A Lexicon of Alchemy E-Book

Martin Rulandus

• Herausgeber: Jazzybee Verlag
• Kategorie: Religion und Spiritualität
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 876

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Martinus Rulandus was a German physician and alchemist of the early 17th century. Arthur Edward Waite took over the task of translating this huge dictionary of alchemical definitions. This book contains thousands of entries and explains in detail every secret of alchemy.

Leseprobe

A Lexicon of Alchemy

Martin Rulandus the Elder

Translated by Arthur E. Waite

Contents:

A Lexicon of Alchemy

Preface

A

B

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D

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Supplement

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A Lexicon of Alchemy, M. Rulandus

Jazzybee Verlag Jürgen Beck

86450 Altenmünster, Loschberg 9

Germany

ISBN: 9783849644383

www.jazzybee-verlag.de

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A Lexicon of Alchemy

Preface

To the Most Reverend and Most Serene Prince and Lord, The Lord Henry JULIUS, Bishop of Halberstadt, Duke of Brunswick, and Burgrave of Luna; His Lordship’s mos devout and humble servant wishes Health and Peace.

In the deep considerations of the Hermetic and Paracelsian writings, that has well-nigh come to pass which of old overtook the Sons of Shem at the building of the Tower of Babel. For these, carried away by vainglory, with audacious foolhardiness to rear up a vast pile into heaven, so to secure unto themselves an immortal name, but, disordered by a confusion and multiplicity of barbarous tongues, were ingloriously forced. In like manner, the searchers of Hermetic works, deterred by the obscurity of the terms which are met with in so many places, and by the difficulty of interpreting the hieroglyphs, hold the most noble art in contempt; while others, desiring to penetrate by main force into the mysteries of the terms and subjects, endeavour to tear away the concealed truth from the folds of its coverings, but bestow all their trouble in vain, and have only the reward of the children of Shem for their incredible pain and labour. Unto both these classes I wish to come forward with help, that they may not only seek more diligently into the writings of the Hermetists, but that they may understand them better, and that in this manner the divine Art of Alchemy may be more successfully taken in hand. For which reason I have concluded to publish this Lexicon of Alchemy, formerly compiled, and enlarged and completed since by me. Which also I would dedicate to one who shines over all princes, not only in knowledge of the learned languages and more celebrated arts, but also daily shows himself, by his singular industry and skilful hand, most intelligent and studious in the Art of Chemistry. Whence I have justly brought this trivial work to be consecrated by your patronage, well knowing that it will receive no small increase of reputation from the greatness of your erudition and from your illustrious name; and as in some way a monument of most humble reverence, it shall stand forth to its own greater adornment and preservation in the future. Fare thou well, most serene and learned lord, and hold me and mine as committed unto thy care.

With humblest deference,

Your respectful Servant,

MARTINUS RULANDUS, Doctor.

A

AABAM, ABARTAMEN, ACCIB, AIARAZAT--- are all Hermetic equivalents for lead. See Plumbum and Saturn.Other equivalents in use were the Scape-Goat, the Dual Chibor, Draiccium, Elevator, Araxat, Alusa, Ruba, Alech, Allonoch, Alabrig, Alokot, Armic, Amioch, Amitich, Araxat, Azoro, Balamba, Cartistilium, Koal, Molybdos, Mosquet dei, Molibra, Mosider, Rasas, Rasasa, Rolos, Roe, Rocli. All these are technical terms, which in themselves have no meaning, but which were used to signify Lead.

ABACUS--- A counting-board, table or tray, etc.

ABACUS MAJOR--- A larger table, etc.

ABESAMUM--- The mire or grease which accumulates on the axle of a wheel.

ABESUM--- Unslaked lime.

ABESS--- is the same as Rebis, to wit, the last matter of the nutriments which are absorbed by the body; that is to say, it is the excrement of the bowels.

ABESTUS--- Albesten, Abesten, and Morago, are Hermetic names for Asbestos.

ABICUM--- A cover.

ABLATIO--- A separation by means of the superior part. It is performed after several manners. In the dry region, where there is less specific gravity, such cleansing can be effected by the hare's foot or like agents. Sometimes we accomplish separation with a feather, with small knives, spatulas, etc. At other times, we purge in a narrow bag, with twigs, and with wooden, iron, and bristly substances.

ABLUTION--- is exaltation by means of successive lustrations, washing away the impure refuse, and reducing the matter to a pure state. It is also called Imbibition and Cohobation, or digestion.

ABLUVIEN--- Cleansing.

ABNELEITEM--- is Alum; also called Asfor.

ABOIT, or ABIT --- is White Lead. The same thing is signified by Alkarad, Almachabar, and Alsiden.

ABRIC, KIBRIT, and KIBUZ --- are names of Sulphur.

ACACIA FERREA--- An iron spoon.

ACAHI--- is Alum-water; called also Fefcol.

ACAID--- is Vinegar, or sour substances.

ACALAI--- is Salt; called also Alet.

ACAMECH, or ACEMECH --- is the scoria or refuse of Silver.

ACARTUM--- is Cinnabar or Red Lead; called also Azemasor.

ACATO--- is Soot; called also Araxos.

ACAZDI--- is Jupiter, or Tin; called also Alkain and Alomba.

ACCATU--- is Tinsel; called also Aurichalcum, properly Orichalcum, which is the brass of the ancients. Accatem signifies the same.

ACCORDINA--- is Indian tutty; called also Alcordine.

ACETABULUS--- A vessel for vinegar, or a cup-shaped vessel, holding as much as would an eggshell.

ACETUM--- Vinegar.

ACETUM AMINEUM--- White vinegar. Acetum also signifies sour wine, and in this sense Acetum Amineum would be sour white wine, wine of Aminaea, which was distinguished for vine culture.

ACETUM PHILOSOPHORUM--- is Philosophical Vinegar, that is, Virgin's Milk, or Mercurial Water, in which metals are dissolved. One of its Hermetic names was Sophic Hydor. According to Theophrastus, the Philosophical Vinegar is the Chemist's Vitriol-water, but the Turba states that it is the water of mercury which dissolves gold. Others affirm that Philosophical Vinegar is that which is made from fresh shells of tortoises by sublimation and distillation.

ACETUM RADICALE--- is Radical Vinegar, or Vinegar distilled from its proper radix  or matrix. It is also called dissolvent water.

ACETUM RADICATUM--- or Radicated Vinegar signifies in some authors that most sharp liquor of vinegar which remains at the bottom of the retort, after the phlegmatic part has been evaporated. It is made by distillation in the retort out of the crystals of the dregs of vinegar. Or good vinegar, made from wine, may be placed in a retort, distilled gently by a moist heat, often poured back upon its caput mortuum, and dissolved in dung, after which it must be finally distilled, when that which is left may be taken and liquefied in a strong fire. The result is radicated vinegar.

ACHATES--- The Agate, first found in Sicily, near the river of that name, and afterwards in other localities, as testifies Pliny, 1. 37 c. 10. There are various species, each bearing separate names: Jaspachates, Ceradhates, Sardachates, Haemachates, Leucachates, Dendrachates, the veins of which are like unto minute trees; Autachates, which, when burnt, gives forth fragrance of myrrh; Coralloachates, distinguished by a golden speckling, after the manner of the sapphire; this variety is found in Crete. Agates are a safeguard against the bite of the spider, and eagles carry them to their nests to defend their fledglings against venomous animals. They allay thirst and strengthen sight. Concerning the rest, consult Pliny in the place cited, who also relates that various impressions of figures appear in agates; in some, for example, may be seen rivers, woods, cattle, beasts of burden, herds, war-chariots, minute statues, and the furniture or ornaments of horses. In particular, he relates (1. 37, c. 1) how Pyrrhus had an agate gem in which could be seen Apollo and the nine Muses, with their insignias. I myself have beheld a gem belonging to a nobleman, which, however, was not a true agate, but when the blemishes had been dispersed, it exhibited a rustic and a complete plough. I found also another at Albion Silicem, near the gate of Tangra, wherein appeared the likeness of a wolf or a lion, near a half-rose, so clearly cut by nature as though the work had been done by a jeweller. Most credible truly are those things of Pliny when writing of the impressions upon this kind of stone.

ACIES--- Steel.

ACORTINUS--- A lupine, wolf's-bean, or horse-bean.

ACSUO--- is Red Coral.

ACUREB--- Glass.

ACUS--- A needle.

ACUSTA--- Saltpetre.

ADAMAS--- in Arabic Subedhig, in Latin Adamas (Pliny, 1. 37, c. 4), the diamond, which is found both apart from gold and in gold, contrary to the opinion of the ancients, who knew it only as native in gold among the metals of Aethiopia. But for the better understanding of this subject, observe the ensuing scheme, which we have elaborated out of Pliny in part, and in part from other authorities.

Not found in gold, and of this there are two species.

The Indian diamond, not having its birth in gold, is known by its translucid crystal colour and sex-angular sides; it is either cone-shaped at one end or else it has the form of a lozenge; it is sometimes as large as a hazel. This species is said by Serapion to approximate to the colour of Sal Ammoniac.

The Arabian diamond, likewise not found in gold, is smaller than the preceding.

Native in the most Perfect Gold.

I. The Greek stone called Cenchron, because it is the size of a millet seed.

II. Macedonian; generated in gold of Philippi; like the seed of cucumber in size.

III. Cyprian; found in Cyprus; approaching brass in colour; most efficacious in healing.

IV. Having the splendour of iron sideritis (that is, according to Pliny, a precious stone; according to others it is loadstone ; and again it is the plant ironwort); surpassing the others in weight, but differing from them in nature; can be broken by blows, and pierced by another diamond.

The two last are degenerate, and scarcely deserve their name.

The best diamonds are impervious to blows on an anvil, which they repel, so that even the anvil bursts asunder, while they themselves leap away invulnerable. And inasmuch as the diamond is indescribably hard, it contemns and conquers fire, nor has ever been consumed thereby. Whence, from its indomitable life and strength, it has the name *** among the Greeks.

That herb which is mentioned by Pliny (1. 24, c. 17), which cannot be torn up, was also called adamant. The stone, however, can be shattered by the flesh, or rather by the warm blood of a young goat; more especially when the goat has first drunk wine or eaten rock parsley and mountain skirwort. For the above reasons, diamonds are much in request among lapidaries for cutting and shaping gems and other substances, for which purpose they ought to be mounted only in iron. Other metals they will by no means tolerate, while by lead, wonderful to say, they are themselves dissolved.

Furthermore, the diamond is so hostile to the loadstone that it will not permit iron to be attracted in its neighbourhood, and if a magnet at close quarters should have attracted a piece of iron, the approach of a diamond will cause it to lose its hold.

In short, the diamond binds the magnet and strips it of its virtues. Oh, how wonderful is God in all His works! For the rest, the diamond irritates venomous animals, drives away frenzies, lemures, incubi, and succubi; it makes men strong and lively, and is for this reason called anachitis (that is, anancitis --- from the Greek *** --- to free from distress). It prevails against contentions and quarrels, and cures viscous fluxes. Consult Serapion and Evax. Some will have that the diamond is cold and dry in the fourth degree, others, on the contrary, that it is hot and dry, inasmuch as it is mixed with warming medicines. Did the matter receive investigation, doubtless diamonds would be found in our mines, as they have been found in times past: witness Pliny on the authority of Metrodorus Scepsius. In Bohemia stones of excellent quality are still seen, which surpass Oriental diamonds in shape and lustre. Consult Solinus, De Adamante, c. 55. The ancient astrologers referred the diamond to the Moon.

ADAMAS ACUMINATUS--- A four-sided diamond point.

ADAMAS QUADRATUS PLANUS--- A flat square diamond.

ADAMATUM--- A kind of bright stone.

ADARCES, ARTIS--- According to some this is a marine flesh, a spongy growth, a froth or efflorescence, a congealed saliva having birth in sea-shallows, especially of Cappadocia and Galatia. The Indian species is found among reeds and cane-brakes on the shore. It has similar qualities to the substance called Halcyon. It was termed formerly Pericalamite and Calamoch. Some physicians make use of these ridiculous substances while they despise more noble things. They have even gone so far as to invent obscure names for it, which would be a puzzle to Oedipus himself. Some having written as follows: Take the fat of the deformed child and the tears of the vine of Dionysius. Who shall understand this save Oedipus? Who shall quickly interpret the deformed child to be the she-bear, and the gum of the vine of Dionysius to be the gum of the ivy? The Adarces here referred to must be distinguished from the true Adarces or Oysters. It is a sort of thick, salt scum which collects about reeds in marshy places. Its proper name is Adarca, but this Rulandus confuses with the oyster, and says that its power in diseases is declared by Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 84) and by Pliny (1. 32, c. 6), who represents it as coming into existence around tender reeds amidst the spume of fresh water and sea water, and accredits it with caustic virtues.

ADARNECH--- is Orpiment.

ADARRIS--- is the spume or foam of sea water.

ADDERE--- To augment; but also used as an equivalent of temperare, to combine in due proportion, to keep within bounds.

ADDITAMENTA--- Addition, increase.

ADEC--- Sour milk.

ADER--- Fresh skimmed milk.

ADECH--- is our interior and invisible man, who raises up in our minds the image or archetypes of all those things which our visible and exterior man copies and forms with his hands. Each works after his own nature, the invisible thin; unseen, the sensible, under form sensible, those things which are within the dominion of the senses.

ADEPS--- A fluid in its final distillation.

ADHEMEST--- with its equivalents Aiohenec and Altohonec, signifies a plate.

ADHEHE--- Another term for sour milk.

ADHOor ADHOC --- Milk.

ADIBAT--- Mercury.

ADIBISIor ADEBEZI --- The tortoise, also tortoise shell.

ADIDACHOS, ADIDE ALARCOS, ADIDA LARCHOS--- Various terms for "mixed with lime", slaked.

ADIRIGE--- Ammoniac.

ADMI SURAB--- Earth.

ADOS--- Water in which red-hot iron has been plunged.

ADOLESCENS--- Young man.

ADORAT--- A weight of four pounds.

ADRAM--- Metallic salt, Cappadocian salt.

ADRARAGI--- Garden Saffron.

ADRARIGES--- is green atrament ; also blue sulphate of copper.

ADROP, AZAR, AZANE--- A kind of stone.

ADSAMAR--- Signifies urine, but also lotion, fountain, etc.

ADVERSA VENAE PARS--- Against the grain, literally, against the direction of a current; hence, opposition in general.

AER--- Equals breath, breeze, spirit, wind, weather.

AERIS--- That is, verdigris.

AERIS SCOBS--- Ordinary copper

AERIS FLOS--- Metaphorically so called, was termed by the Greeks, Chalckou Anthos, and is misnamed Calcantum, that is, vitriol, the shoemakers' black of the Latins, the ignorant believed of old, being deceived by the similarity of the terms. But Flower of Copper differs among the ancients and moderns. For the ancients, as appears, denominated Flower of Copper those purple globules which rise suddenly when the melted copper runs from the furnace, and is purged from impurity by the sudden sprinkling of clear water. Of this kind of Flower of Copper Dioscorides speaks (1. 5, c. 43), and enumerates its medicinal powers and virtues. Among the moderns, however, the Flower of Copper signifies verdigris. This distinction should be remembered in comparing ancient and recent authors. It should also be borne in mind that formerly they intermingled copper scales and Flower of Copper, whence a new substance was developed which was called Lepis, as appears out of Pliny. At the present day Flos Aeris is not included in the Pharmacopia. Concerning its virtues Pliny says (1. 34. c 11): The Flower of Copper is useful to medicine; verily there is not a mineral throughout all the mines of so useful a nature as it is. It purgeth the stomach, strengthens the eyes, remedies hardness of hearing, stayeth bleeding at the nose.

There are two kinds of Copper Scales, namely, dense and light. Of the first Dioscorides treats (1. 5, c. 44). It is called Copper Slag by the Germans, but this, which is broad and thin, is produced from copper by hammering. Dioscorides (l. c.) avers that which is beaten from bars in the forges of Cyprus, and called Helitin, or Hammered, to be the best, but that which is beaten from poor and vulgar copper, or from white copper, is wholly to be condemned. He leaches further the virtues and the lustration of Aeris Squama. He makes mention in addition of Stomoma, the fine scales which fly off in hammering.

There is another stomoma which is the same as the lighter variety of Aeris Squama, and is mentioned, not by Dioscorides, but by Pliny. It is called Copperborn by the Germans. And there is yet another stomoma which is, as it were, slack from the ore and is pierced easily. Yet again, there is that stomoma which is ferrum purgatum, purissimum, our chalybs, which is steel.

It was Pliny (1. 34, c. 2) who first taught that coarse copper scales differed from Flower of Copper, when he said: Now these scales come by being driven and smitten off from those bars which they use to forge of the said masses and lumps of copper, and all these most commonly are found in the Cyprian forges; herein only is the difference, that the aforesaid scales are driven forcibly from the masses of copper, whereas the flower of verdigris fails off by itself. And yet there is a second kind of these scales, more fine and subtle than any other, to wit, driven and smitten from the very outside and uppermost part of the bar, and this they call Stomoma. He adds that both the one and the other are calcined either over earthen or brazen vessels, and afterwards washed. Finally, he also avers that the scales made of the white metal are indefinitely less efficacious. But neither the scales nor the flower are used by our doctors as they were in the time of Pliny.

AERUGO AERIS--- or Verdigris, which the moderns, as we have shown, contradictorily call Flower of Copper, is twofold, natural and artificial, the former being found in metallic Cypriot stones, having some proportion of copper; upon these the verdigris bursts out as in bloom, and this, though small in quantity, is the best, and is also found in our copper mines. Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 45) mentions its varieties, with their proportionate worth, and the manner in which they are sophisticated.

Concerning artificial verdigris, which is produced upon the surface of copper when the metal has become sufficiently green, this is of threefold kind, namely:

1. The smooth or scraped, whereof Dioscorides speaks firstly, and shows after what manner it is made.

2. The vermiculated, or worm-eaten verdigris, which is also duplex, that which is mineral and that which is made.

The former is the better, and is scraped by itself from the copperstone, upon which see Pliny (l. 34, c. 12), who disputes at great length as to whether it be a species of vitriol, or chalchitis itself. Great indeed is the knowledge of verdigris, of the natural above all, of Flower of Copper, of Chrysocolla, and of Vitriol, that is, true Chalchitis. Do thou, most excellent reader, well consider it, and judge the erudition of Pliny. Vermiculated verdigris, of the manufactured kind, and the way of making it, are taught by Dioscorides and by Pliny.

3. The third species of manufactured verdigris is goldsmiths' verdigris, which is also treated of by Dioscorides, and this is Santerna, which is used for alum. Some call it Tinckar or Arabian Borax. Goldsmiths' verdigris is nothing else but Chrysocolla, on which consult Pliny (1. 33, c. 5; also 1. 34, c. 11 and 12).

All these species answer to Burnt Copper; they are astringent, they reduce, and heat, which is the case with all kinds of copper rust.

After what manner the rest are burnt, consult Dioscorides. In our own day similar species of copper rust are largely manufactured in Spain.

The Arabians, if I mistake not, call all the above enumerated species by the name Zinckar; and these are the species according to Pliny, Dioscorides, and others. But if we consider deeply, there are some which have not been distinguished by them, and are set forth in the following tabulation:

Verdigris or Copper Rust is:

Scraped: Natural / Manufactured (1. Scraped; 2. Vermiculate --- Mined / Manufactured; 3. Goldsmiths’.

Scissile: Natural, i.e., copper-green. Gold-gluten / Manufactured, goldsmiths’ green, scraped, manufactured copper, green.

The remaining species are distinguished thus:

1. Verdigris, colour of green copper; things dyed with green copper rust are so named by Martial.

2. Natural verdigris found on copper quartz.

3. A variety from Satberg, of leaden colour, found in rude copper ore.

4. Verdigris found on pure solid copper.

5. Manufactured verdigris.

6. Sublimed or distilled verdigris, used by painters.

AERARII LAPIDES--- Natural copper stones.

1. Black scissile copper ore in which are natural plates of copper.

2. Ore containing natural green chrysocolla.

3. Ore containing natural blue chrysocolla.

4. Scissile ores in which is interspersed copper of a golden, ruddy, blue, purple, violet, or black colour.

5. Scissile ore, having seams of gold-coloured copper.

6. Ore containing seams of copper like the purest lead ore.

7. Cuprine scissile slate, burnt in the open air.

8. Burnt.

9. Burnt in the open air, afterwards melted out, and the dross separated.

10. Small globular slate-stones, perfectly circular, hard and heavy, of different sizes. Also found among copper quartz, with an ashy surface, as if composed of fine sand; if broken with a hammer, they are like silver or ash-coloured pyrites inside. Sometimes copper and some times silver is melted out of them.

11. Very hard, small pebbles, showing ruddy in black; found in scissile copper ore, like the kidneys of animals; when broken, they are of a deceptive colour, showing rich cuprine hues, but if searched with fire they possess no metallic quality.

12. Sterile ore, found beneath copper ore, showing white in ash-colour.

13. Primary masses melted out of rude copper.

14. Secondary, in which silver or gold are still present, which are sold to masters of laboratories for the separation of the silver and copper.

15. Crumbling or spongy masses, out of which, when lead is added, silver can be extracted.

16. Masses of silver and lead from which copper has been separated.

17. Copper containing silver combined with lead.

18. Copper, of fine quality, free from torrefied, crumbling, or cloven masses.

19. Copper masses free from all other metal.

20. Sharp-pointed ore stones produced in torrefying masses of crumbling ore.

21. Copper nuggets full of sharp points. Also layers of sharp-pointed copper.

22. Sharp-pointed nuggets of copper and lead, produced in the fusion of masses of ore.

23. Sharp-pointed pieces from nuggets which have been once subject to fusion.

24. Fused copper, containing gold.

25. Fused copper, containing silver. .

26. Fused copper, containing both gold and silver.

27. Tinged with magnesia. White copper.

28. Tinged with metallic cadmia. Yellow copper.

29. Gold-coloured copper.

30. Flattened copper wire out of which garlands or wreaths are made.

31. Copper showing flaxen colour in red colour.

32. Copper showing swarthy in red.

33. Copper tinctures with gold-colour by chemical art. Alchemical gold.

34. Gilded copper.

35. Copper coloured silver by chemical art. Alchemical silver.

36. Copper mixed with white lead.

37. Cremated copper.

38. Copper fused with white lead. Manufactured bell-metal.

39. Copper alloy, containing equal parts of copper and silver. Cobalt.

40. Copper fused in iron pipes. Finger-shaped pieces of copper. Used in testing.

41. Copper reduced to granules; vulgarly called granulated copper.

42. Flower of copper, given off from incandescent masses of copper; in appearance like millet seed.

43. A more minute kind, given off from molten crucibles, like flying poppy seed.

44. True flower of copper, given off spontaneously from red-hot crucibles. Very fine Cyprian copper dust.

45. Baked copper, hardened with hammers.

46. Scales of copper, beaten out by the hammer.

47. Most pure scales of copper, with which potters colour their vases. Brown copper, found useful in all coppersmiths' work.

48. Copper melted into the form of globules. Coarsely granulated copper.

49. Copper filings.

50. Plates of Copper, called sometimes by an Italian name, batitura. Sheet copper.

51. Copper wire. .

52. Gilt copper wire.

53. Silvered copper wire.

54. Copper wire overlaid with white lead.

55. Black refuse, separated in the first melting, from copper ore.

56. Metal extracted from copper ore which is once fused and separated from its refuse.

57. The same, but melted up to the sixth time, then finally baked, and separated from its first and second refuse.

58. Yellow copper thread. Copper wire.

59. The first recrement of red colour is the material of those pitchers out of which we usually drink must, or unfermented wine.

60. The second recrement, mixed with brass or lead, is called, in our vernacular, stone, and is again added to the metals in the second melting when they begin to flow rapidly.

61. The third recrement remains in the furnace, when the copper, in which silver is still present, flows out. Out of this recrement, when pounded and prepared for another melting down, iron is extracted.

62. Recrements separated from torrefied copper masses.

63. The first recrements of copper are light.

64. The second are heavier.

65. The third are heaviest of all, and black, blue, purple, and red in colour. On the surface of the Islebian mountains there is found a red earth, or red ore, with which the copper ore of the mines is mixed in digging out. Beneath this there are eleven other species of stone, before the object of mining is attained, i.e., before the copper veins are reached.

1. Granite. Hyalomite.

1A. A hard, rude stone, of earthy colour.

2. Another not so hard, and of ashen hue.

3. Smokestone. Smoky topaz.

3A. A third harder and rougher, and of colour similar to the first.

4. Zechstein, permian limestone.

4A. A fourth, showing swarthy in ash-colour, but more solid than the second.

5. Smoky topaz.

5A. A fifth, ashen, hard, and rough.

6. Fulgurite.

6A. Another, like to the fourth.

7. Another similar to the second, but softer.

8. Another blacker than the seventh, small, and harder.

9. A ninth kind, showing ashen in white, soft, and may be broken like marl with a penknife.

10. Another of ash-colour, hard and solid as marble.

11. A layer of black horny slate.

11. Showing more black in ash-colour than all the others.

12. Scissile Islebian stone, dark ash-colour, rich in copper. Slate-stone, rich in copper.

AES--- or Copper is attributed to Venus by chemists. (N.B. --- Aes signified any Ore; i.e., any metal as it is dug from the earth, but especially refined copper.)

It is a metallic body of a bluish colour with a dark ruddy tinge; it is igneous and fusible, and occupies a middle position between Sol and Luna, gold and silver. It is composed of quicksilver, but impure, unfixed, terrestrial, combustible, ruddy, and not clear; and, in like manner, of sulphur wanting in fixity, purity, and density. Bad and feeble sulphur, like a father of ill complexion and disposition, copulates with a noble mother, that is, with quicksilver, and generates copper of good quality, a son of bluish colour, tinged with dark red.

This copper is obtained from veins in the mines, where there is abundance of pyrites, or marcasite, which beget the various natural species of vitriol, copperstone, copperas, inkstone, tutty, etc. Out of copper ore when it is melted there are obtained the several varieties of artificial Cadmia, Pompholyx, and Spodos (Pliny, 1. 34, c. 10-13). In the operation of the furnace, burnt copper is obtained, and scales of copper indifferently by cooling the heated metal and by hammering. Finally, verdigris is deposited on the surface of the excocted metal.

There are, broadly, two species of copper, first, that which is found pure in copper and silver mines, and is in need of no purifying. Intertwined veins are sometimes met with, and again whole plates of thin metal which encompass the stone. Of this Albertus was ignorant. The second species is that which is melted out of pyrites or marcasite, and other substances; such as, slate, stone, as well as out of various earths and clays; also out of Chrysocolla and Azurite, like gold.

Aes, however, does not always denote copper, but sometimes gold or silver, as they exist in nature, without any mixture of other metal or stone-a pure, unmixed metal, out of which money was stamped sometimes, in the same way as from alloys artificially prepared. This substance was first found in Galilee, but in a small quantity. In our own day it is likewise seen, but rarely, and is only to be obtained by a miracle. (The German version says: Properly it is called copper, some call it simply gold or silver ore which has not yet been melted, but has been prepared by nature, and out of which coins have been occasionally struck.)

(The copper nuggets referred to by Pliny are identified with burnt copper by Rulandus, who also enumerates, Loaf-shaped copper masses, completely baked ; Aes Caldarium, a copper warming vessel; Aes abstractum, copper extracted from the ore; Aes residuum, refined copper; Aes liquefactum, copper melted in an iron pipe. There is no context to explain the object of these enumerations.)

AERUGINATIS--- Copper rusting, is the gilding of the earths in the ferment; the red earth which is resolved and cooked, which is the second operation.

AES HERMETIS--- is the same as Mercury. It is also Solar Dust, the Head of the Raven, our copper, citrine earth, the thing containing and the thing contained, our lead. Mirerius calls it Gold extracted out of Metals; it is also termed Venus; Vitriol; Orpiment; Arsenic; Money; the Soul; the Green Lion; Green Water, because it germinates; Permanent Water; Wine; Blood. But it is truly and properly an imperfect body, not yet prepared, and in its original state.

AES USTUM, or CREMTUM --- Burnt copper according to Dioscorides (l. 5, c. 42) is obtained by arranging alternate layers of copper bars with salt and sulphur, or alum, in an earthen vessel. The same author enumerates other methods, and burnt copper is made in our own day out of copper, sulphur, and salt. Dioscorides praises the aes ustum of Memphis and Cyprus. It is astringent, desiccating, restrictive; it reduces, draws out, and cleanses; and it heals ulcers. It is serviceable in complaints of the eye; it is a good emetic, when mixed with honey. It is cleansed like Cadmia, and is regarded as hot and dry in the fourth degree. The scum or excrement of copper, prepared after the same manner, has the same virtues, in a weaker degree. Consult Dioscorides as above.

The other species of Copper Ore and Copper are as follows:

1. Pure native copper.

2. Native red copper, unalloyed with other metals, found, clean and solid, in its own mines, in the Duchy of Mansfield.

3. Mined copper, found in its own veins.

4. Pure copper mined from argentiferous veins at Scheberg.

5. Red Mansfield copper, which contains silver.

6. Red native copper of Suacensis in the Rhetian Alps, which contains gold within it.

7. Copper of a chestnut brown colour, which adheres like a thin plate to the hard stone. Solid copper.

8. Of the ordinary colour, in a violet fluor-spar.

9. Of the ordinary colour, intermixed with stony substance.

10. Of its own colour, cleaving to hard stone, which has the glow of hot  ashes.

11. Of its own colour, cleaving to a scissile stone. The German context speaks of a red copper mixed with sulphur on a slate bed; ruddy, solid copper.

12. Thin shavings of copper, in a white flint.

13. Veinlets or fibres of copper in a bright, ruddy stone; a preparation of a copper ore in a hard stone.

14. A rich vein of copper; a speedy process for pure copper.

15. Rough, native, impure copper.

16. Pure solid copper of Moravia.

17. Natural yellow copper, gold-coloured copper, cleaving to brittle Mansfield stone.

18. Blue copper, cleaving to brittle stone.

19. Copper, entirely blue.

20. Brownish or violet copper, cleaving to brittle stone.

21. White copper, similar to rude white silver, in a brittle stone; a rich white copper ore.

22. Black copper ore.

23. Copper ore so abundantly mixed with brittle stone that 100 lbs. contains 40 lbs. of copper.

24. A natural solid copper of several colours, distinguished into zones of gold, purple, saffron, flaxen, green, and blue.

25. Friberg copper, allied to black lead, of so many excellent colours that they shine as if they were transparent.

26. Copper native in white lead, having the brightness of polished gold. The German version reads, born in black lead, as crystallised tin-ore.

AETHNA--- This name is given to a subterranean, invisible, and sulphureous fire which burns stones into coals similar to asphalt; they are full of resin and bitumen, and some nations use them instead of coals or wood, especially spurious sophisticators of metals. Formerly, these subterraneous fires were to be seen in several places, as, for example, that called Aetna in Sicily, and another in the Neapolitan Kingdom not far from Naples. In ancient times the men of those days, wonderstruck as to what could be the cause of these fires, and after great investigation being unable to assign it, became so desperate that one among the most celebrated philosophers, physicists, and doctors, Empedocles, cast himself headlong into the flames, choosing to be vanquished by shame rather than by ignorance. Again Caius Plinius delivered himself to suffocation from the smoke of this fire. Oh insane talents of men, who, whilst they will be ignorant of nothing, have attempted no labours, so that they can know nothing, and have nevertheless borne a shameful death, esteeming it better not to live than not to know that which at the same time they knew to be transitory! Housewives, when they have done cooking, shut up the fire in their grate, so that there may be no entrance of air, by which means the fire dies out, for it can live only in air. But if a draught be admitted before it is quite extinguished, the flame will revive. In the same way we must regard volcanoes, whose fires originate in the earth's centre, which holds them like a grate. They are the air-holes of the earth, by which the central fires have their nourishment from the atmosphere, and without which they would be extinguished like the fires in a grate. (An invisible sulphureous fire in mountains, which turns stones into coal.)

Item.All fused ores are understood by the name Aethna.

AETHNICI--- are igneous spirits, or spirit-men, burning in the midst of flames. They appear in various modes and manners, like burning fires, live circular coals, or fiery globes; they are also seen amidst the sulphureous eruptions of volcanoes.

AETITES--- are Eagle-stones, so called on account of their colour and their virtue, for without them can no eagle bring forth. For the Eagle-stone alleviates parturition. It is also called Lapis Erodialis and Lapis Aegreileius. It is a gem of several species. The first is the Pregnant-stone described by Dioscorides. When it is shaken another stone can be heard rattling in its stomach. It is of globular shape, is hollow, like the oak-apple, and bears another stone within it; this species is found in the vicinity of the Saale and the Elbe, and especially in that district which we now call Steuermarch. Very great virtues are possessed by this species; in particular, it relieves the sense of heaviness experienced by women before child-birth if the uterus be rubbed with it. The second species of Eagle-stone is that which is filled with earth, i.e., with white or saffron clay, and this is the Geodes (full of earth, earthy), a precious stone mentioned by Dioscorides. Varieties of this sort, containing earth or clay, are found at Dresden and in Saxony. I have myself seen a species, containing a saffron clay, on the banks of the Elbe, and another, full of white clay, is met with in the vicinity of the Saale. The third species is filled with water, and perspires in a warm place. It is called Enydros; hence those lines of the poet:

"The Enidros pours forth perpetual tears, Which spring like water from a fountain full ".

Pliny (1. 37, c. 11) and Solinus (c. 40) make special mention of this species. Says Pliny: The Enydros is always perfectly round; it is white, and of little weight, but when moved water is seen to flow within it like the liquid in eggs. And Solinus: The Enydros exudes moisture, as if a spring of water were contained within it. The fourth species of Eagle-stone is full of sand and tiny pebbles. The fifth is full of chelonitis, the sixth of a white lime; this is the variety which I discovered by the Elbe; it was of oblong shape, very hard, and honeycombed on its surface. I met also with another species separated from the matrix and of a peculiar shape similar to the variety described by Pliny (1. 10, c. 3), called Gagates by other writers, said to be found in the nests of eagles, especially in those of the bearded eagle, and termed the Pregnant-stone. When struck, or shaken, another stone can be heard rattling within it. It is not consumed by fire, a quality it possesses in common with the true Gagates (this is a species of bitumen), whence the identity of name. Those Eagle-stones, which are taken from the nests of eagles have the greatest medicinal virtue. Pliny also pretends (11. 36, c. 27) to distinguish two kinds of Eagle-stones which are found in the nests of these birds, a male and female, which are both necessary to the hatching of their eggs. After the same manner, the eagle places an agate under its unfledged young to protect them from poisonous reptiles. Pliny otherwise distinguishes four species of Eagle-stone.

1. The small soft African eagle-stone, containing soft white clay, as in a womb. It is easily crumbled to pieces, and has been regarded as feminine. It is found at the present day full of yellow clay, and is the Geodis of Dioscorides.

2. A variety from Cyprus, similar to the African, but larger and broader, globular in shape, soft on its surface, easily crumbled, and containing fine sand and pebbles. Varieties of this sort are also found pregnant with lime and conchylii.

3. Found near Leucadia, in the island of Taphus, whence it is called Taphinsius; it is met with in rivers, is white, and round in shape. In its womb it contains the stone called Callimus, and it is exceedingly soft.

4. A hard Eagle-stone like the oak-apple, found in Arabia, and believed to be masculine; it contains a reddish stone, also hard, and is much praised by Dioscorides. This also is familiar to us, and has been previously described.

All species of aetites assist parturition and prevent abortion, as also Pliny witnesses (1. 36, c. 21). They are to be distinguished from the Echite which is an herb of the clematis genus; from Echites, a stone spotted like a viper; and from Echitis, a variety of the last. Consult Pliny as above, Solinus, c. 40, Serapion, Albertus, Rhasis, and others.

The eagle-stone is also classified as follows:

1. African male aetitis, very hard, black and red in colour, containing a white crumbling earth.

2. Feminine, from Hildesheimer, mud-coloured, with yellow ochre adhering to it. This species contains a hard, mud-coloured earth.

3. Another kind, with a loose stone inside it, which sounds when shaken.

4. Hard, ruddy aetites, having an iron-grey stone.

5. Another, from Motteschanus, shaped like the human head, round, and very hard, having quadrangular, crystalline fluors like adamant.

6. A concave, iron-grey stone, found in iron ore, and containing nothing but air. The German Druse.

AFFARX, or AFFARIS --- is Atrament.

AFFRONITUM--- is Froth of Nitre, in Arabic Baurach; or it is that pseudo-Froth of Nitre which is called Glass-gall by the Germans; or it is the metallic salt called Cappadocius and Gemma.

AFFENICUM--- is Soul.

AFFEOS, or AFROS --- is Froth or Spume.

AFFORMAS--- is Glass.

AFRICUS--- Mid south-west.

AFFRODINA--- is Venus.

AFFROTON--- is frothy, spumous, etc.

AFFRENGI--- is Minium, Red Lead, Vermilion.

AFFIDRA, or ALLMAT --- is White Lead.

AFRAGAR--- is Verdigris.

AFROS--- is our Lead, the unclean body.

AGABAR--- is Prepared Calx.

AGAR, ALGIT, ALGERIT--- Names of Calx.

AHENUM--- is a metallic vase of copper, or iron, two feet high, and of about the same width. On the top there is a cover which fits it exactly, and is made in the following manner: A plate of copper is made in exact correspondence with the capacity of the ahenum (for the sake of convenience some affirm that a wooden cover may be substituted), and of circular shape, in the centre of which (when the ahenum is intended for the reception of only one cuppingglass) a little door is cut, of the exact size of the vase which is to be placed in the ahenum, and out of which at the same time it can project a certain distance. On one or the other side, and near the bottom of the ahenum, another door must be made, through which the heat can flow under, and more water be supplied to make up for evaporation. The use of this covered ahenum is manifold in the operations of the baths.

AHIUS--- is Rock-Salt, or Muriate of Soda.

AHUSAL--- is Arsenical Sulphur. Also the Eagle.

AIARAZATH, or ALHENOT --- is Lead.

AKIBOT, ALCHIBIT, ALCHINIT--- are names of Sulphur.

AKON--- is a sharp-pointed stone. Hence aconite, an herb which grows on rocks, derives the name it bears. There is another sharp-pointed stone, with which knives and other instruments are sharpened, and it is called Whetstone. Of this we have several species-black, white, yellow, and one which is of a very deep black. Dioscorides (1. 5, c. 93) signalises the uses of the Naxian Stone which is worn away by the sharpening of instruments thereon. The species under notice is also called Heraclean and Lydian Stone ; it is the German Touch-stone, which is known to our goldsmiths and is called Coticula by Pliny (1. 33, c. 8). That stone which is found in Misnia, and is now used by book-binders, is also a species of cos-stone. There is, moreover, a variety which is of green colour, and is called Eye-stone, or Oil-stone, because instruments of various kinds are sharpened upon it after it has been lubricated with oil. There are additional species which the reader himself will be able to recall to his mind without further enumeration --- Lydian Stone, Grind-stone, Clinthy Slate, etc.

ALABASTRITES--- Alabaster, from the town of that name in Upper Egypt, and also from Damascus of Syria. It is a species of marble, and is familiar to the Venetians. There are three kinds; the first is white and shining, and is that white alabaster of which in times gone by it was usual to make the images of saints and -the monuments of the departed. The second species has black spots. The third is white and ruddy, and is hence called Onyx, ruddy Alabaster, because it has the tint of human flesh. It is the species referred to by Dioscorides when he says: Alabaster, also called Onyx, when burnt with pitch or resin, removes indurations of the body. For the various uses of the onyx, and concerning the vessels and boxes for ointment which are made of it, consult Dioscorides (1. 2). At the present time there are two species found in Germany, in Cheruscis, not far from Northusia, and in Saxony, near Hildesheim. Pliny (1. 36, c. 7 and 8) says: Alabaster is used for vases containing unguents, and is medicinally valuable in plasters to be placed over burns and scalds. He also informs us that its native places are Thebes of Egypt and Damascus of Syria. There is, however, a useless and inferior species which comes from Cappadocia, a country of Asia between the Black Sea, or rather Pontus, and Cilicia. Consult also the same writer in the thirteenth chapter of his thirteenth book of the History of the World.  ALABONI, or ALOANACH --- is Lead

ALAFOR, ALAFORT--- Salt of Alkali.

ALACHASCHE--- is a caltrop.

ALAFREG--- is a species of white lead.

ALAHABAR, ALABARI, ALCHONOR, ALLARINOCH, ALHOHONOCH, ALRACHAS, ALASTROB, ALOMBA, ALOOC, ALLABOR, ALCAMOR--- are all names of Lead. See Abam, etc.

ALAHATIB--- is a ruddy stone.

ALAHIC--- according to some is an oven of the alchemists; according to others, it is Charcoal.

ALARTAR--- is burnt Copper Ore.

ALASALET--- is Ammoniac.

ALATAN--- is semi-vitrified protoxide of lead.

ALAURAT--- is Nitric Salt.

ALBANUM--- is Salt of Wine.

ALBANI--- is a stone of salt of milk.

ALBARAS--- is Arsenic.

ALBATIO--- Whiteness; white ashes left by calcination.

ALBERICK--- is White Copper or Metallic Ore.

ALBESTON--- is Quicklime.

ALBETAD--- is Galbanum, a disputed substance, supposed to be the resinous sap of an umbelliferous plant in Syria. It is referred to by Pliny and Suetonius.

ALBI--- That is, Sublimated.

ALBIR--- is Pitch from the bark of the yew. I believe it to be a substance from which ink is made.

ALBOR--- is Urine.

ALBOT--- is Goldsmith's Brick.

ALBOTAT, ALFIDAS, and ASFIDE --- Names of White Lead.

ALBOTIM, or ALBOTAI --- is Terebinth, Turpentine. It has other arbitrary names, such as, Albuhen, Altilibat, Albotra, Bora, Debutum, Helcabatan, Helkaboni, Helcalibat, Helcalidar, Kytram.

ALBUHAR--- White Lead.

ALBULA--- Pearl-white.

ALBUM--- is White Copper.

ALCADP--- is White Atrament; a contradictory designation because atramentum is essentially a black liquid.

ALCALI--- Symbolical principle of the Chemists. It is the salt derived from the ashes of any substance without the limes of the bodies, and it inheres in all substances whether aqueous or fiery. It may be called Salt of Ashes, or Salt of Limestone.

ALCAOL--- is Sour Milk, otherwise Mercury.

ALCAHEST--- is prepared Mercury; some will have that it is tartar ; but the special meaning of any writer may be judged easily by the description of his preparation.

ALCAHESTI--- Mercury prepared as a medicine for the liver.

ALCANNA, or ALCONA --- according to Avicenna, are long slender plants, knotted like reeds, which are used as spears by the Arabs. Some also understand it to be the Guaiacum, or Tree of Life of America.

ALCEBRIS VIVUM, VIVIFIC ALCEBRIS--- is Sulphur. Called also Alneric, Anerit, Aneric.

ALCHEMY--- is the separation of the impure from the purer substance.

ALCHITRAM, or ALCHIERAM --- is Oil of Juniper, Liquid Pitch, Arsenic purified by  washing.

ALCHITRAN--- is also Oil of Juniper, but especially the dregs left after distillation.

ALCIMAD--- is Antimony ; called also Alcofol, Alfacio.

ALCOCL--- is Sour Milk.

ALCOHOL--- is a most subtle powder.

ALCOHOL--- is Stybium or Antimony.

ALCOHOL OF WINE--- (sometimes termed Distilled Wine) is thus called when every superfluity of wine has been so purged away that the whole is consumed and neither dregs nor moisture remain in the retort. The most subtle powder that can be made. If alcohol of wine be added, it is rectified, distilled wine.

ALCOLISMUS--- is crushing or corrosion.

ALCOL--- is Vinegar.

ALCONE--- is Aurichalcum, i.e., Brass, Bronze.

ALCOOL--- has been most incongruously interpreted by some writers to be a powder ground to extraordinary fineness by a brass or iron mortar; but their error is made sufficiently plain by the fact that Paracelsus speaks in many places of alcool of wine, which he uses for rectified Aqua fortis, and this has nothing in common with a powder. The alcool of any bodies whatever is therefore nothing else but the purer and cleaner part separated from the impure. As regards the Paracelsian Alcool of Antimony, it is nothing else, according to this author, than antimony not merely ground with pestle and mortar, but exalted into its volatile condition without change in the natural colour. And it is needful that this should be done by the exclusive conduct and guidance of fire and heat, in such a manner that after it has been ground in the vulgar fashion, it shall be disintegrated further by sublimations, which are the philosophical pestle and mortar. Paracelsus also teaches elsewhere that such sublimation is to be performed without a caput mortuum, i.e., without leaving a residuum. It is further certain that no refuse must be present before sublimation. This sublimation of stibium is wholly indispensable, or frustrated energy and vain labour will be spent upon the flowers of antimony. Most of those who have attempted to analyze the preparation of Paracelsian substances have failed over this arcanum. By vulgar trituration the substances evaporate into white smoke, and it is easier to ascend into heaven than to produce in this way the citrine or ruby flowers, as they have proved to their own cost. The operation is not vulgar and the philosophical artifice is known to few. But it is made known to the Sons of the Doctrine. The sublimation is performed by a carefully tempered fire, so that the powder of antimony may be liquefied as little as possible, but at the same time may ascend until the flower of the powder is seen sticking to the walls of the furnace.

ALCOR--- is Copper, burnt till it is fine as powder.

ALCORE--- is a kind of stone having spar like silver. Called also Altores.

ALCUBD--- is Crude Butter. Called also Alumbair.

ALCUBRITH, ALCUR, and ALUZAR --- are all names for Sulphur.

ALEC--- is Vitriol.

ALECHARITH--- is Mercury.

ALECHIL--- is three-footed. Cf. Tripod.

ALECTORIA--- is a gem mentioned by Pliny (1. 37, c. 10), which is like crystal or clear water; and he shows that this crystalline substance, which is as large as a horse bean, is found in the gizzard of poultry, or, as Albertus has it, of a castrated cock. It is found after the bird has attained the age of four years. It renders the possessor rich and of warlike aspect. And they report that Milo of Crotona was made invincible by such an Alectoria. It conciliates girls and quenches thirst. See also Solinus, etc.

ALEFANTES--- is Flower of Salt.

ALEMBACI--- is Burnt Lead.

ALEMBIC--- is Mercury.

ALEMBICUS--- or Capitellum (helmet) is a vessel set over the retort to receive and collect vapours.

The Alembic is of two kinds, beaked or curved, and without beak. The first transmits the resolved vapours by a channel or neck to the receiving vessel. The second, which is without a beak or conduit, is used in sublimations, and in some cases is pierced at the top for the passage of the rising vapours.

ALEMBROTH--- is Salt of Mercury, or Philosophical Salt, Salt of Art, and Key of Art.

ALEMBROTH DESSICATUM--- Dessicated Alembroth, is by some called Salt of Tartar, the Magistery of Magisteries.

ALES--- is compounded Salt, or manufactured Salt.

ALEXANTHI--- or Altingat, is Flower of Copper.

ALEXIR--- is a medicine alchemically prepared.

ALEZARAM--- is the washing of lead.

ALFACTA--- is Distillation.

ALFADIDAM--- is Dross of Gold.

ALFAMADI--- is ashen.

ALFATIDA--- is Burnt Copper, or Plates of Venus-Copperplate.

ALFATIDE--- is Sal Ammoniac. Among its other Hermetic names are Salmiax, Alacap, Alorap, Alfol, Alisteles, Alcob, Azonec, Anoxadic, Anacab, Andex,  Aquila, Butrum, Alizeles.

ALFASIT, or ALVASIT --- is Brick, burnt Clay ; also Earthenware.

ALFUSA--- is impure Protoxide of Zinc.

ALGA--- is a reed, according to the German context, but it is properly sea-weed.

ALGALI--- is Nitre, or Saltpetre.

ALGEMET--- Coals.

ALGERIAE, ALGERIE--- is Lime.

ALIGULUS--- is Confection, Composition.

ALIM--- is a sand found in auriferous metals, out of which lead is extracted.

ALINZADIR--- is cold and dry earth. It is called in Arabic Boneza and Tinckar.  Arles calls it Salmiac.

ALIOCAB--- is Sal Ammoniac.

ALKAES, or ALCHOCHOS --- is fine powder.

ALKALIA--- is the vase or vessel.

ALKALE--- is Oil of a Hen.

ALKALID, ALKES, ALCOB--- are Burnt Copper.

ALKALI--- is Vitriol from the mines, or fluid Vitriol, calcinated in aludal. With others Alkali is a pebble of salt, derived from pounded limestones, extracted by moisture and coagulated by the dissipation of moisture. Above all alkali signifies the elaboration of the essential form of the said stone, freed from what is impure and separated from its body. The term is also ascribed to calcined and diffused substances when they are reduced to a solid consistency, as when common salt is dissolved by moisture and again coagulated. Also when pearls are calcined entire, are dissolved, and again coagulated, they are in themselves magisteria, and are called alkali symbolically.

ALKAMIS--- Name of the philosopher.

ALKANTUM--- Sometimes Burnt Copper, sometimes an aromatic substance, sometimes Arsenic.

ALKANT--- is Mercury, or a species of inky matter.

ALKARA--- is a gourd. In medicine it is a cupping-glass, and in alchemy a Cucurbite.

ALKARANUM--- is green Duenech, or Antimony.

ALKASAor ALKAZOAL --- is goldsmith's brick.

ALKASIAL--- is Antimony.

ALKIBRIC, ALKIBERT, ALGIBIC, ALKIBIC, ALCHABRIC--- are names of Living Sulphur.

ALKIN--- is Woad Ashes, or woad-colour Ashes.

ALKIR--- is Smoke or Coals.

ALKITRAM--- is Liquid Pitch.

ALKO--- is Tartar. Theophrastus says that it is the purer substance of a thing separated from the impure. Thus Alcool of Wine is aqua ardens rectified and cleansed, the best and purest, the most subtle and celestial.

ALKOEL--- is the finest Lead of the mines; Lapis Lazuli; Antimony.

ALKOSOR--- is Camphor.

ALKY OF LEAD--- is the soft substance of lead.

ALKYMIA--- is the powder of the basilisk.

ALLABROT--- is a certain species of manufactured salt.

ALMA--- is Water.

ALMABRI--- is a stone like amber.

ALMAGER--- is Synopide, like red grains (cf. Synephites).

ALMAGRA--- is a copper bolus, or laton, which see. A red soil or clay, used as a lubricant by wheelwrights. Also a lotion.

ALMAKIST, ALMAKANDA--- That is Litharge.

ALMARCAB, or ALMARCHAZ --- is Litharge.

ALMARCAT--- is Dross of Gold and Cathmia of Gold, which see.

ALMARCAZIDA--- is Litharge of Silver, or Argyritis.

ALMARCHATand ALMARETH --- signify Silver Litharge.

ALMARGEN, ARMALGOL, ALMARAGO--- Names of Coral.

ALMARTACK--- is Ash of Litharge.

ALMATATICA--- is a Mine of Copper.

ALMATKASITA--- is Mercury, the Mineral Stone.

ALMECHASIDE--- is Copper.

ALMENE--- is Solis Gemmae ( Solis Gemmae is a kind of glittering precious stone, mentioned by Pliny. But the German version seems to refer to Sal Gemma, which see.).

ALMETAT--- s Dross of Gold, or Refuse of Gold.

ALMISADIR--- is prepared Sal Ammoniac; called also Asanon, Meradum, Almisadu, Amizadir; it is the German Salmiak.

ALMIZADIR--- is Verdigris.

ALNEC, ALLENEC, ALKALAP, ALETH, ALMIBA, ASEREBRAN, ASEBUM--- are names of Tin.

ALOE, EPATICUM ALOE--- A medicine for the liver.

ALOFEL--- is the cloth which covers the Vase.

ALOHAR, ALOHOC, ALOSOHOC, ALOSOT--- are names of Quicksilver.

ALOS, ALO, ALIX, ALMELE, ALEC, ALKALAT, ALKALAC--- are names of Salt.

ALOSANTHI--- Flower of Salt, in use among dyers.

ALRAMUDI--- Ashen.

ALSECH--- is a species of Alum.

ALSELAT--- is burnt Copper, or Calcecumenon, which is burnt Earth.

ALTAMBUS--- is the Red Stone, to wit, blood from men's veins.

ALTANUS--- is the South-west or South.

ALTARIS, ANTARIT, and ALOZET --- are names of Quicksilver.

ALTHANACHA--- is Orpiment. Called also Alernet and Albimec.

ALTIMAR, or AYCAPHER --- Burnt Copper.

ALTIMIO--- is Dross of Lead.

ALTINURAUM--- is Vitriol.

ALTINGAT--- is Flower of Copper.

ALUDEL, or ALUTEL --- is a glass vessel used in sublimation.

ALUDIT, ANTARIC, AZOMSES, AZON--- Names of Mercury.

ALUSIR--- is redness.

ALUECH--- is the pure body of Jove. Called also Aluach.

ALUEUS--- is boatlike, otherwise a vessel shaped like a boat. Alueus minor is a vessel of like shape but smaller size.

ALUIS, or ALAFOR --- Called also Vabs, is Salt of Alkali.

ALUMBOTI--- is burnt lead.

ALUMEN--- is known to all, and signifies Mercury, because it dissolves. It is the best of all crystals. Its species are various, of which some are called technically Jamenum, Roccum, Scissum, Rotundum, Zacharinum, Debelgamo, Genoese Nitre, Alum from the mines, Fusible Alum, Scaly Alum, Liquid Alum, Preserved Alum, Common Alum, Alum Placodes, Burnt Alum, Sodden Alum, Rock-Alum, and Native Alum.

Albertus distinguishes four broad species-Simple, or Common Alum; Black, White, and one which he describes fully in his book on Minerals. But here follow the several species of Alum.

1. Alum of the mines.

2. Liquid, clay-like, pale yellow Alum, from the Island of Elba in the Mediterranean. When handled it becomes so soft that it almost flows.

3. Natural liquid yellow Alum like a soft butter; it is found in the lead mines near Naples.

4. Grey liquid Alum from the same place.

5. White scaly Neapolitan Alum.

6. Very white scissile Neapolitan Alum.

7. Yellow Neapolitan Alum.

8. Scissile Alum, mixed with black dye, and redolent of sulphur when burnt. This also is from Naples.

9. Fibrous Neapolitan Alum.