Building Codes Illustrated E-Book

Francis D. K. Ching

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Building Codes Illustrated
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 425

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

Dive into the history and application of the IBC Building Codes Illustrated: A Guide to the 2015 International Building Code, Fifth Edition is a bestselling complement to the International Building Code, or IBC. Designed to give you an insider's look at the origins of the IBC, how it can be interpreted, and how it applies to design and construction, this updated text offers new information regarding hazmat occupancies, hospitals, and nursing homes, major changes to how building heights and areas are presented, as well as means of egress, and the latest information on building materials, interior environments, and structural provisions. Francis D.K. Ching's distinctive illustrations and the code expertise of Steven Winkel, FAIA, give students and professionals in architecture, interior design, construction, and engineering industries a user-friendly, easy-to-use guide to fundamentally understanding the 2015 IBC. Building codes and standards serve to establish minimum regulations that emphasize performance while prioritizing public health and safety. Updated every three years, the IBC is the most important reference that you can leverage throughout your career in architecture, design, or engineering. The IBC is a national 'model building code' which is adopted in some form by most building permit jurisdictions across the nation and in several foreign countries. * Access the updated regulations reflected in the 2015 IBC * Explore how the IBC was developed, and why it is an important component of so many industries * Identify the areas of the IBC that have undergone the most change, such as the presentation of building heights and areas, along with changes to means of egress provisions * Easily navigate and digest the information with full illustrations Building Codes Illustrated: A Guide to the 2015 International Building Code, Fifth Edition is a practical, fully illustrated reference that guides you through the latest in building code regulations.

Leseprobe

Building Codes ILLUSTRATED

Fifth Edition

A Guide to Understanding the 2015 International Building Code®

FRANCIS D. K. CHING / STEVEN R. WINKEL, FAIA

Cover Design: Wiley Cover Illustration: Francis D.K. Ching

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ching, Frank, 1943-

Building codes illustrated : a guide to understanding the 2015 international building code / Francis Ching, Steven Winkel. -- Fifth edition. Includes index.   ISBN 978-1-119-15092-3; ISBN 978-1-119-15094-7 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-15095-4 (ebk)

Disclaimer

The book contains the authors' analyses and illustrations of the intent and potential interpretations of the 2015 International Building Code® (IBC). The illustrations and examples are general in nature and not intended to apply to any specific project without a detailed analysis of the unique nature of the project. As with any code document, the IBC is subject to interpretation by the Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) for their application to a specific project. Designers should consult the local Building Official early in project design if there are questions or concerns about the meaning or application of code sections in relation to specific design projects.

The interpretations and illustrations in the book are those of the authors. The authors do not represent that the illustrations, analyses, or interpretations in this book are definitive. They are not intended to take the place of detailed code analyses of a project, the exercise of professional judgment by the reader, or interpretive application of the code to any project by permitting authorities. While this publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information regarding the subject matter covered, it is sold with the understanding that neither the publisher nor the authors are engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.

The authors and John Wiley & Sons would like to thank Doug Thornburg and Jay Woodward of the International Code Council for their thorough review of the manuscript. Their review does not reflect in any way the official position of the International Code Council. Any errors in the interpretations or illustrations in the book are solely those of the authors and are in no way the responsibility of the International Code Council.

We would also like to thank David Collins, FAIA, of The Preview Group, Inc., for his insightful review. The book was made clearer and our interpretations were improved by his comments and suggestions.

About the International Code Council®

The International Code Council (ICC®), a membership association dedicated to building safety, fire prevention and energy efficiency, develops the codes and standards used to construct residential and commercial buildings, including homes and schools. The mission of ICC is to provide the highest quality codes, standards, products and services for all concerned with the safety and performance of the built environment. Most United States cities, counties and states choose the International Codes, building safety codes developed by the International Code Council. The International Codes also serve as the basis for construction of federal properties around the world, and as a reference for many nations outside the United States. The Code Council is also dedicated to innovation and sustainability and Code Council subsidiary, ICC Evaluation Service, issues Evaluation Reports for innovative products and reports of Sustainable Attributes Verification and Evaluation (SAVE).

Headquarters: 500 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001-2070 District Offices: Birmingham, AL; Chicago. IL; Los Angeles, CA 1-888-422-7233

www.iccsafe.org

Contents

Preface

1 Building Codes

HISTORY AND PRECEDENTS

MODEL CODES

FEDERAL AND NATIONAL CODES

STATE AND LOCAL CODES

OTHER CODES AND STANDARDS

LEGAL BASIS FOR CODES

THE FUTURE FOR CODE DEVELOPMENT

2 Navigating the Code

INTENT AND INTERPRETATION

USING THE CODE

CODE COMPONENTS

CODE ANALYSIS

3 Use and Occupancy

OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

OCCUPANCY GROUPS

4 Special Uses and Occupancies

SPECIAL USES AND OCCUPANCIES

COVERED AND OPEN MALL BUILDINGS

HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

ATRIUMS

MOTOR-VEHICLE-RELATED OCCUPANCIES

GROUP I-2 OCCUPANCIES

LIVE-WORK UNITS

HEALTH CARE CLINICS

AMBULATORY CARE FACILITIES

5 Building Heights and Areas

DEFINITIONS

EXCEPTIONS TO BUILDING HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITATIONS

BUILDING HEIGHT AND AREA LIMITATIONS

ALLOWABLE BUILDING HEIGHTS

MEZZANINES

ALLOWABLE BUILDING HEIGHTS AND AREAS

AREA MODIFICATIONS

BUILDING HEIGHT AND AREA CALCULATION PROCEDURE

UNLIMITED-AREA BUILDINGS

MIXED USE AND OCCUPANCY

SPECIAL PROVISIONS

6 Types of Construction

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

TABLE 601

TABLE 602

TYPES I AND II CONSTRUCTION

TYPE III CONSTRUCTION

TYPE IV CONSTRUCTION

TYPE V CONSTRUCTION

7 Fire-Resistive Construction

FIRE-RESISTIVE CONSTRUCTION

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS

FIRE-RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

EXTERIOR WALLS

FIRE WALLS

FIRE BARRIERS

FIRE PARTITIONS

SMOKE BARRIERS AND HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLIES

FIRE RESISTANCE OF INTERIOR WALLS

VERTICAL OPENINGS

SHAFT ENCLOSURES

PENETRATIONS AND JOINT SYSTEMS

OPENING PROTECTIVES

DUCTS AND AIR TRANSFER OPENINGS

CONCEALED SPACES

PLASTER AND THERMAL- AND SOUND-INSULATING MATERIALS

PRESCRIPTIVE FIRE-RESISTANCES

CALCULATED FIRE-RESISTANCES

8 Interior Finishes

WALL AND CEILING FINISHES

INTERIOR FLOOR FINISHES

DECORATIONS AND TRIM

ACOUSTICAL CEILING SYSTEMS

9 Fire-Protection Systems

FIRE-PROTECTION SYSTEMS

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

STANDPIPE SYSTEMS

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

FIRE-ALARM AND DETECTION SYSTEMS

SMOKE-CONTROL SYSTEMS

SMOKE AND HEAT REMOVAL

10 Means of Egress

MEANS OF EGRESS

EGRESS COMPONENTS

GENERAL EGRESS REQUIREMENTS

EXIT ACCESS

EXIT-ACCESS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

EXITS

EXIT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

EXIT DISCHARGE

EXIT-DISCHARGE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

ASSEMBLY EGRESS

AISLE ACCESSWAYS

EMERGENCY ESCAPE

11 Accessibility

DESIGNING FOR ACCESSIBILITY

AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT

DEFINITIONS

SCOPING REQUIREMENTS

ACCESSIBLE ROUTES

ACCESSIBLE ENTRANCES

PARKING AND PASSENGER LOADING FACILITIES

DWELLING UNITS AND SLEEPING UNITS

SPECIAL OCCUPANCIES

OTHER FEATURES AND FACILITIES

SIGNAGE

SUPPLEMENTARY ACCESSIBILITY REQUIREMENTS

12 Interior Environment

INTERIOR ENVIRONMENT

VENTILATION

LIGHTING

YARDS OR COURTS

SOUND TRANSMISSION

INTERIOR SPACE DIMENSIONS

ACCESS AND MATERIALS

13 Energy Efficiency

14 Exterior Walls

EXTERIOR-WALL ENVELOPE

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

WALL MATERIALS

INSTALLATION OF WALL COVERINGS

COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS ON THE EXTERIOR SIDE OF EXTERIOR WALLS

METAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS

HIGH-PRESSURE LAMINATE SYSTEMS

15 Roof Assemblies

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOF COVERINGS

ASPHALT SHINGLES

CLAY AND CONCRETE TILE

METAL ROOF PANELS

METAL ROOF SHINGLES

ROLL ROOFING AND SLATE SHINGLES

WOOD SHINGLES

WOOD SHAKES

BUILT-UP ROOFS

SINGLE-PLY ROOFING

VEGETATIVE ROOFS, ROOF GARDENS, AND LANDSCAPED ROOFS

ROOF INSULATION

ROOFTOP STRUCTURES

REROOFING

16 Structural Provisions

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

17 Special Inspections and Tests

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS: STEEL

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS: CONCRETE

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS: MASONRY

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS

18 Soils and Foundations

SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING

WATERPROOFING

LOAD-BEARING VALUES OF SOILS

FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

19 Building Materials and Systems

STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

CONCRETE

ALUMINUM

MASONRY

STEEL

WOOD

GLASS AND GLAZING

GYPSUM BOARD, GYPSUM PANEL PRODUCTS, AND PLASTER

PLASTICS

BUILDING SYSTEMS

ELEVATORS AND CONVEYING SYSTEMS

20 Existing Structures

Bibliography

Index

EULA

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Preface

The primary purpose of this book is to familiarize code users with the 2015 International Building Code® (IBC). It is intended as an instructional text on how the Code was developed and how it is organized, as well as a primer on how to use the Code. It is intended to be a companion to the IBC, not a substitute for it. This book must be read in concert with the IBC.

Many designers feel intimidated by building codes. They can seem daunting and complex at first glance. It is important to know that they are a product of years of accretion and evolution. Sections start simply and are modified, and new material is added to address additional concerns or to address interpretation issues from previous code editions. The complexity of a building code often comes from this layering of new information upon old without regard to overall continuity. It is important to keep in mind that there is no single author of the building code. Each section has a different author. Building codes are living documents, constantly under review and modification. It is vital to an understanding of codes to keep in mind that they are a human institution, written by ordinary people with specific issues in mind or specific agendas they wish to advance.

Over the past several editions of the IBC there has been an increase in the number of code revisions made to “clarify” the code. This trend has often resulted in the reoganization of code sections, often without any substantive changes. For those code users who are familiar with the previous code editions these changes can be upsetting and confusing. It may seem that familiar and well-understood code provisions have disappeared when in actuality they have just been relocated and renumbered. We strongly recommend that code users obtain electronic copies of the codes. These lend themselves to keyword searches that make it possible to find moved provisions based on the unchanged text content.

This book is designed to give an understanding of how the International Building Code is developed, how it is likely to be interpreted, and how it applies to design and construction. The intent of this book is to give a fundamental understanding of the relationship of codes to practice for design professionals, especially those licensed or desiring to become licensed as architects, engineers, or other registered design professionals. Code knowledge is among the fundamental reasons for licensing design professionals, for the protection of public health, safety, and welfare. It is our goal to make the acquisition and use of code knowledge easier and clearer for code users.

BUILDING CODE

Webster's Third New International Dictionary defines a building code as: “A set of rules of procedure and standards of materials designed to secure uniformity and protect the public interest in such matters as building construction and public health, established usually by a public agency and commonly having the force of law in a particular jurisdiction.”

PREFACE

How This Book Is Organized

The first two chapters of this book give background and context regarding the development, organization, and use of the IBC. Chapters 3 through 18 are organized and numbered the same as the corresponding subject-matter chapters in the IBC. Chapter 19 summarizes the requirements in the remaining IBC chapters. Chapter 13 refers briefly to the energy provisions of the International Code family, which are contained in a separate code, the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), and which are beyond the scope of this book. Chapter 20 touches on the code provisions for existing buildings, which are no longer included in the IBC, but occur in the International Existing Building Code (IEBC).

For the Student

The book is part of the introduction to building codes that are an integral part of professional studies in architecture, structural engineering, and civil engineering. It will serve as explanatory text to accompany analysis of the organization, intent, and use of codes in general and the International Building Code in particular. The introductory chapters will instill in undergraduate design students the reasons codes exist and how they form an integral part of the design process for every building project. Most design problems in school are at the schematic design level, so that detailed code analysis will not typically be undertaken in most undergraduate classes. In graduate classes the book can serve to organize and facilitate a deeper understanding of detailed requirements common to all building codes. The book also gives guidance on best practices for code analysis to lay a foundation for future practitioners to better meet the health, safety, and welfare criteria that are the basis for professional licensure.

For Emerging Professionals

Whether you are engaged in design, production, management, or construction administration, codes and standards are an integral and inescapable part of the practice of architecture and engineering. New practitioners need to refine their skills and knowledge of codes to make their projects safe and buildable with few costly changes. The more practitioners know about the code, the more it can become a tool for design rather than an impediment. The better the underlying criteria for code development and the reasons for code provisions are understood, the easier it is to create code-compliant designs. Early understanding and incorporation of code-compliant design provisions in a project reduces the necessity for costly and time-consuming rework or awkward rationalizations to justify dubious code decisions late in project documentation, or even during construction. Code use and understanding should be part of accepted knowledge for professionals, so that it becomes a part of the vocabulary of design.

For Experienced Practitioners

The greatest value of this book is that it is based on the widely adopted International Building Code. This is a code that is similar but by no means identical to the three model codes­—the Uniform Building Code, the National Building Code, and the Standard Building Code—that most experienced practitioners have used in the past. Also, as noted above, items have been moving around in recent editions of the IBC and this book can serve as a guide in keeping track of reorganized code sections. This book will guide experienced practitioners out of the old grooves of code use they may have fallen into with the old codes. The code-analysis methods and outcomes will vary from prior codes to the new IBC. While there are seemingly familiar aspects from each code interspersed throughout the new code, the actual allowable criteria and how they are determined are often quite different. It is likely that the illustrations and the underlying reasons for the development of each code section will look familiar to experienced practitioners. The experienced practitioner must not rely on memory or old habits of picking construction types or assemblies based on prior practice. Each building must be looked at anew until the similarities and sometimes-critical differences between the new code and old habits are understood and acknowledged. This admonition also applies to the need to determine local modifications to codes and not assume new projects in new locations are identical to similar prior projects.

How to Use This Book

This book focuses on the use and interpretation of the nonstructural provisions of the International Building Code. There are references to basic structural requirements, but this book does not attempt to go into structural requirements in depth. That is the subject for another volume.

The organization of this book presumes that the reader has a copy of the latest version of the IBC itself as a companion document to this book. The book is intended to expand on, interpret, and illustrate various provisions of the Code. The IBC has been adopted in many jurisdictions. As it is now being extensively applied, there is an evolving body of precedent in application and interpretation. It is our hope that the analysis and illustrations in the book will aid the designer and the Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) in clarifying their own interpretations of the application of code sections to projects.

The book is not intended to take the place of the 2015 International Building Code® (IBC) in any way. The many detailed tables and criteria contained in the IBC are partially restated in the book for illustrative purposes only. For example, we show how various tables are meant to be used and how we presume certain parts will be interpreted. When performing a code analysis for a specific project, we anticipate the reader will use our book to understand the intent of the applicable code section and then use the Code itself to find the detailed criteria to apply. One can, however, start with either the IBC or this book in researching a specific topic.

Beginning with the 2015 International Building Code®:

Search Contents or Index.

Read relevant section(s).

For further explanation and/or clarification, refer to this book.

Beginning with Building Codes ILLUSTRATED:

Search Code Index for section number or Subject Index for topic.

Refer back to specific text of 2

015 International Building Code

®

.

The text is based on the language of the Code and interprets it to enhance the understanding of the user. The interpretations are those of the authors and may not correspond to those rendered by the AHJ or by the International Code Council (ICC). This book, while based on a publication of the ICC, does not in any way represent official policies, interpretations, or positions of the ICC. We would encourage the users of the book to confer with the AHJ, using the illustrations from this book to validate interpretations. Reconciling text with construction drawings often benefits from additional illustrations. We trust that this will be the case with the explanations and graphics in this book.

Note that the text of the 2015 IBC contains terms in italic type. These italicized terms appear in the definitions in Chapter 2 of the IBC. Where defined terms are used in ways intended by their definitions, they are italicized in the body of the IBC. Italicized type is not used in this book in the same way. The IBC publisher's intent for this notification method is to highlight for the code user that the definitions should be read carefully to facilitate a better understanding of how they are used in the context where they appear in italics. It is critical that the code user go back to the IBC's definitions when attempting to understand the literal and figurative meaning of code requirements. All code definitions are now located in Chapter 2 of the IBC.

PREFACE FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL (ICC)

The primary purpose of the International Building Code (IBC) is to provide reasonable safeguards for the design, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance of buildings. Participation by numerous volunteers representing all segments of the building community continue to log countless hours to ensure the code is updated every three years and reflects the current state of the art advances in building safety and performance. Developed through an open and transparent process, the IBC provides a balanced approach to safety, affordability, sustainability, and resiliency of buildings.

To the uninformed, building codes can appear limiting or even serve as a roadblock to building design and construction. Building codes have also been accused of being too rigid or static and unable to stay abreast of innovation or the latest advances in technology. While no one denies the need for a building regulatory system to address the safety and welfare of the public, everyone wants it to be effective, flexible, and allow for innovation. To the informed user of the IBC, the opportunity has always existed for designers, builders, manufacturers, and code officials to apply the performance-based provisions of the code in a manner that allows for creativity, flexibility, and affordability in building construction. The current 2015 International Building Code states the following:

“The provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the installation of any material or to prohibit any design or method of construction not specifically prescribed by this code, provided that any such alternative has been approved. An alternative material, design or method of construction shall be approved where the building official finds that the proposed design is satisfactory and complies with the intent of the provisions of this code, and that the material and method of work offered is, for the purpose intended, at least the equivalent of that prescribed in this code in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance, durability and safety.”

With advances in technology, competition, and the globalization of our economy, it is critical that building codes be dynamic and provide a pathway for the approval of new and innovative materials, designs, and methods of construction. Often, Code officials utilize research reports, listings, and/or test reports from approved sources providing verification of code compliance. The independent source utilized frequently by code officials to verify that a product certified to a standard within the code, or an innovative or new product evaluated to a criteria meet the Building Code requirements in terms of, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance, durability, and safety is the ICC Evaluation Service, Inc.R (ICC-ES). Functioning as a subsidiary of the International Code Council, ICC-ES works hand in glove with manufacturers, code officials, and the design community in an effort to facilitate the acceptance of products in the marketplace without compromising public safety. Information on products that have been reviewed by ICC-ES for code compliance can be downloaded at no cost by visiting: http://www.icc-es.org/Evaluation_Reports/ or http://www.icc-es.org/listing/listing_directory.cfm.

The Fifth Edition of Building Codes Illustrated builds on the successful foundation laid by previous editions. Codes by their very nature tend to be tedious, dry documents that can also serve the late-night insomniac in search of relief. Building Codes Illustrated brings the code to life through its use of numerous illustrations accompanied with clear, concise, easy-to-understand text that spares the reader the normal legalese contained in regulatory documents. This updated guide continues its long tradition of serving as a key resource for those interested in not only understanding the code, but applying it as well.

Mark A. Johnson Executive Vice President and Director of Business Development International Code Council, Inc..

1Building Codes

The existence of building regulations goes back almost 4,000 years. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi decreed the death penalty for a builder if a house he constructed collapsed and killed the owner. If the collapse killed the owner's son, then the son of the builder would be put to death; if goods were damaged then the contractor would have to repay the owner, and so on. This precedent is worth keeping in mind as you contemplate the potential legal ramifications of your actions in designing and constructing a building in accordance with the code. The protection of the health, safety, and welfare of the public is the basis for licensure of design professionals and the reason that building regulations exist.