European Building Construction Illustrated E-Book

Francis D. K. Ching

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 421

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

The first European edition of Francis DK Ching’s classic visual guide to the basics of building construction.

For nearly four decades, the US publication Building Construction Illustrated has offered an outstanding introduction to the principles of building construction. This new European edition focuses on the construction methods most commonly used in Europe, referring largely to UK Building Regulations overlaid with British and European, while applying Francis DK Ching’s clear graphic signature style. It provides a coherent and essential primer, presenting all of the basic concepts underlying building construction and equipping readers with useful guidelines for approaching any new materials or techniques they may encounter.

European Building Construction Illustrated provides a comprehensive and lucid presentation of everything from foundations and floor systems to finish work. Laying out the material and structural choices available, it provides a full understanding of how these choices affect a building′s form and dimensions. Complete with more than 1000 illustrations, the book moves through each of the key stages of the design process, from site selection to building components, mechanical systems and finishes.

• Illustrated throughout with clear and accurate drawings that effectively communicate construction processes and materials
• Provides an overview of the mainstream construction methods used in Europe
• Based around the UK regulatory framework, the book refers to European level regulations where appropriate.
• References leading environmental assessment methods of BREEAM and LEED, while outlining the Passive House Standard
• Includes emerging construction methods driven by the sustainability agenda, such as structural insulated panels and insulating concrete formwork
• Features a chapter dedicated to construction in the Middle East, focusing on the Gulf States

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: The Building Site

1.02 Building in Context

1.03 Sustainability

1.04 Green Building

1.05 BREEAM

1.06 LEED Green Building Rating System

1.07 Carbon Reduction Strategies

1.08 The Passive House Standard

1.09 The Passive House Standard

1.10 Site Analysis

1.11 Soils

1.12 Soil Mechanics

1.13 Topography

1.14 Topography

1.15 Plant Materials

1.16 Trees

1.17 Solar Radiation

1.18 Solar Radiation

1.19 Passive Solar Design

1.20 Passive Solar Design

1.21 Passive Solar Design

1.22 Solar Shading

1.23 Daylighting

1.24 Daylighting

1.25 Precipitation

1.26 Site Drainage

1.27 Wind

1.28 Sound & Views

1.29 Site Access & Circulation

1.30 Pedestrian Circulation

1.31 Vehicular Circulation

1.32 Vehicular Parking

1.33 Paving

1.34 Paving

1.35 Drawing Conventions

1.36 The Site Plan

1.37 The Site Plan

Chapter 2: The Building

2.02 The Building

2.03 Building Systems

2.04 Building Systems

2.05 Building Regulations

2.06 Fire Regulations

2.07 Fire Regulations

2.08 Loads on Buildings

2.09 Wind Loads

2.10 Structural Forces

2.11 Structural Equilibrium

2.12 Columns

2.13 Beams

2.14 Beam Spans

2.15 Trusses

2.16 Frames & Walls

2.17 Plate Structures

2.18 Structural Units

2.19 Structural Spans

2.20 Structural Patterns

2.21 Lateral Stability

2.22 Lateral Stability

2.23 High-Rise Structures

2.24 Arches & Vaults

2.25 Domes

2.26 Shell Structures

2.27 Cable Structures

2.28 Membrane Structures

2.29 Joints & Connections

Chapter 3: Foundation Systems

3.02 Foundation Systems

3.04 Types of Foundation Systems

3.06 Underpinning

3.07 Excavation Support Systems

3.08 Shallow Foundations

3.10 Basement Walls

3.11 Rising Walls

3.12 Retaining Walls

3.16 Pad Foundations

3.17 Foundations on Sloping Ground

3.18 Concrete Slabs on Grade

3.22 Deep Foundations

3.23 Pile Foundations – Driven

3.24 Pile Foundations – Bored

3.25 Foundation Choice

Chapter 4: Floor Systems

4.02 Floor Systems

4.04 Concrete Beams

4.05 Concrete Slabs

4.08 Prestressed Concrete

4.10 Concrete Formwork

4.11 Precast-Concrete Floor Systems

4.12 Precast-Concrete Units

4.13 Precast-Concrete Connections

4.14 Structural Steel Framing

4.16 Steel Beams

4.17 Steel Beam Connections

4.19 Lattice Beams

4.21 Composite Flooring

4.22 Light-Gauge Steel Joists

4.23 Light-Gauge Joist Framing

4.25 Timber Joists

4.27 Timber Joist Framing

4.31 Prefabricated Joists & Trusses

4.33 Timber Beams

Chapter 5: Wall Systems

5.02 Wall Systems

5.04 Concrete Columns

5.06 Concrete Walls

5.07 Concrete Formwork

5.09 Insulating Concrete Formwork

5.11 Concrete Surfacing

5.12 Precast-Concrete Walls

5.13 Precast-Concrete Wall Panels & Columns

5.14 Precast-Concrete Connections

5.15 Tilt-Up Construction

5.16 Composite Prefabricated Systems

5.17 Masonry Walls

5.19 Masonry Solid Walls

5.20 Masonry Cavity & Composite Walls

5.21 Wall Ties

5.22 Masonry Columns & Piers

5.23 Masonry Arches

5.24 Masonry Lintels

5.25 Expansion & Control Joints

5.26 Thin Joint Masonry

5.27 Masonry Wall Sections

5.29 Masonry Bonding

5.31 Adobe Construction

5.32 Rammed-Earth Construction

5.33 Hemp Construction

5.34 Straw-Bale Construction

5.35 Stone Masonry

5.37 Structural Steel Framing

5.39 Steel Columns

5.41 Light-Gauge Steel Studs

5.42 Light-Gauge Stud Framing

5.43 Balloon Framing

5.44 Platform Framing

5.45 Timber Stud Framing

5.48 Stud Wall Sheathing

5.49 Sandwich Panels

5.50 Structural Insulated Panels

Chapter 6: Roof Systems

6.02 Roof Systems

6.03 Roof Slopes

6.04 Reinforced-Concrete Roof Slabs

6.05 Precast-Concrete Roof Systems

6.06 Structural Steel Roof Framing

6.07 Steel Rigid Portal Frames

6.08 Steel Trusses

6.09 Truss Types

6.11 Space Frames

6.13 Steel Lattice Joists

6.15 Metal Roof Decking

6.16 Cut Roofs

6.18 Light-Gauge Roof Framing

6.19 Timber Rafters

6.20 Timber Rafter Framing

6.23 Heavy Roof Trusses

6.25 Prefabricated Roof Trusses

6.26 Glue-Laminated Beam Roof Structures

6.27 Structural Insulated Panels

Chapter 7: Moisture & Thermal Protection

7.02 Moisture & Thermal Protection

7.03 Slate Roofing

7.04 Tile Roofing

7.05 Green Roofing

7.06 Corrugated-Metal Roofing

7.07 Sheet-Metal Roofing

7.08 Flat Roof Assemblies

7.10 Built-Up Bituminous Roofing Systems

7.11 Single-Ply Roofing Systems

7.13 Roof Drainage

7.14 Flashing

7.15 Roof Flashing

7.17 Flashing Roof Penetrations

7.18 Wall Flashing

7.19 Rainscreen-Wall Systems

7.20 Curtain Walls

7.23 Structural Glazing

7.24 Precast-Concrete Panels

7.25 Masonry Veneer

7.27 Stone Veneer

7.28 Metal Cladding

7.29 Timber-Shingle Cladding

7.30 Horizontal Timber Cladding

7.31 Vertical Timber Cladding

7.32 Render

7.33 Render Details

7.34 External Insulation

7.35 Thermal Insulation

7.36 Thermal Bridging

7.38 Thermal Resistance of Building Materials

7.39 Insulating Materials

7.41 Insulating Roofs & Floors

7.42 Insulating Walls

7.43 Airtightness

7.45 Ventilation

7.46 Moisture Control

7.47 Vapour Barriers

7.48 Radon

7.49 Movement Joints

7.51 Joint Sealants

Chapter 8: Doors & Windows

8.02 Doors & Windows

8.03 Doors & Doorways

8.04 Door Operation

8.05 Hollow Metal Doors

8.06 Hollow Metal Door Frames

8.08 Timber Flush Doors

8.09 Timber-Panelled Doors

8.10 Timber Door Frames

8.11 Sliding Glass Doors

8.12 Folding & Pocket Sliding Doors

8.13 Overhead & Roller Shutter Doors

8.14 Glass Entrance Doors

8.15 Shopfronts

8.16 Revolving Doors

8.17 Door Hardware

8.18 Door Hinges

8.19 Door Lock Sets

8.20 Panic Hardware & Closers

8.21 Weatherstripping & Thresholds

8.22 Window Elements

8.23 Window Operation

8.24 Metal Windows

8.25 UPVC & Composite Windows

8.26 Timber Windows

8.28 Glazing Systems

8.30 Glazing Units

8.31 Glazed Curtain Walls

8.34 Skylights

8.35 Skylight Details

8.36 Sunspaces

Chapter 9: Special Construction

9.02 Special Construction

9.03 Stair Design

9.04 Stair Requirements

9.06 Stair Plans

9.08 Timber Stairs

9.10 Concrete Stairs

9.11 Steel Stairs

9.12 Spiral Stairs

9.13 Elevators

9.16 Escalators

9.17 Fireplaces

9.18 Fireplace Requirements

9.19 Masonry Chimneys

9.20 Prefabricated Fireplaces & Stoves

9.21 Kitchen Layouts

9.22 Kitchen Dimensions

9.23 Kitchen Cabinets

9.24 The Kitchen Space

9.25 Bathroom Layouts

9.26 Plumbing Fixtures

9.27 Accessible Fixtures

9.29 The Bathroom Space

9.30 Pod Systems

Chapter 10: Finish Work

10.02 Finish Work

10.03 Plaster

10.04 Plaster Lath & Accessories

10.05 Plaster Partition Systems

10.06 Plaster Details

10.07 Plaster Over Masonry

10.08 Plaster Ceilings

10.09 Plasterboard

10.10 Plasterboard Application

10.11 Plasterboard Details

10.12 Ceramic Tile

10.13 Ceramic-Tile Application

10.14 Ceramic-Tile Details

10.15 Terrazzo Flooring

10.16 Timber Flooring

10.17 Timber-Flooring Installation

10.18 Stone Flooring

10.19 Resilient Flooring

10.20 Carpeting

10.22 Acoustic Ceiling Tiles

10.23 Suspended Acoustic Ceilings

10.24 Timber Joinery

10.26 Timber Mouldings & Trim

10.28 Timber Panelling

10.29 Plywood Veneer

10.30 Plastic Laminate

Chapter 11: Mechanical & Electrical Systems

11.02 Mechanical & Electrical Systems

11.03 Thermal Comfort

11.04 Comfort Zone

11.05 Psychrometric Charts

11.06 Heating & Cooling Systems

11.07 Alternative Energy Sources

11.09 Heating & Cooling Loads

11.10 Forced Warm-Air Heating

11.11 Hot-Water Heating

11.12 Electric Heating

11.13 Radiant Heating

11.15 Active Solar-Energy Systems

11.16 Cooling Systems

11.17 HVAC Systems

11.21 Air-Distribution Outlets

11.22 Water Supply

11.23 Water-Supply Systems

11.25 Fire-Protection Systems

11.26 Plumbing Fixtures

11.27 Sanitary-Drainage Systems

11.29 Sewage-Disposal Systems

11.30 Electric Power

11.31 Electrical Service

11.32 Electrical Circuits

11.33 Electrical Wiring

11.34 Access-Flooring Systems

11.35 Electrical Outlets

11.36 Light

11.37 Light & Vision

11.38 Light Sources

11.40 Luminaires

11.41 Lighting

11.42 Lighting Methods

Chapter 12: Notes on Materials

12.02 Building Materials

12.03 Life-Cycle Assessment

12.04 Concrete

12.06 Masonry

12.08 Steel

12.09 Non-Ferrous Metals

12.10 Stone

12.11 Wood

12.13 Structural Timber

12.14 Timber-Panel Products

12.15 Plastics

12.16 Glass

12.17 Nails

12.18 Screws & Bolts

12.19 Miscellaneous Fastenings

12.20 Paints & Coatings

Chapter 13: Construction in the Middle East

13.02 Construction in the Middle East

13.03 Climate and Buildings

13.04 Traditional Construction and Design

13.05 Sustainability

13.06 The Regulatory Framework

13.07 The Regulatory Framework – Environmental Assessment

13.08 Construction Methods

A: Appendix

A.02 Human Dimensions

A.03 Accessibility Guidelines

A.04 Furniture Dimensions

A.06 Metric Conversion Factors

A.08 Means of Egress

A.10 Fire-Rated Construction

A.12 Acoustics

A.14 Sound Control

A.16 Graphic Material Symbols

A.17 Structural Eurocodes

A.18 European Committee for Standardization

A.19 British Standards

A.20 German Institute for Standardization

A.21 Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method

A.22 LEED Green Building Rating System

A.23 Professional & Trade Associations

Bibliography

Key Search Terms

European Building Construction Illustrated

Adapted from Francis DK Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, Fourth Edition, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey Copyright © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

This edition first published 2014 Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: while the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

ISBN 978-111-9-95317-3 (paperback) ISBN 978-111-8-78671-0 (ebk) ISBN 978-111-8-78622-2 (ebk) ISBN 978-111-8-78617-8 (ebk) ISBN 978-111-8-78880-6 (ebk)

Executive Commissioning Editor: Helen Castle Project Editor: Miriam Murphy Assistant Editor: Calver Lezama

Content adapted from Francis DK Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, Fourth Edition (US edition). Drawings by Francis DK Ching and Mark M Mulville, © Wiley.

PREFACE

‘The realisation of a design intention requires a knowledge of how building materials are assembled in construction and how the resulting construction responds to user needs, contextual fit and environmental forces.’

Francis DK Ching, 2013

First published in 1975, and now just about to go into its fifth edition, Building Construction Illustrated is an established classic in the US. Francis DK Ching’s clear graphic signature style marks it out as the most accessible visual guide to the basics of building construction. Building on the strengths of Ching’s US edition, this first edition of European Building Construction Illustrated aims to focus on the construction methods most commonly used in Europe. Some methods used in Europe are similar to those used in North America with simple terminological differences, while others are significantly different in form and application or indeed are governed by regulations that alter the decision-making process, due to impacts on quality, cost and time. It would not be possible to detail the wide variety of construction methods used throughout Europe – which have been heavily influenced by diverse traditions, availability of local materials and climatic conditions – in a single volume. To that end this publication gives an overview of mainstream construction methods in the region while outlining emerging construction methods as driven by the sustainability agenda.

A chapter briefly outlining construction in the Middle East, focusing on the Arab countries bordering the Persian Gulf, has been added. This is a region where the construction industry has been influenced by US and European construction methods and regulatory frameworks. The region is now at the forefront of pushing construction technology to its limits and this in turn is a key driver for innovation in the global construction industry, warranting its consideration if only somewhat succinctly in this case.

The original Building Construction Illustrated publications emphasised that ‘buildings and sites should be planned and developed in an environmentally sensitive manner, responding to context and climate to reduce their reliance on active environmental control systems and the energy they consume’. This publication maintains this focus, describing and referring to the leading environmental assessment methods of BREEAM® and LEED® while outlining the Passive House Standard, which is of growing importance in the region, and indeed globally. The book takes a ‘fabric first’ approach to delivering efficient, healthy and comfortable buildings and outlines how thermally efficient and airtight buildings can be delivered.

It would be nearly impossible to cover all building materials and construction techniques, but the information presented herein should be applicable to most residential and commercial construction situations encountered today. Construction techniques continue to adjust to the development of new building materials, products and standards. What does not change are the fundamental principles that underline the approach taken to building elements and the intended function of the systems constructed. This illustrated guide focuses on these principles, which can serve as guidelines when evaluating and applying new information encountered in the planning, design and construction of a building.

Each building element, component or system is described in terms of its end use. The specific form, quality, capability and availability of an element or component will vary with manufacturer and locale. It is therefore important to always follow the manufacturer’s recommendation in the use of a material or product and to pay careful attention to the building regulation requirements in effect for the use and location of a planned building. It is the user’s responsibility to ascertain the appropriateness of the information contained in this handbook and to judge its fitness for any particular purpose. Seek the expert advice of a professional when needed.

Many of the drawings in this book are by Francis DK Ching and are reproduced from the US fourth edition of Building Construction Illustrated. Where relevant to reflect the European content of the book, the original drawings have been adapted or new graphics created, with the aim of maintaining the clarity and style of Ching’s original drawing style.

This book would not have been possible without the support, guidance and assistance of a number of people. Thanks must go to Traudel Schwarz-Funke of the University of Sharjah for her expert guidance in the development of the chapter concerning construction in the Middle East. Richard Cooper, Justine Cooper and Anthony Kelly of the University of Greenwich are also owed a debt of gratitude for their support and guidance regarding a number of technical matters throughout the book. Finally thank you to Pat, Cora, Lorna and Yulia for their unending support.

Mark Mulville, 2013

CHAPTER 1

THE BUILDING SITE

1.02 Building in Context

1.03 Sustainability

1.04 Green Building

1.05 BREEAM

1.06 LEED Green Building Rating System

1.07 Carbon Reduction Strategies

1.08 The Passive House Standard

1.10 Site Analysis

1.11 Soils

1.12 Soil Mechanics

1.13 Topography

1.15 Plant Materials

1.16 Trees

1.17 Solar Radiation

1.19 Passive Solar Design

1.22 Solar Shading

1.23 Daylighting

1.25 Precipitation

1.26 Site Drainage

1.27 Wind

1.28 Sound & Views

1.29 Site Access & Circulation

1.30 Pedestrian Circulation

1.31 Vehicular Circulation

1.32 Vehicular Parking

1.33 Paving

1.35 Drawing Conventions

1.36 The Site Plan

1.02 BUILDING IN CONTEXT

Buildings do not exist in isolation. They are conceived to house, support and inspire a range of human activities in response to sociocultural, economic and political needs, and are erected in natural and built environments that constrain as well as offer opportunities for development. We should therefore carefully consider the contextual forces that a site presents in planning the design and construction of buildings.

The microclimate, topography and natural habitat of a site all influence design decisions at a very early stage in the design process. To enhance human comfort as well as conserve energy and material resources, responsive and sustainable design respects the indigenous qualities of a place, adapts the form and layout of a building to the landscape, and takes into account the path of the sun, the rush of the wind and the flow of water on a site.