Adolescent substance use and risk behaviours in the Mediterranean Region E-Book

Elisa Benedetti

• Herausgeber: Council of Europe
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Seitenzahl: 115

Beschreibung

How do adolescents behave in the Mediterranean in terms of substance use patterns and risk behaviours? The work of MedSPAD, the Mediterranean School Survey on Alcohol and other Drugs, attempts to answer this question.

This publication, carried out within the framework of the Pompidou Group’s Mediterranean Network on Drugs and Addiction, also provides information on socio-economic and drug policies around the region. The extensive comparison reveals a heterogeneous situation.Then, in a fresh analysis, this book presents new data from 11 Mediterranean countries on school-age youths’ interactions with selected substances and behaviours. It features an examination of early-onset behaviours, perceived substance availability and the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, high-risk cannabis and other drug use, along with – as a newly added highlight of the survey methodology developed for this study – gambling, gaming and social media habits.

Conducting the survey itself constituted an innovative step in the collection of these data, requiring training of local personnel to implement valid and reliable survey methods in schools and further analysis. This is the first time such a dataset from different countries has been compiled and analysed in this way, providing unprecedented insight into the drugs and addiction situation among youths at a regional scale.

Leseprobe

 

ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE USE

AND RISK BEHAVIOURS

IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION

 

FOURTH MEDSPAD REGIONAL REPORT

 

Elisa Benedetti,

Rodolfo Cotichini,

Sabrina Molinaro

and the MedSPAD Group

Contents

Click here to see the whole table of contents, or go on the « Table of contents » option of your eReader.

Preface

The Council of Europe is the continent’s leading human rights organisation. It comprises 46 member states, 27 of which are members of the European Union. All Council of Europe member states have signed up to the European Convention on Human Rights, a treaty designed to protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law.

The Pompidou Group provides a multidisciplinary forum at the wider European level for policy makers, professionals and researchers to exchange experiences and information on drug use and drug trafficking. Formed at the suggestion of French President Georges Pompidou in 1971, it became a Council of Europe enlarged partial agreement in 1980 open to countries outside the Council of Europe.

On 16 June 2021, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted the revised Pompidou Group statute, which extends its mandate to include addictive behaviours related to licit substances (such as alcohol or tobacco) and new forms of addictions (such as internet gambling and gaming). The new mandate focuses on human rights while reaffirming the need for a multidisciplinary approach to address the drug challenge, which can only be tackled effectively if policy, practice and science are linked.

To better reflect both its identity as a Council of Europe entity and its broadened mandate, the Pompidou Group changed its official name from the “Co-operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs” to the “Council of Europe International Co-operation Group on Drugs and Addictions”. As of 2022, it encompasses 41 out of 46 member states of the Council of Europe, Mexico, Morocco and Israel, and the European Commission.

MedNET is the Mediterranean network of the Pompidou Group for co-operation on drugs and addictions. It comprises 18 countries from the northern and southern rims of the Mediterranean. MedSPAD is the Mediterranean School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs.

This is the fourth regional report from MedSPAD, and it provides insights into substance use and risk behaviours among adolescents and the socio-economic and policy context in the Mediterranean region. It follows the work presented in the 2019 report “An insight into alcohol, tobacco and other drugs in the Mediterranean region: socio-economic, policy context and patterns of use among adolescents”, which covered 13 countries.

For this report, 11 countries – Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Morocco, Portugal, Spain and Tunisia – provided raw survey data estimating the perceived availability and risk of substances, early onset of substance use, and prevalence of the use of alcohol, tobacco, other substances, gambling, gaming and social media use.

MedSPAD Group

MedSPAD Committee members participating in the fourth regional report

Croatia

Martina Markelic

Mental Health Promotion and Addiction Prevention Department with Counselling Centre Division of Health Promotion

Croatian Institute of Public Health

Cyprus

Ioanna Yiasemi

Head of Cyprus Monitoring Centre (Cyprus NFP)

Cyprus National Addictions Authority

Egypt

Nermin Shaker

Consultant, Research Unit, General Secretariat of Mental Health and Addiction Treatment (GSMHAT)

Professor of Neuropsychiatry, Ain Shams University

France

Stanislas Spilka

French Observatory for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT)

Greece

Anastasios Fotiou

ESPAD Associated Principal Investigator, University Mental Health Research Institute (UMHRI)

Minerva Melpomeni Malliori

Representative of the European Parliament, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drugs Addiction (EMCDDA) Management Board

Professor of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens

Italy

Sabrina Molinaro

Research Director of the Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of the Clinical Physiology National Research Council (CNR-IFC)

ESPAD Coordinator and MedSPAD Project Consultant

Elisa Benedetti

Researcher, Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of the Clinical Physiology National Research Council (CNR-IFC)

ESPAD Project Manager and MedSPAD Project Consultant

Malta

Sharon Arpa

Manager, Research Team, Foundation for Social Welfare Services (FSWS)

Morocco

Prof. Jallal Toufiq

Director of the Ar-razi University Psychiatric Hospital and the National Centre on Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment and Research

Director of the National Observatory on Drugs and Addictions

Fatima Elomari

Professor, Head of the Addiction Center, Ar-razi Psychiatric Hospital

Portugal

Elsa Lavado

Senior Technical Expert, Statistics and Operational Research Unit, General-Directorate for Intervention on Addictive Behaviours and Dependencies (SICAD)

Spain

Begoña Brime Beteta

Director of the Spanish Observatory on Drugs and Addictions (OEDA), Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs, Ministry of Health, Consumer Affairs & Social Welfare

Noelia Llorens Aleixandre

Senior Technical Advisor. Spanish Observatory on Drugs and Addictions (OEDA), Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs, Ministry of Health.

Tunisia

Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri

Professor of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar

Head of the National Health Institute

EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction

João Matias

Scientific Analyst on drug use

Public Health Unit

Pompidou Group/MedNET Secretariat, Council of Europe

Florence Mabileau

Deputy to the Executive Secretary

Ourania Botsi

Project Officer

Ana Trudov

Project Assistant

Technical group of the National Research Council (CNR-IFC) participating in drafting the fourth regional report:

Federica Baldini, research fellow

Eleonora Colozza, research fellow

Giada Anastasi, research fellow

Lorenzo Nelli, research fellow

Other MedSPAD Committee members:

Algeria

Djazia Dehimi

Administrateur, Chef de bureau

Direction de la coopération internationale

Office National de Lutte contre la Drogue et la Toxicomanie

Israel

Yossi Harel-Fisch

Director of International Research Program on Adolescent Well-Being and Health

School of Education

Bar-Ilan University

Lebanon

Tatyana Sleiman

Executive Director, Skoun

Lebanese Addictions Centre

Palestine1

Dr Saed Balibisi

Acting Director, Methadone Treatment Centre

Palestinian Ministry of Health

Slovenia

Jože Hren

Secretary

Ministry of Health, Directorate for Public Health

Turkey

Meryem Kabatas

Directorate General for Special Education and Guidance Services

National Education Expert in charge of school surveys for Turkey

1 This should not be interpreted as recognition of a State of Palestine, without prejudice to the position of each Council of Europe member state on this issue.

Chapter 1Socio-economic context

1.1. Demographic aspects

The countries participating in the MedSPAD project are very heterogeneous demographically (see Tables 1.1.1 and 1.1.2). This should be taken into consideration while interpreting the prevalence estimates concerning substance use and addictive behaviours presented in this report.

Country populations range from 102.3 million in Egypt to 0.5 million in Malta. The average population size of the 11 MedSPAD countries is 32 million: Malta, Cyprus, Croatia, Portugal, Greece and Tunisia fall below the average while Egypt, France, Italy, Morocco and Spain are above the average. The majority of MedSPAD countries recorded a positive population growth in the survey year, with the exception of Croatia, Greece and Italy, which are experiencing population declines.

Most of the population in the MedSPAD region (70 %) lives in urban areas. The share of urban population varies across countries: the highest rates (above 80 %) were observed in France, Malta and Spain, while the lowest (below 60 %) were observed in Croatia and Egypt. This is significant, as some of the highest levels of drug use and the most problematic consumption practices can be found in cities, although scientific evidence about the association between urbanisation and adolescent drug use and risk behaviour is mixed (EMCDDA 2015).

Table 1.1.1

.

Population, growth and urbanisation in MedSPAD countries

Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank (available at: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators)

Notes:

a) Data refer to the year of survey in each country or to the last available year

b) Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin

c) Annual population growth rate for year t is the exponential rate of growth of midyear population from year t-1 to t, expressed as a percentage

d) Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated using World Bank population estimates and urban ratios from the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects

The age profile of societies in the MedSPAD region is changing rapidly. In particular, a clear difference can be observed between the countries of the northern and southern rim of the Mediterranean. Demographic ageing is particularly characteristic of northern MedSPAD countries, with a shrinking proportion of young people. In southern MedSPAD countries, the share of those younger than 15 years old is much higher, with a much lower proportion of people over 64.

On average, over 18.5 % of the population in the MedSPAD region is under the age of 15. Italy and Portugal have the lowest percentage of young people, while the highest percentage is in Egypt, with one third of the population under the age of 15. The average share of the potentially economically active population (15-64 years) in MedSPAD countries is 64.7 %, ranging from 60.8 % in Egypt to 69.2 % in Cyprus. The share of the population over 65 is on average 16.8 %, with the lowest share in Egypt and the highest in Italy. Such developments are likely to have profound implications, not least on the national healthcare systems, and are therefore to be taken into consideration to interpret the data contained in this report.

Table 1.1.2

.

Share of population by age class in MedSPAD countries

Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank (available at: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators)

Notes:

a) Data refer to the year of survey in each country or to the last available year

b) Population between the ages 0 to 14 as a percentage of the total population

c) Total population between the ages 15 to 64 potentially economically active

d) Population age 65 and above as a percentage of the total population

1.2. Education

Table 1.2.1. presents the situation of education in MedSPAD countries: the average adult (people aged 15 years and above) literacy rate is 90.8 %, with the highest rate in Italy (99.2 %) and the lowest in Egypt (71.2 %). Average enrolment in secondary school is quite high at 103.1 %, ranging from Morocco (82.5 %) to Spain (126 %)1.

These indicators of educational opportunities and attainment are key to contextualising MedSPAD data, not only because they are collected through surveys conducted in schools, but also because educational outcomes are important for evaluating the prospects of further intellectual growth and the social and economic development of the MedSPAD region.

Table 1.2.1

.

Literacy rate and enrolment in secondary schools in MedSPAD countries

Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank (available at: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators)

Notes:

a) Data refer to the year of survey in each country or to the last available year

b) Literacy rate, adult total (% of people age 15 and above): last available data for Croatia and Cyprus refer to 2011, while for Tunisia data refer to 2014

c) School enrolment, secondary (% gross): last available data for Tunisia refer to 2016

1.3. Health

Life expectancy at birth and expenditure on health are reported in Table 1.3.1. The average life expectancy in MedSPAD countries is 80.2 years: the lowest is in Egypt (72.2) while the highest is in Spain (83.8). This indicator is one of the most frequently used to describe the health status of a population. In particular, improvements in life expectancy at birth can be attributed to a number of factors, including improved living standards and better education, as well as greater healthcare investments and access to quality health services. Average health expenditure in the MedSPAD region was US$2 767, with high variability among countries, from US$425 in Morocco to US$5 493 in France.

Table 1.3.1

.

Life expectancy and health expenditure in MedSPAD countries

Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank (available at: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators)

Notes:

a) Data refer to the year of survey in each country or to the last available year

b) Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life

c) Current expenditures on health per capita expressed in international dollars at purchasing power parity

Higher health spending per capita is generally associated with higher life expectancy at birth, although this relationship tends to be less pronounced in countries with the highest health spending per capita. As shown in Figure 1.3.1., Spain stands out for having a relatively high life expectancy given a comparable level of health expenditure to that of Italy and Malta, which have a lower life expectancy. Similarly, France has a relatively low life expectancy considering its higher level of health expenditure compared with other MedSPAD countries.

Figure 1.3.1

.

Life expectancy and health expenditure in MedSPAD countries

Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank (available at: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators)

Notes:

a) Data refer to the year of survey in each country or to the last available year

b) Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life

c) Current expenditures on health per capita expressed in international dollars at purchasing power parity

1.4. Labour force

Table 1.4.1 presents data on unemployment in the general population and specifically among youth, paying attention to differences between males and females. The average unemployment rate across the total population of the region is 10.1 %, with the highest value observed in Greece (17.3 %) and the lowest in Malta (3.3 %). The average rate of youth employment is substantially higher (24.1 %), with the highest value recorded in Tunisia (38.1 %) and the lowest in Malta (9.4 %).

A gender gap of 4.4 percentage points can be observed, with an average unemployment rate of 13.1 % among females and 8.7 % among males. The highest level of female unemployment is found in Tunisia (24 %), and that of male unemployment is in Greece (14 %). The lowest unemployment rate for both females and males is observed in Malta (F=4 %; M=3.3 %).

A similar gender gap is also observed among young people: the average youth unemployment among females is 28.2 % but is 22.7 % among males. The highest level of female youth unemployment is in Egypt (57.8 %) and for males is in Tunisia (37.2 %). As with the total population, the lowest youth unemployment levels are registered in Malta for both genders (F=8 %; M=10.6 %).