Advanced Distillation Technologies E-Book

Anton A. Kiss

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 566

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Distillation has historically been the main method for separating mixtures in the chemical process industry. However, despite the flexibility and widespread use of distillation processes, they still remain extremely energy inefficient. Increased optimization and novel distillation concepts can deliver substantial benefits, not just in terms of significantly lower energy use, but also in reducing capital investment and improving eco-efficiency. While likely to remain the separation technology of choice for the next few decades, there is no doubt that distillation technologies need to make radical changes in order to meet the demands of the energy-conscious society.

Advanced Distillation Technologies: Design, Control and Applications gives a deep and broad insight into integrated separations using non-conventional arrangements, including both current and upcoming process intensification technologies.

It includes:

• Key concepts in distillation technology
• Principles of design, control, sizing and economics of distillation
• Dividing-wall column (DWC) – design, configurations, optimal operation and energy efficient and advanced control
• DWC applications in ternary separations, azeotropic, extractive and reactive distillation
• Heat integrated distillation column (HIDiC) – design, equipment and configurations
• Heat-pump assisted applications (MVR, TVR, AHP, CHRP, TAHP and others)
• Cyclic distillation technology – concepts, modeling approach, design and control issues
• Reactive distillation – fundamentals, equipment, applications, feasibility scheme
• Results of rigorous simulations in Mathworks Matlab & Simulink, Aspen Plus, Dynamics and Custom Modeler

Containing abundant examples and industrial case studies, this is a unique resource that tackles the most advanced distillation technologies – all the way from the conceptual design to practical implementation.

The author of Advanced Distillation Technologies, Dr. Ir. Anton A. Kiss, has been awarded the Hoogewerff Jongerenprijs 2013. Find out more (website in Dutch)...

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Distillation

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Physical Property Methods

1.3 Vapor Pressure

1.4 Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and VLE Non-ideality

1.5 Relative Volatility

1.6 Bubble Point Calculations

1.7 Ternary Diagrams and Residue Curve Maps

1.8 Analysis of Distillation Columns

1.9 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 2: Design, Control and Economics of Distillation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Design Principles

2.3 Basics of Distillation Control

2.4 Economic Evaluation

2.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 3: Dividing-Wall Column

3.1 Introduction

3.2 DWC Configurations

3.3 Design of DWC

3.4 Modeling of a DWC

3.5 DWC Equipment

3.6 Case Study: Separation of Aromatics

3.7 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 4: Optimal Operation and Control of DWC

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Degrees of Freedom Analysis

4.3 Optimal Operation and Vmin Diagram

4.4 Overview of DWC Control Structures

4.5 Control Guidelines and Rules

4.6 Case study: Pentane–Hexane–Heptane Separation

4.7 Case Study: Energy Efficient Control of a BTX DWC

4.8 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 5: Advanced Control Strategies for DWC

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Overview of Previous Work

5.3 Dynamic Model of a DWC

5.4 Conventional versus Advanced Control Strategies

5.5 Energy Efficient Control Strategies

5.6 Concluding Remarks

Notation

References

Chapter 6: Applications of Dividing-Wall Columns

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Separation of Ternary and Multicomponent Mixtures

6.3 Reactive Dividing-Wall Column

6.4 Azeotropic Dividing-Wall Column

6.5 Extractive Dividing-Wall Column

6.6 Revamping of Conventional Columns to DWC

6.7 Case Study: Dimethyl Ether Synthesis by R-DWC

6.8 Case Study: Bioethanol Dehydration by A-DWC and E-DWC

6.9 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 7: Heat Pump Assisted Distillation

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Working Principle

7.3 Vapor (Re)compression

7.4 Absorption–Resorption Heat Pumps

7.5 Thermo-acoustic Heat Pump

7.6 Other Heat Pumps

7.7 Heat-Integrated Distillation Column

7.8 Technology Selection Scheme

7.9 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 8: Heat-Integrated Distillation Column

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Working Principle

8.3 Thermodynamic Analysis

8.4 Potential Energy Savings

8.5 Design and Construction Options

8.6 Modeling and Simulation

8.7 Process Dynamics, Control, and Operation

8.8 Applications of HIDiC

8.9 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 9: Cyclic Distillation

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Overview of Cyclic Distillation Processes

9.3 Process Description

9.4 Mathematical and Hydrodynamic Model

9.5 Modeling and Design of Cyclic Distillation

9.6 Control of Cyclic Distillation

9.7 Cyclic Distillation Case Studies

9.8 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 10: Reactive Distillation

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Principles of Reactive Distillation

10.3 Design, Control and Applications

10.4 Modeling Reactive Distillation

10.5 Feasibility and Technical Evaluation

10.6 Case Study: Advanced Control of a Reactive Distillation Column

10.7 Case Study: Biodiesel Production by Heat-Integrated RD

10.8 Case Study: Fatty Esters Synthesis by Dual RD

10.9 Concluding Remarks

References

Index

This edition first published 2013

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Dedicated to the loving memory of my grandparents, and to all who contributed so much to my work over the years.

Preface

Our modern society is currently facing an energy revolution, and it needs to identify properly the potential threats and use all the opportunities to meet the needs of the growing population. Accordingly, chemical engineers have embarked on a quest for shaping a much needed sustainable future—especially considering that chemical industry is among the most energy demanding sectors. Distillation is a thermal separation method widely applied in the chemical process industry as the separation technology of choice, despite its very low thermodynamic efficiency. Remarkably, almost every single product on the market includes components that went through a distillation column. Even now, when changing from fossil fuels to a bio-based economy, it is clear that in the next two decades distillation will retain its significance as the main method for separating mixtures—although this old workhorse of the chemical industry is facing some new big and bold challenges.

Owing to the limitation of fossil fuels, the need for energy independence, and the environmental problem of the greenhouse gas effect, there is a considerable increasing interest in the research and development of integrated chemical processes that require less capital investment, reduced operating costs, and have high eco-efficiency. Energy efficient distillation is a hot topic in separation technology due to the key advantages of the integrated technologies, such as reduced investment costs and low energy requirements, as well as an increasing number of industrial applications. Although the research and development carried out at universities and industrial companies in this exciting field is expanding quickly, there is still no book currently available focusing on this important area in distillation technology—the largest consumer of energy in the chemical process industry.

Therefore, we feel that there is a significant gap that can be addressed with this book and it will be of immense interest to a readership across the world. The book provides engineers with a wide and relatively deep insight into integrated distillations using non-conventional arrangements. Readers can learn from this material the background, recent developments, fundamental principles, design and simulation methods, detailed case studies of distillation processes, as well as expected future trends. We believe that the abundant valuable resources included here—relevant equations, diagrams, figures, and references that reflect the current and upcoming integrated distillation technologies—will be of great help to all readers from the (petro-)chemical industry, bio-refineries, and other related areas.

This book is the first comprehensive work about advanced distillation technologies, covering many important topics such as key concepts in distillation technology, principles of design, control, equipment sizing and economics of distillation, DWC design and configurations, optimal operation, controllability and advanced control strategies, industrial and pilot-scale DWC applications (in ternary separations, azeotropic distillation, extractive distillation, and reactive distillation), HIDiC design and configurations, heat pump assisted applications, cyclic distillation, and reactive distillation. Each chapter is independently written and consists typically of an introduction, working principle, process design, modeling and simulation, process control and operation, specific equipment, industrial and applied research examples, concluding remarks, as well as a comprehensive list of useful references for further reading.

Note that the author is aware about the unavoidable presence of some minor mistakes. That is why I would like to express my gratitude for every observation and suggestion towards further improving this material.

Acknowledgements

This book is the result of several years of dedicated work on various distillation topics, and I truly hope that the reader will find it useful and readable. Clearly, I am very grateful to everyone who has contributed in one way or another to make it a possible success. Therefore, I wish to express my deep gratitude and thanks to many of my collaborators and co-authors of scientific articles covering almost all topics in this book: Sorin Bildea, Radu Ignat and Ionela Lita (University “Politehnica” of Bucharest, RO), Eugeny Kenig and Ömer Yildirim (University of Paderborn, DE), David Suszwalak (Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, FR), Carlos Infante Ferreira and Ruben van Diggelen (Delft University of Technology, NL), Rohit Rewagad (University of Twente, NL), Alexandre Dimian and Gadi Rothenberg (University of Amsterdam, NL), André de Haan, Servando Flores-Landaeta, Mayank Shah, and Edwin Zonervan (Eindhoven University of Technology, NL), Florin Omota (Fluor, NL), Zoltan Nagy (Loughborough University, UK), Juan Gabriel Segovia-Hernández (Universidad de Guanajuato, MX), Vladimir Maleta (MaletaCD, UA), as well as Hans Pragt and Cornald van Strien (AkzoNobel, NL).

Furthermore, I had the privilege during this time to benefit from smart and appropriate observations, during personal discussions or indirect contacts with some remarkable persons from academia and industry, to whom I am also truly indebted: Žarco Oluji, Andrzej Stankiewicz, and Johan Grievink (Delft University of Technology, NL), Igor Dejanovi (University of Zagreb, HR), Sigurd Skogestad (NTNU Trondheim, NO), Ivar Halvorsen (SINTEF ICT, NO), Norbert Asprion (BASF, DE), Levente Simon (BASF, CH), Thomas Gruetzner (Lonza, CH), Björn Kaibel (Julius Montz GmbH, DE), Jeffrey Felix (Sulzer Chemtech, CH), Henry Kister (Fluor/FRI, US), William Luyben (Lehigh University, US), Larry Biegler (Carnegie Mellon University, US), Dolf Bruinsma and Simon Spoelstra (ECN, NL), Yuji Tanaka (Cosmo Research Institute, JP), Aris de Rijke (DSM Research, NL), Jan Harmsen (Shell Global Solutions, NL), Andrzej Górak (Technical University of Dortmund, DE), Panos Seferlis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR), Donato Aranda (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, BR) Sascha Kersten (University of Twente, NL), as well as a number of other colleagues.

In addition, the excellent support and valuable help from the editors Rebecca Stubbs, Sarah Tilley, Jasmine Kao and cover designer Dan Jubb (John Wiley & Sons, UK) is greatly acknowledged. My thankfulness is extended also to my friends around the world for their moral support and for keeping in touch with me during these busy and turbulent times. And last but not least, my special thanks go to my loving family—especially my better half—for their tender affection, understanding, relentless support, and continuous encouragement.