence, 200 to 500
CE
7.49 Plan of an Aksumite palace
7.50 Satavahana Empire, 200
BCE
–250
CE
7.51 Detail: Capitals of the
caitya
hall at Karli, Maharashtra, India
7.52 Carved slabs from the Amaravati Stupa, near Guntur, India
7.53 Longitudinal section:
Caitya
hall at Karli
7.54 Plan:
Caitya
hall at Karli
7.55 Interior:
Caitya
hall at Karli
7.56 Jetavanarama Stupa, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
7.57 Thuparamaya Stupa, Anuradhapura
7.58 Pictorial section: Thuparamaya Stupa
7.59 Plan of Han Chang’an. The word
chang’an
means “eternal peace.”
7.60 Plan: Mingtang-Biyong Ritual Complex, near Xi’an, China
7.61 Plan and elevation: Central structure of Mingtang-Biyong Ritual Complex
7.62 Pictorial view: Central structure of Mingtang-Biyong Ritual Complex
7.63 Altar of Heaven, Beijing, China
7.64 Influence of Teotihuacán’s empire
7.65 Citadel of Teotihuacán, Mexico
7.66 Area plan of Teotihuacán
7.67 Plan: Central zone of Teotihuacán
7.68 The feathered serpent god (Quetzalcoatl), Teotihuacán
7.69 Detail: Temple of the Feathered Serpent
7.70 South America civilization, ca. 200
CE
7.71 Urbanization of the Americas, ca. 200
CE
7.72 Aerial view: Moche pyramids, Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna, Peru
7.73 Examples of figures from the polychrome friezes on the courtyard walls at Huaca de la Luna
7.74 Massing of Huaca del Sol
7.75 Aerial view: Nazca ground drawing, Peru
7.76 Nazca ground drawing of a spider
7.77 A Nazca figure of a monkey
7.78 Cahuachi, major pilgrimage center of the Nazca culture, Peru
7.79 Hopewell Culture
7.80 Copper falcon and mica hand, Hopewell Mound Group, near Hopewell, Ohio
7.81 Hopewell pipe
7.82 Plan: Hopewell Mound Group, near Hopewell, Ohio
7.83 Plan: Mound City
Chapter 8
8.1 Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome
8.2 Towers of Silence, Yazd, Iran
8.3 Giant Buddha, Leshan, China
8.4 The cliff edge containing the Ajanta Caves near Aurangabad, India
8.5 Plan: Cave complex at Ajanta
8.6 Paintings from Cave 2 at Ajanta
8.7 Comparative plans of
caitya
halls, based on drawings by Christopher Tadgell
8.8 Plan: Cave No. 2 at Ajanta
8.9 Interior of Cave No. 26 at Ajanta
8.10 Interior of Cave No. 19 at Ajanta
8.11 Interior of Cave No. 2 at Ajanta
8.12 Buddhism in Central Asia
8.13 Mogao Caves: West wall of Cave 285, Dunhuang, China
8.14 Section through cliff at Mogao Caves
8.15 Partial plan: Yungang cave complex, near Datong, China
8.16 Cave No. 10, Yungang
8.17 Interior, Cave No. 10, Yungang
8.18 View of some of the more than five hundred Mogao Caves
8.19 View of Bamiyan, Afghanistan
8.20 Bamiyan Buddha
8.21 Bamiyan and environs
8.22 Central Asia, ca. 400
CE
8.23 Pictorial view: Taq-i Kisra, the
iwan
of Khusrau I, Ctesiphon, Iraq
8.24 The only visible remains of Ctesiphon today is the great arch, Taq-i Kisra, of Khusrau’s palace.
8.25 Firuzabad and its area, Iran
8.26 Central fire at the
atash-gah
in Surakhani, Baku, Azerbaijan
8.27 Fire temple in modern-day Iran
8.28 A Zoroastrian fire ceremony
8.29 Possible fire temple at Ani, Armenia
8.30 Temple 17, Sanchi, near Bhopal, India
8.31 Section and plan: Temple 17, Sanchi
8.32 Plan: Mallikarjuna Temple, Aihole, India, ca. 8th century
CE
8.33 Lakshman Temple, Sirpur, India
8.34 Three-dimensional model of the Hindu cosmosBased on Adam Hardy,
The Temple Architecture of India
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008).
8.35 Mahabodhi Temple, Bodh Gaya, India
8.36 Plan: Mahabodhi Temple
8.37 Plan: Sigirya, Sri Lanka
8.38 View of Sigirya from the garden
8.39 Lion’s Gate, Sigirya
8.40 Trade routes in Southeast Asia, ca. 400
CE
8.41 Area plan: Thayekhittaya (Sri Ksetra), Myanmar
8.42 Roman capitals, 4th century
CE
8.43 Plan: Basilica at Trier, Germany
8.44 Cutaway view: St. John Lateran, Rome
8.45 Interior: Basilica at Trier
8.46 Christian sanctuaries outside the city walls of Rome
8.47 Plan and cross-section: St. Peter’s, Rome
8.48 Pictorial view: St. Peter’s
8.49 Plan: Baptistery at Ravenna, Italy
8.50 Interior: Baptistery at Ravenna
8.51 Plan: St. Babylas, Antioch, Syria
8.52 Plan: St. John, Ephesus, Turkey
8.53 Plan: St. Mary, Ephesus
8.54 Eastern Roman Empire
8.55 Plan: White Monastery (Deir-el-Abiad), near Suhag, Egypt
8.56 Plan: St. Sabina, Rome
8.57 Ostrogoth and Visigoth territories
8.58 Tomb of Theodoric the Great, Ravenna, Italy
8.59 Plan and section: Tomb of Theodoric the Great
8.60 Mosaic depicting the palace of Theodoric the Great in his palace chapel of San Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna
8.61 Japan, 5th century
CE
8.62 Aerial view: The burial mound of Emperor Nintoku, Osaka, Japan
8.63 A
haniwa
, or funerary statue
8.64 Reconstruction of Goshikizuka Kofun, Kobe, Japan
8.65 Mozu-Furuichi Kofungun in southern Osaka, Japan
8.66 Urbanization of the Americas, ca. 400
CE
8.67 Trade in the Americas, ca. 400
CE
8.68 A “dancing” figure showing the mutilated remains of an enemy king
8.69 Xoó: Lightning and earthquake motifs in Zapotec culture
8.70 Monte Albán, near Oaxaca, Mexico
8.71 Aerial view of Monte Albán
8.72 Site plan: Grand Plaza of Monte Albán
8.73 Ball court, Monte Albán
Chapter 9
9.1 Interior: Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey
9.2 Interior of St. Hripsime Temple, Echmiadzin, Armenia
9.3 Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram, India
9.4 Sacred Grove at Futarasan Shrine, Nikko, Japan
9.5 Justinian Europe, showing movements ca. 600
CE
9.6 Original context for SS. Sergius and Bacchus, Istanbul
9.7 Plan: SS. Sergius and Bacchus
9.8 Narthex: Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey
9.9 Exterior: Hagia Sophia
9.10 Spatial composition: Hagia Sophia
9.11 Plan and section: Hagia Sophia
9.12 View of the semi-dome, Hagia Sophia
9.13 Palace area of Constantinople
9.14 Detail of capital, Hagia Sophia
9.15 Examples of Byzantine capitals
9.16 A Visigoth ornament
9.17 Byzantium and Armenia
9.18 Typology of Armenian churches
9.19 St. Hripsime, Echmiadzin, Armenia
9.20 Plan: St. Hripsime
9.21 Interior: St. Hripsime
9.22 Zvartnots Cathedral, Echmiadzin, Armenia
9.23 A Hindu mandala
9.24 Vishnu Temple, Deogarh, India
9.25 Vedic altar, the origin of the Mandala diagram
9.26 Plan: Vishnu Temple, Deogarh
9.27
Garbha-griha
, Cave of Shiva, Elephanta, near Mumbai, India
9.28 Lingam, Cave of Shiva at Elephanta
9.29 Plan: Cave of Shiva, Elephanta
9.30 Five Rathas, Mamallapuram, India
9.31 Elevation of Dharmaraja Ratha, Mamallapuram
9.32 Shore Temple at Mamallapuram
9.33 Plan and section: Shore Temple at Mamallapuram
9.34 Zone of development in Southeast Asia, 600
CE
9.35 Area plan: Isanapura, Cambodia
9.36 Plan: Prasat Sambor (North Group), Hindu temple complex of Sambor Prei Kuk, Isanapura
9.37 Elevation and plan: My Son temple, near Da Nang, Vietnam
9.38 My Son temple
9.39 T’ang dynasty, China
9.40 Plan: Chang’an, the T’ang capital, China
9.41 Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi’an, China
9.42 Pictorial view: Hanyuan Hall, Chang’an (Xi’an), China
9.43 Plan of Daming Palace, Chang’an
9.44 North-south section: Hanyuan Hall
9.45 Songyue Temple Ta, Dengfeng, China
9.46 Plan: Songyue Temple Ta
9.47 Location of Nara and Ise Jingu
9.48 Location Map: Ise Jingu, Ise, Japan
9.49 Area plan: Ise Inner Shrine
9.50 South gateway to the Ise Inner Shrine
9.51 Elevations and plan: Shoden, Ise Inner Shrine
9.52 Kami shrine, Ise, Japan
9.53 Inner precinct of the Ise Inner Shrine
9.54 Plan: Ise Inner Shrine
9.55 Sacred enclosure, Ise Inner Shrine
9.56 Elevation: West precinct of Horyu-ji Temple, Nara, Japan
9.57 Plan: West precinct of Horyu-ji Temple
9.58 Section: Pagoda, west precinct, Horyu-ji Temple
9.59 Courtyard of west precinct, Horyu-ji Temple
9.60 Plan: Horyu-ji Temple complex
Chapter 10
10.1 Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, Syria
10.2 Borobudur, Java, Indonesia
10.3 Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
10.4 Church of San Salvador de Valdediós, Spain
10.5 Toltec Temple of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (“Lord of the Morning Star”), Tula, Mexico
10.6 Islamic territories, ca. 800
CE
10.7 Courtyard, Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria
10.8 Plan: Umayyad Mosque
10.9 Plan: City of Baghdad, Iraq
10.10 Plan: Palace of Ukhaidir, Iraq
10.11 Minaret, Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq
10.12 Plan: Great Mosque of Samarra
10.13 Spain (Al-Andalus)
10.14 Roofscape, Great Mosque of Córdoba, Spain
10.15 Dome structure, Great Mosque of Córdoba
10.16 Hall of the Great Mosque of Córdoba
10.17 Entrance facade, Great Mosque of Córdoba
10.18 Great Mosque of Abd al-Rahman I, 784–848
CE
10.19 Plan: Great Mosque of Córdoba
10.20 Site plan: Temple Mount, Jerusalem
10.21 Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
10.22 Plan and section: Dome of the Rock
10.23 Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar, India
10.24 Plan: Mahavihara at Nalanda
10.25 India ca. 800
CE
10.26 Rajasimhesvara Temple, Kanchipuram, India
10.27 Plan: Rajasimhesvara Temple
10.28 Plan: Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal, India
10.29 Virupaksha Temple
10.30 Two views: Temple of Kailasnath at Ellora, near Aurangabad, India
10.31 Longitudinal section: Kailasnath, Ellora
10.32 Plan: Kailasnath, Ellora
10.33 Cross-section: Kailasnath, Ellora
10.34 Detail: Temple of Kailasnath, Ellora
10.35 Detail: Temple of Kailasnath, Ellora
10.36 Samye Monastery, Dranang, Tibet
10.37 Samye Monastery
10.38 Plan: Samye Monastery
10.39 View of Borobudur, near Yogyakarta, Indonesia
10.40 Rivers and cities of Southeast Asia
10.41 Partial section showing the three levels of Borobudur
10.42 Aerial view of Borobudur
10.43 Plan: Borobudur
10.44 View of Bakong Temple Mountain, near Siem Reap, Cambodia
10.45 Area plan: Angkor, Cambodia
10.46 Section through Temple Mountain at Bakong Temple
10.47 Plan: Bakong Temple
10.48 Plan: Bakong Temple and its precinct
10.49 Plan of Phnom Bakheng, Siem Reap, Cambodia
10.50 Buseoksa Temple, Gyeongsangdo, Korea
10.51 Site plan: Buseoksa Temple
10.52 Site section: Buseoksa Temple
10.53 Main hall, Nanchan Temple, Wutaishan, Shanxi Province, China
10.54 Detail of bracket system: Main hall, Foguang Temple, Wutaishan, Shanxi Province, China
10.55 Main hall, Foguang Temple
10.56 Pictorial view of a
dou-gong
bracket set
10.57 Site plan and section: Foguang Temple, Wutaishan, Shanxi Province, China
10.58 Detail of a portion of the plan of St. Gall
10.59 Plan of St. Gall, St. Gallen, Switzerland
10.60 A drawing of what the monastery at St. Gall might have looked like according to the plan
10.61 Pictorial view: Abbey Church of St. Riquier, near Amiens, France
10.62 Plan: Abbey Church of St. Riquier
10.63 Interior of the dome, Palatine Chapel, Aachen, Germany
10.64 Plan: Palace complex at Aachen, Germany
10.65 East-west section through the Palatine Chapel
10.66 Mayan sites
10.67 Urbanization of the Americas, ca. 600
CE
10.68 General plan of Tikal, near Flores, Guatemala
10.69 Pictorial view: The Great Plaza, Tikal
10.70 Plan: Central zone of Tikal
10.71 Temple I (Temple of the Great Jaguar), Tikal
10.72 Plan and section-elevation: Temple I (Temple of the Great Jaguar), Tikal
10.73 Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico
10.74 Plan of Palenque
10.75 Aerial view of Copán, Honduras
10.76 Ball court, Copán, Honduras
10.77 Plan of Copán
10.78 Huari and Tiwanaku empires
10.79 Megalithic entrance to the Kalasasaya Mound, near La Paz, Bolivia
10.80 The Akapana, the main temple of Tiwanaku, near La Paz, Bolivia
10.81 Site plan: Guayabo, Costa Rica
10.82 Pictorial view of Guayabo
Chapter 11
11.1 Courtyard of a caravanserai
11.2 Step well, India
11.3 Sage Mother Hall, Jinci Temple, Taiyuan, China
11.4 Speyer Cathedral, Speyer, Germany
11.5 Pueblo Bonito
11.6 Urbanization of the Americas, ca. 1000
CE
11.7 Trade in the Americas, ca. 1000
CE
11.8 Uxmal palace complex, Mexico
11.9 Temple of the Magician, Uxmal
11.10 Plan: The Nunnery quadrangle at Uxmal
11.11 Ball court at Uxmal
11.12 North America and Mesoamerica, ca. 1000
CE
11.13 Aerial view: Cahokia, near St. Louis, Missouri
11.14 Serpent Mound, Adams County, Ohio
11.15 Plan: Serpent Mound
11.16 Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
11.17 Site of Pueblo Bonito
11.18 Plan: Pueblo Bonito
11.19 Plan and section: Traditional kiva
11.20 West Asia, ca. 1000
CE
11.22 Cutaway view: Sultan Han, Kayseri, Turkey
11.23 Entry portal, Sultan Han, Kayseri
11.24 Plan: Sultan Han, Kayseri
11.25 Development of the Great Mosque of Isfahan, Iran
11.26 Courtyard, Great Mosque of Isfahan
11.27
Iwans
, Great Mosque of Isfahan
11.28 Close-up of
muqarnas
, Great Mosque of Isfahan
11.29 Plan and elevation: Great Mosque of Isfahan
11.30 Gök Madrasa, Sivas, Turkey
11.31 Courtyard, Madrasa al-Firdus, Aleppo, Syria
11.32 Plan: Ince Minare Madrasa, Konya, Turkey
11.33 Plan: Madrasa al-Firdus, Aleppo
11.34 Mausoleum of Koutloug Aka, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
11.35 Hall of the Abencerrajes, Alhambra, Spain
11.36 Two-dimensional fan-shaped radial
muqarnas
quarter vault design from the Topkapi Scroll
11.37 Section: Shrine of Imam Dur, Samarra, Iraq
11.38 Plan of
qubba
, al-Barubiyyin, Marrakech, Morocco
11.39 North Africa, ca. 1000
CE
11.40 Cairo and environs
11.41 Al-Azhar Mosque, Cairo
11.42 Interior of Al-Azhar Mosque
11.43 Plan: Al-Azhar Mosque
11.44 South Asia temple sites
11.45 Section and partial plan: Rani-ni-Vav, step well at Patan, India
11.46 Rani-ni-Vav, step well at Patan
11.47 Sun Temple at Modhera, India
11.48 Plan: Sun Temple at Modhera
11.49 Detail: Sun Temple at Modhera
11.50 Ramakunda pool, Sun Temple at Modhera
11.51 Lakshmana Temple sikhara
11.52 Lakshmana Temple at Khajuraho, India
11.53 Plan and section: Lakshmana Temple
11.54 Khandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, India
11.55 Plan: Khandariya Mahadeva Temple
11.56 Elevation: Khandariya Mahadeva Temple
11.57 Tantric sculpture from Khandariya Mahadeva Temple
11.58 Plan: Chausat Yogini Temple at Khajuraho, India
11.59 Chausat Yogini Temple
11.60 Geometric evolution of an Orissan temple plan (after Andreas Volwahsen)
11.61 Orissan temple elements
11.62 Rajarani Temple, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, India
11.63 Plan: Rajarani Temple
11.64 Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, India
11.65 Plan and elevation: Lingaraja Temple
11.66 Site: Lingaraja Temple
11.67 A Teaching Session (detail from a Shravanabelagola painting)
11.68 Statue of Gomteshwara Bahubali
11.69 Plan: Jain Temples at Mt. Abu, Rajasthan, India
11.70 Interior, Vimala Vasahi Temple at Mt. Abu
11.71 Dilwara Temple at Mt. Abu
11.72 Chola and its economic sphere of influence
11.73 A typical Chola temple town
11.74 Dakshinameru (Rajarajeshwara Temple), Thanjavur, India
11.75 Area plan: Thanjavur, India
11.76 Plan: Dakshinameru (Rajarajeshwara Temple)
11.77 Pictorial view: Parakramabahu Palace, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka
11.78 Plan: Parakramabahu Palace
11.79 Plan: Polonnaruwa stupa complex
11.80 Polonnaruwa stupa
11.81 Song dynasty China
11.82 Site of Sage Mother Hall, Jinci Temple, Tayjuan, China
11.83 Detail, Sage Mother Hall
11.84 Section: Sage Mother Hall
11.85 Silhouette, Iron Pagoda, Kaifeng, China
11.86 Site plan: Mu-Ta, Yingxian, Shanxi, China
11.87 Section: Mu-Ta
11.88 Dulesi Monastery, Jixian, Hebei Province, China
11.89 Section through Guanyin-ge, Dulesi Monastery
11.90 Plan: Dulesi Monastery
11.91 Japan: Location of Kyoto and Nara, Japan
11.92 Phoenix hall at Byodo-in, near Kyoto, Japan
11.93 Plan and elevation: Phoenix hall at Byodo-in
11.94 Byzantium and eastern Europe, ca. 1000
CE
11.95 Interior, Church of Christ Pantokrator
11.96 Plan: Church of Christ Pantokrator, Constantinople, Turkey
11.97 Plan: Church of the Tithe (Desyatinaya)
11.98 Elevation: Church of the Tithe (Desyatinaya), Kiev, Russia
11.99 Golden gate, Vladimir, Russia
11.100 Plan and elevation: Cathedral of Ani, Armenia
11.101 Cathedral of Ani
11.102 Plan and section: Sanahin complex, Lori, Armenia
11.103 Interior of Sanahin church
11.104 Holy Roman Empire
11.105 St. Cyriakus, Gernrode, Germany
11.106 Plan and section: St. Michael in Hildesheim, Germany
11.107 Medieval Hildesheim
11.108 Plan: Speyer Cathedral, Germany
11.109 Abbey Church of St. Foy, Conques, France
11.110 Plan: Abbey Church of St. Foy
11.111 Norman England
11.112 Durham Cathedral, England
11.113 Partial section through the nave of Durham Cathedral
11.114 Plan: Durham Cathedral
11.115 Nave of Durham Cathedral
11.116 Plan: Canterbury Cathedral, England
11.117 Partial section: Canterbury Cathedral
11.118 Interior vaulting: Canterbury Cathedral
11.119 Site Plan: Santa Maria Nuova at Monreale, Sicily, Italy
11.120 Exterior detail: Santa Maria Nuova at Monreale
11.121 Aerial view: Cefalù Cathedral, Sicily, Italy
11.122 European pilgrimage routes
11.123 Plan: Santiago de Compostela, Spain
11.124 Plan: Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem
11.125 Italian states, ca. 1000
CE
11.126 Modena Cathedral, Italy
11.127 Detail: Cathedral of Pisa, Italy
11.128 Cathedral of Pisa
11.129 Plan: Cathedral of Pisa
11.130 Baptistery of Florence, Italy
11.131 Baptistery of Pisa, Italy
11.132 Baptistery of Pavia, Italy
11.133 Plan and section: Baptistery of Parma
Chapter 12
12.1 Angkor Wat, near Siam Riep, Cambodia
12.2 Lalibela, Ethiopia
12.3 Tomb of Sultan Qalawun, Cairo, Egypt
12.4 Town Hall, Padua, Italy
12.5 Sanju-sangen-do, Kyoto, Japan
12.6 Southeast Asia, ca. 1200
CE
12.7 Vrah Vishnulok (Angkor Wat), near Siem Reap, Cambodia
12.8 Area plan: Vrah Vishnulok (Angkor Wat)
12.9 Plan: Vrah Vishnulok
12.10 Compound of Vrah Vishnulok
12.11 Third enclosure gallery, Vrah Vishnulok
12.12 Quasi-Hellenic details in the interior of the Library at Vrah Vishnulok
12.13 Lokesvara temple (Preah Khan), near Siem Reap, Cambodia
12.14 Area plan: Lokesvara temple complex
12.15 Plan of Lokesvara temple complex
12.16 View of Pagan, near Nyangu, Myanmar (Ananda Temple in left foreground; Shwezigon Pagoda in background)
12.17 Site plan: Shwezigon Pagoda
12.18 Shwezigon Pagoda, Pagan
12.19 Elevation and plan: Shwezigon Pagoda
12.20 Location of Kyoto and the Itsukushima Shrine, Japan
12.21 Sanju-sangen-do, Kyoto, Japan
12.22 Plan of Sanju-sangen-do
12.23 Interior: Sanju-sangen-do
12.24 Itsukushima Shrine, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan
12.25 Site plan: Itsukushima Shrine
12.26 Song dynasty China
12.27 Garden of the Master of the Nets, Suzhou, China
12.28 Hierarchy of the
dou-gong
(bracket system) according to the
Yingzhao Fashi
12.29 Detail of a garden scene from the Song dynasty
12.30 Mongol Empire, ca. 1200
CE
12.31 Chinese canal system
12.32 Plan of Yuan Dadu, Beijing
12.33 Seven capitals of Delhi, India
12.34 View of Tughlaqabad, Delhi
12.35 Plan: Tughlaqabad, Delhi, India
12.36 Temple columns, Quwwat-ul-Islam, Delhi, India
12.37 Plan and section: Quwwat-ul-Islam
12.38 Alai Darwaza gate, Quwwat-ul-Islam
12.39 Africa, ca. 1200
CE
12.40 Plan: Palace of Husuni Kubwa at Kilwa, Tanzania
12.41 Cairo madrasas
12.42 View of dome, Tomb of Sultan Qalawun, Cairo, Egypt
12.43 Tomb of Sultan Qalawun
12.44 Plan: Tomb of Sultan Qalawun
12.45 Interior: Tomb of Sultan Qalawun
12.46 Bieta Giorgis, Lalibela, Ethiopia
12.47 Partial plan: Rock-cut churches of Lalibela
12.48 Section: Rock-cut churches of Lalibela
12.49 Plan and section: Bieta Giorgis, Lalibela
12.50 Cappadocia, Turkey
12.51 Great Zimbabwe, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
12.52 Site plan: The Great Zimbabwe
12.53 The wall of the Great Zimbabwe
12.54 Sankoré Mosque, Timbuktu, Mali
12.55 Mosque at Djenné, Mali
12.56 Site plan: Mosque at Djenné
12.57 Area of Cistercian monasteries
12.58 Interior: Fontenay Abbey, near Montbard, France
12.59 Monastery, Fontenay Abbey
12.60 Area plan: Fontenay Abbey
12.61 Plan: Fontenay Abbey
12.62 Interior: Fontenay Abbey
12.63 Kaupanger Stave Church, Norway
12.64 Borgund Stave Church, Norway
12.65 Plan and section: Borgund Stave ChurchThe word
stave
, from the Nors
stavr
, refers to the load-bearing posts that make up the structure.
12.66 Europe during the High Middle Ages
12.67 Reconstruction: Basilica of St. Denis, France, at the time of Abbot Suger
12.68 Plan: Chartres Cathedral, France
12.69 Partial interior elevation and section: Chartres Cathedral
12.70 Plan: Amiens Cathedral, France
12.71 Half-section: Naves of Bourges and Amiens Cathedrals
12.72 Amiens Cathedral
12.73 Gothic compound pier
12.74 West front, Amiens Cathedral
12.75 Cathedral of Notre-Dame of Reims, France
12.76 Section and plan: Cathedral of Notre-Dame of Reims
12.77 Entrance facade, Exeter Cathedral, England
12.78 Tierceron vaulting, Exeter Cathedral
12.79 Plan: Exeter Cathedral
12.80 View of Gubbio, Italy
12.81 Town Hall, Gubbio
12.82 Aerial view: Piazza del Campo, Siena, Italy
12.83 Palazzo Pubblico, Siena
12.84 Plan: Piazza del Campo, Siena
12.85 Nave of St. Croce, Florence, Italy
12.86 Plan: St. Croce
12.87 Dominican Church, Toulouse, France
12.88 Nasrid sultanate
12.89 Column capital, Court of the Lions, Granada, Spain
12.90 Court of the Myrtles, Alhambra
12.91 Gate of Justice, Alhambra
12.92 Plan: Alhambra
12.93 Hall of the Ambassadors, Alhambra
12.94 Geometric motif, Alhambra
12.95 Plan: Court of the Lions, Alhambra
12.96 Plan: Palace complex, Alhambra
12.97 Mesoamerica, ca. 1200
CE
12.98 Giant Toltec figures at Tula, near Tula de Allende, Mexico
12.99 Site plan: Tula
12.100 Site plan: Chichén Itzá, Mexico
12.101
Castillo
, Chichén Itzá
12.102 Ball court at Chichén Itzá
12.103 Temple of the Warriors, Chichén Itzá
12.104
Caracol
(observatory), Chichén Itzá
12.105 A
chacmool
, Chichén Itzá
Chapter 13
13.1 The Americas, ca. 1400
CE
13.2 Trade in the Americas
13.3 Urbanization of the Americas, ca. 1400
CE
13.4 Section through a Hopi house
13.5 Pueblo architecture, Arizona
13.6 An Iroquois village
13.7 A
wetu
13.8 Pictorial view: Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlán, Mexico City
13.9 Calendar stone from Tenochtitlán
13.10 Plan: Templo Mayor complex, Tenochtitlán, Mexico City
13.11 Chan Chan, near Trujillo, Peru
13.12 Plan: Rivero Citadel at Chan Chan
13.13 Plan: Upper temple area, Qosqo (Cuzco), Peru
13.14 Plan: Qosqo
13.15 Aerial view: Qosqo
13.16 Site plan: Machu Picchu, Peru
13.17 Stonework at Machu Picchu
13.18 Passageway: Machu Picchu
13.19 Machu Picchu as it stands today
13.20 Close-up of the urban sector of Machu Picchu
13.21 Italy, ca. 1400
CE
13.22 Facade: Ca’ d’Oro, Venice, Italy
13.23 Ca’ d’Oro, Venice
13.24 West Asia and the eastern Mediterranean, ca. 1400
13.25 Section: Yesil Cami complex, Bursa, Turkey
13.26 Site plan: Yesil Cami complex
13.27 Beyazit Medical Complex, Edirne, Turkey
13.28 Courtyard, Beyazit Medical Complex
13.29 Plan: Beyazit Medical Complex
13.30 Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey
13.31 Site plan: Topkapi Palace, Istanbul
13.32 Plan: Topkapi Palace
13.33 Throne room, Topkapi Palace
13.34 Detail, Topkapi Palace
13.35 Plan and section: Pazzi Chapel, Florence, Italy
13.36 Interior of the Pazzi Chapel
13.37 Cathedral of Florence, Italy
13.38 Plan and section: Cathedral of Florence
13.39 Foundling Hospital, Florence, Italy
13.40 Plan: Piazza Santissima Annunziata
13.41 Plan and section: San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy
13.42 Nave of San Lorenzo
13.43 Medici Palace, Florence, Italy
13.44 Plan and section: Medici Palace
13.45 Rusticated facade, Medici Palace
13.46 Elevation: Rucellai Palace, Florence, Italy
13.47 Rucellai Palace
13.48 Site: Rucellai Palace
13.49 Sant’Andrea, Mantua, Italy
13.50 Section: Sant’Andrea
13.51 Plan: Sant’Andrea
13.52 Villa Medici, Poggio a Caiano, Italy
13.53 Tempietto of San Pietro, Montorio, Rome
13.54 Plan: Château of Chambord, near Blois, France
13.55 Château of Chambord
13.56 Staircase, Château of Chambord
13.57 Courtyard door (left) and entrance portal (right), Complex of Sultan Hassan, Cairo, Egypt
13.58 Plan: Complex of Sultan Hassan
13.59 Complex of Sultan Hassan
13.60 Dome, Mausoleum Complex of Sultan Qaitbay, Cairo, Egypt
13.61 Plan: Mausoleum Complex of Sultan Qaitbay
13.62 Plan and pictorial view: Bibi Khanum Friday Mosque, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
13.63 Bibi Khanum Friday Mosque
13.64 Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
13.65 Timurid dome of Bibi Khanum Friday Mosque
13.66 India, ca. 1400
CE
13.67 Inner court, Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad, India
13.68 Court arcade, Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad
13.69 Plan: Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad
13.70 Section through main prayer hall, Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad
13.71 Interior arcade, Friday Mosque of Gulbarga, India
13.72 Plan, section, and pictorial view: Friday Mosque of Gulbarga
13.73 Ming dynasty China
13.74 Meridian Gate, Forbidden City, Beijing, China
13.75 Plan: 15th-century Beijing
13.76 Section: Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City
13.77 Plan: Forbidden City
13.78 Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City
13.79 Purple Heaven Hall, Mt. Wudang, China
13.80 Temple of Heaven complex
13.81 Imperial Vault of Heaven, Temple of Heaven complex, Beijing
13.82 Circular Mound Altar, Temple of Heaven complex
13.83 Plan: Changdeokgung, Seoul, Korea
13.84 Kinkakuji, Kyoto, Japan
13.85 Site plan: Kinkakuji
13.86 Teahouse, Kinkakiju, Kyoto
13.87 Section: Kinkakuji
13.88 Plan: Kinkakuji
13.89 Ginkakuji, Kyoto, Japan
13.90 Site plan: Ginkakuji
13.91 Southeast Asia, ca. 1400
CE
13.92 Ayutthaya temple complex
13.93 Site plan: Wat Si Sanpet, Ayutthaya temple complex
Chapter 14
14.1 Tokugawa Japan
14.2 Elevation of Great Tenshu, Himeji Castle
14.3 Himeji Castle, Himeji, JapanThe suffix -
jo
means “castle” in Japanese; Himeji Castle is thus known as Himeji-jo. (The suffix -
ji
means temple.)
14.4 Yomeimon, Toshogu Shrine, Nikko, Japan
14.5 Plan: Toshogu Shrine
14.6 Plan: Nijo Castle, Kyoto, Japan
14.7 Garden entrance to Nijo Castle
14.8 Garden of Nijo Castle
14.9 Plan: Ninomaru Palace, Nijo Castle
14.10 Ninomaru Palace
14.11 Suminoe pine, Katsura Imperial Villa, near Kyoto, Japan
14.12 Plan: Taian Teahouse, Yamazaki, Japan
14.13 Site plan: Katsura Imperial Villa
14.14 Garden gate, Katsura Imperial Villa
14.15 Plan: Katsura Imperial Villa
14.16 Stepping-stones, Katsura Imperial Villa, near Kyoto, Japan
14.17 Garden path, Katsura Imperial Villa
14.18 Detail: Katsura Imperial Villa
14.19 Interior of Tea Pavilion (Shokintei), Katsura Imperial Villa
14.20 Ceiling structure of the Gepparo, Katsura Imperial Villa
14.21 Plan: Shokintei, Katsura Imperial Villa
14.22 Ming dynasty China
14.23 Area plan: Imperial Ming Tombs, near Beijing
14.24 Drum Tower of Spirit Path, Ming Tombs
14.25 Spirit Path, Ming Tombs
14.26 Spirit Path, Ming Tombs
14.27 Axial approach to the Ming Tombs, near Beijing
14.28 Underground chamber, Tomb of Emperor Wanli, Ming Tombs
14.29 Stele guarding the entrance to the tomb of Emperor Wanli
14.30 Plan: Tomb of the Yongle Emperor (Changling)
14.31 Plan: Tomb of the Emperor Wanli (Dingling)
14.32 Underground chambers at Dingling
14.33 Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet (China)
14.34 Plan: Potala Palace
14.35 South elevation: Potala Palace
14.36 Section through Potala Palace
14.37 Potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet (China)
14.38 Plan: Third floor of the Red Palace, Potala Palace
14.39 The voyages of Zheng He
14.40 Ming dynasty treasure ship in comparison with Vasco da Gama’s
São Gabriel
14.41 Development of the Mughal Empire
14.42 Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi, India
14.43 Plan: Humayun’s Tomb
14.44 Site plan: Fatehpur Sikri, India
14.45 Plan: Palace precinct, Fatehpur Sikri
14.46 Anup Talao, Fatehpur Sikri
14.47 Exterior elevation: Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri, India
14.48 Plan: Jami Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri
14.49 Section: Buland Darwaza
14.50 Interior elevation: Buland Darwaza
14.51 Ground-floor plan, section, and upper-story plan: Diwan-i-Khas, Fatehpur Sikri, India
14.52 The emperor’s seat, the conceptual center of Diwan-i-Khas
14.53 Emperor’s seat, Diwan-i-Khas
14.54 Taj Mahal, Agra, India
14.55 Area map of Agra
14.56 View of the main gateway to the Taj Mahal
14.57 Site plan: Taj Mahal, tomb of Muntaz Mahal
14.58 Taj Mahal, Agra, India
14.59 Faux tombs of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan, Taj Mahal
14.60 Section: Taj Mahal
14.61 Plan with mass and space rendered as figures, Taj Mahal
14.62 Site plan: Vijayanagara Temples, India
14.63 Area plan: Vijayanagara, India
14.64 Site plan: Vijayanagara Palaces
14.65 Plan: Virupaksha Temple, Vijayanagara, India
14.66 Market street in the landscape, Vijayanagara
14.67 Royal tank with aqueduct, Vijayanagara
14.68 Bijapur, Vijayanagara, and the neighboring region
14.69 Tomb of Ibrahim II, Bijapur, India
14.70 Section and plan: Tomb of Ibrahim II, Bijapur
14.71 Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur, India
14.72 Section: Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur
14.73 Main square of Isfahan, Iran
14.74 Plan: Isfahan, Iran
14.75 Masjid-i-Shah Mosque, Isfahan, Iran
14.76 Interior: Masjid-i-Shah Mosque
14.77 Plan: Main square, Isfahan
14.78 Ottoman Empire
14.79 Plan: Suleymaniye Complex, Istanbul
14.80 Elevation and section: Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul
14.81 Vaulting in the Suleymaniye Mosque
14.82 Suleymaniye Complex
14.83 Plan of the Kremlin, Moscow, Russia
14.84 Cathedral of the Assumption, Moscow
14.85 Plan and section: Cathedral of the Assumption
14.86 Church of the Archangel Michael, Moscow
14.87 Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoe, Russia
14.88 Africa, ca. 1600
14.89 Dogon communal structure, Mali
14.90 Dogon houses, Mali
14.91 Plan and section: a typical Dogon housing cluster
14.92 Plan of a Dogon city
14.93 Villa Foscari, Mira, Italy
14.94 Plan and section: Villa Foscari
14.95 Villa Rotonda, near Vicenza, Italy
14.96 Site plan and section: Villa Rotonda
14.97 Villa Trissino: From
The Four Books on Architecture
, Andrea Palladio
14.98 Plan and section-elevation: Villa Rotonda
14.99 Palace of the Senators, Campidoglio, Rome
14.100 Facade, Capitoline Museum, Rome
14.101 Plan: Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome
14.102 Location map: Piazza del Campidoglio
14.103 Aerial view: Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome
14.104 Arcade, Capitoline Museum
14.105 Partial facade: Piazza del Campidoglio
14.106 Model for St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, made by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
14.107 Medal showing Bramante’s intentions for St. Peter’s Basilica, 1506
14.108 Plan of St. Peter’s Basilica by Bramante
14.109 Plan of St. Peter’s Basilica by Sangallo
14.110 St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome
14.111 Dome of St. Peter’s Basilica
14.112 Bramante’s plan for St. Peter’s (above); Michelangelo’s plan (center); Carlo Maderno’s addition (right)
14.113 Section: St. Peter’s Basilica
14.114 Interior, St. Peter’s Basilica
14.115 Facade: St. Peter’s Basilica
14.116 View from the dome, St. Peter’s Square, Rome
14.117 Bernini’s geometric solution for laying out St. Peter’s Square
14.118 Aerial view of St. Peter’s Square
14.119 Site plan: St. Peter’s Square
14.121 Plan: Scala Regia
14.120 Colonnade, St. Peter’s Square
14.122 Sant’Andrea al Quirinale, Rome
14.123 Plan and section: Sant’Andrea al Quirinale
14.124 Plan and facade: Il Gesù, Rome
14.125 Entrance facade: Il Gesù
14.126 Longitudinal section: Il Gesù
14.127 The Americas, 1600
CE
14.128 Plan: Example of an
atrio
14.129 Example of an
atrio
14.130 Elmina Castle, Elmina, Ghana
14.131 Plan: Elmina Castle
14.132 Section through fortification, Elmina Castle
14.133 Plan: Fort Commenda, Ghana
14.134 View: Old Fort William, Kolkata, India
14.135 Plan: Fort William
14.136 Plan of Amsterdam, Netherlands
14.137 Zuiderkerk, Amsterdam
14.138 Plan and section: Zuiderkerk
14.139 Plan: Amsterdam Town Hall (Burgerzaal)
14.140 Amsterdam Town Hall (Burgerzaal)
14.141 Place Royale, Paris
14.142 Plan: 17th-century Paris
14.143 Aerial view: Place Royale
14.144 Elizabethan England
14.145 Plan: Wollaton Hall, near Nottingham, England
14.146 Wollaton Hall, near Nottingham, England
14.147 Interior, Banqueting House, London
14.148 Plan and elevation: Banqueting House
