Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics (BDA)
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1028

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

This addition to the British Dietetic Association Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics book series is written for clinicians and researchers who work with any aspect of obesity and its comorbid conditions. Featuring contributions from leading researchers and practitioners from around the globe Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity offers a uniquely international perspective on what has become a worldwide public health crisis.

Chapters cover a full range of new ideas and research on the underlying drivers of obesity in populations including discussions on the genetic and clinical aspects of obesity, along with expert recommendations on how to effectively manage and prevent this chronic and persistent disease.

Providing a comprehensive overview of the key literature in this field, Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity is an invaluable resource for all those whose work should or does embrace any aspect of obesity. 

Leseprobe

Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity

Edited by

Catherine Hankey PhD RD

Series Editor

Kevin Whelan PhD RD FBDA

This edition first published 2018 © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Catherine Hankey to be identified as the author the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for

ISBN: 9780470670767(PB)

Cover Design: Wiley

ADVANCED NUTRITION AND DIETETICS IN OBESITY

Dietary recommendations need to be based on solid evidence, but where can you find this information? The British Dietetic Association and the publishers of the Manual of Dietetic Practice present an essential and authoritative reference series on the evidence base relating to advanced aspects of nutrition and dietetics in selected clinical specialties. Each book provides a comprehensive and critical review of key literature in the area. Each covers established areas of understanding, current controversies and areas of future development and investigation, and is oriented around six key themes:

Disease processes, including metabolism, physiology and genetics

Disease consequences, including morbidity, mortality and patient perspectives

Clinical investigation and management

Nutritional consequences of disease

Nutritional assessment, including anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, dietary, economic and social approaches

Nutritional and dietary management of disease

Trustworthy, international in scope, and accessible, Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics is a vital resource for a range of practitioners, researchers and educators in nutrition and dietetics, including dietitians, nutritionists, doctors and specialist nurses.

Preface

Obesity, which is often described using terms such as fat, stout or corpulent, is in fact derived from the Latin word obesus. Obesity is a disease, and as such has had an International Classification of Disease code since just after World War II. Despite having the status and recognition as a disease, obesity treatment has often been overlooked as a regular component of medical management. Comorbidities associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, have themselves been treated, while interventions that aim to reduce body weight are less rigorously and consistently employed.

The first clinical guidelines for obesity were published in 1996, advocating roles and responsibilities for a range of health professionals – including doctors (general practitioners/family physicians), nurses and dietitians – to manage obesity. In the light of these clinical guidelines, researchers sought the views of health professionals whose practice was either in the community (primary care) or in a speciality based in a hospital (secondary care). Hospital consultants across all specialities agreed that effective weight management could, without exception, improve treatment outcomes. However, none had a treatment protocol in place, suggesting that obesity management was ad hoc. A majority felt unable to resource weight management, suggesting that community (primary care) and general practice were more suitable as locations for treatment. General practice staff, general practitioners and practice nurses also felt that reduction in body weight would improve the health of many adults who consulted them. Once more, they themselves felt unable, for the same reasons, to address the need for weight loss as part of their care. Many considered obesity an inevitable result of aging, an intractable and persistent condition and a time‐consuming issue that they were unable to treat effectively. Any treatments they considered were long term, resource intensive and only poorly effective. Sadly, these data from the 1990s have been replicated many times.

Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity takes on the huge task of describing the aetiology of obesity across the life course. There are large sections devoted to the disease in children and in adults. Treatments including surgical, pharmacological and lifestyle interventions are considered. Prevention of weight gain and obesity, the role of the environment, new town design and transport policy too are discussed. The occurrence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, and this text aims to provide the reader with a broad understanding of the multifactorial causes of excessive and unwanted weight gain. After reading this book, I hope the reader will feel that obesity is not a simple problem, but a global phenomenon that is multifactorial in nature, requiring a multidisciplinary approach for management and prevention. Much effort, commitment and research are still required to challenge this chronic and persistent disease.

This book is aimed at all those whose work embraces any aspect of obesity. This includes clinicians, researchers, public health experts, educators and health economics specialists. Those undertaking further studies in health and disease too may find this a useful reference and resource.

Catherine Hankey PhD RDSenior Lecturer in Human NutritionUniversity of Glasgow, UKEditorAdvanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity

This book is the third title in a series (Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics Book Series) commissioned as part of a major initiative between the British Dietetic Association and Wiley. Each book in the series provides a comprehensive and critical review of the key literature in a clinical area. Each book is edited by one or more experts who have themselves undertaken extensive research and published widely in the relevant topic area. Each book chapter is written by experts drawn from an international audience and from a variety of disciplines as required of the relevant chapter (e.g. dietetics, medicine, public health, psychology, biomedical sciences). A future title in this series will cover nutritional support.

The editor and I are proud to present the third title in the series, Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Obesity. We hope that it will impact on health professionals’ understanding and application of nutrition and dietetics in the management and prevention of obesity. Effective weight management improves the health of both adults and children. Prevention of the chronic weight gain of adulthood in many parts of the world are essential, and approaches to address this issue so far are discussed.

Kevin Whelan PhD RD FBDAProfessor of DieteticsKing’s College London, UKSeries EditorAdvanced Nutrition and Dietetics Book Series

Foreword

This book is a very timely synthesis of the dimensions of the problems of obesity and how to manage them in what is rapidly now becoming the most intractable issue in both clinical management and public health across the globe. This book, written by contributors from the UK, Europe and throughout the world, comes at a time when it looks as though politicians are finally waking up to the fact that health services are already overwhelmed by the numbers of people with multiple obesity‐related conditions. As healthcare professionals become ever more sophisticated at coping with the immediate risk factors of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, we still see most clinical teams neglecting obesity as the underlying driver, with all its proximal causes. Given the magnitude of the currently escalating health burden, it is timely that this book, essentially geared to the clinical teams involved in obesity prevention and treatment, is now published. The descriptions cover the full range of new ideas and evidence of both the underlying pressures on the majority of our population and how to begin to effectively manage such a challenging organisational and multidimensional problem.

Many of these expert contributors have decades of experience in trying to establish effective approaches to the management and prevention of obesity. The historical account emphasises the struggle that has gone on for decades, with the first semi‐official reports on appropriate clinical schemes for managing the problem only emerging 20 years ago in both Scotland and the USA. Much of the drive, as is usual in medical management, has come with the search for suitable pharmacological strategies; nevertheless, as other chapters emphasise, the neglect of the transformation of both the dietary modification and physical activity required necessitates not only an understanding of the underlying features of appetite control but also the need for routine physical activity incorporated into most individuals’ normal habits. There are very authoritative accounts of the genetic, endocrinological and clinical aspects of the epidemic in adults as well as in children, in whom obesity only emerged in the last 20 years as a major burden in paediatric practice. Although the childhood obesity epidemic seems to be slowing in many European countries, the overall prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity are still horrifying. Hence, we can expect to see vicious combinations of genetic and epigenetic influences as these children and the next generation enter adulthood, with their clinical care becoming ever more difficult. Thus, young overweight women now entering pregnancy seem unaware of the challenges that new research suggests lies in wait for their families and family practitioners. With rapidly rising rates of gestational diabetes, especially in Europe’s ethnic minorities, we are already witnessing far earlier onsets of adult abdominal obesity and type 2 diabetes, with its sustained challenges for maintaining medical care of chronically sick patients. The chapters on the co‐morbidities should therefore help to amplify a broader approach to the management of an array of risk factors, and this book benefits from adding musculoskeletal and psychological comorbidities to the traditional cardiovascular foci of concern.

There are very appropriate chapters first on the diagnostic criteria that should be used in both screening and monitoring clinical progress in children and adults, followed by a comprehensive description and analysis of dietary approaches that have been tried and progressively evaluated. Then come assessments of the value of pharmacological and surgical management, as well as interventions to improve physical activity levels.

Fitting all this together with the issues of obesity prevention and how this can link into clinical practice is a real challenge. This book therefore gives us both an overview and the detail that is so necessary if we are to engineer a revolution in clinical practice. One just wishes that the many integrated contributions could have been produced a decade ago, but then we would not have benefitted from so much of the new research and analyses that are presented here.

W. Philip T. JamesProfessor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicinePast president of the World Obesity Federation

Editor biographies

Catherine Hankey PhD RDCatherine Hankey is a Senior Lecturer in Human Nutrition in the School of Medicine at the University of Glasgow. Her research investigates clinical and public health aspects of obesity and weight management. Examples of research include the optimization of weight management during smoking cessation and in those with intellectual disabilities. Dr Hankey was a group member for the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) guideline for the Management of Obesity and the update of the SIGN prevention and management of cardiovascular disease. She is the author of the Weight Management chapter in the Manual of Dietetic Practice and is co‐editing the forthcoming version of the ABC of Nutrition.

Kevin Whelan PhD RD FBDAKevin Whelan is the Professor of Dietetics and the Head of Department of Nutritional Sciences at King’s College London. He is a Principal Investigator leading a research programme exploring the interaction between the gastrointestinal microbiota, diet and health and disease. In 2012 he was awarded the Nutrition Society Cuthbertson Medal for research in clinical nutrition and in 2017 was appointed a Fellow of the British Dietetic Association. Prof Whelan is on the editorial boards of Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics and is the Series Editor for the British Dietetic Association Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics book series.

Contributors

Ghalia Abdeen PhDLecturer in NutritionKing Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia

Karen Allan PhD RDAHP Practice Education CoordinatorNHS Education for ScotlandEdinburgh, Scotland, UK

Werd Al‐Najim PhDPostdoctoral ResearcherUniversity College DublinDublin, Ireland

Annie S Anderson PhD RDProfessor of Public Health NutritionUniversity of DundeeDundee, UK

Daryll Archibald PhDResearch FellowUniversity of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK

Alison Avenell MD FRCPProfessor of Health Services ResearchUniversity of AberdeenAberdeen, UK

Amanda Avery PhD RDAssistant Professor in Nutrition and DieteticsUniversity of NottinghamNottingham, UK

Panagiotis Balaskas MScUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

John E Blundell PhDProfessor of PsychobiologyUniversity of LeedsLeeds, UK

Emma J Boyland PhDLecturer in Psychological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK

Wendy J Brown PhDProfessor of Physical Activity and HealthUniversity of QueenslandQueensland, Australia

Duff Bruce MBChB FRCSVisiting Professor of SurgeryRobert Gordon UniversityAberdeen, UK

Johannes Brug PhDProfessor of EpidemiologyEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchAmsterdam, Netherlands

Janet Cade PhD RNutrProfessor of Nutritional Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of LeedsLeeds, UK

Magdalin Cheong MPH RDHead of Department of Dietetics and Food ServicesChangi General HospitalSingapore

Pia Christensen PhD RDPostdoctoral Research AssociateUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark

Peter Clifton PhD FRACPProfessor of NutritionUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaide, Australia

Gianluca Lo Coco PhDAssociate Professor of Clinical PsychologyUniversity of PalermoPalermo, Italy

Angela M Craigie PhD RNutrLecturer in Cancer PreventionUniversity of DundeeDundee, UK

Helen Croker PhD RDClinical Research DietitianUniversity College LondonLondon, UK

Michelle Dalton PhDResearch Fellow in Psychology and NutritionUniversity of LeedsLeeds, UK

Sandra Drummond PhD RPHNutrSenior Lecturer in NutritionQueen Margaret UniversityEdinburgh, UK

Ulf Ekelund PhDProfessor in Physical Activity and HealthNorwegian School of Sport SciencesOslo, Norway

Alison Gahagan PG Dip RDSpecialist Weight Management DietitianNHS South West LondonLondon, UK

Paul Gately PhDProfessor of Exercise and ObesityLeeds Beckett UniversityLeeds, UK

Ekavi N Georgousopoulou PhDAdjunct Research ProfessionalUniversity of CanberraCanberra, Australia

Nazim Ghouri MDSenior Lecturer in Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Catherine Gibbons PhDResearch FellowUniversity of LeedsLeeds, UK

Sjaan R Gomersall PhDResearch FellowUniversity of QueenslandQueensland, Australia

Eleanor Grieve BA MPHResearch AssociateUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Catherine Hankey PhD RDSenior Lecturer in Human NutritionUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Katherine Hart PhD RDLecturer in Nutrition and DieteticsUniversity of SurreyGuildford, UK

Marion Hetherington DPhilProfessor of BiopsychologyUniversity of LeedsLeeds, UK

Mark Hopkins PhDSenior Lecturer in Exercise PhysiologyLeeds Beckett UniversityLeeds, UK

Kathleen B Hrovat MS RDLead Nutritionist for Surgical Weight LossCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, OH, USA

Adrienne Hughes PhDLecturer in Physical Activity for HealthUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgow, UK

Thomas H Inge MD PhDDirector of Surgical Weight LossCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, OH, USA

Maria E Jackson PhDSenior LecturerUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Nathalie Jones MSc RDResearch AssistantUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Louise A Kelly PhDAssociate Professor of Exercise ScienceCalifornia Lutheran UniversityThousand Oaks, CA, USA

Joan Khoo MBBS MRCPChief and Consultant in EndocrinologyChangi General HospitalSingapore

Neil A King PhDDirector of Research TrainingQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbane, Australia

Linda M Kollar MSN RNClinical Director of Surgical Weight LossCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnati, OH, USA

Peter Kopelman MD FRCP FFPHPrincipal and Professor of MedicineSt George’s, University of LondonLondon, UK

Jeroen Lakerveld PhDSenior ResearcherEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchAmsterdam, Netherlands

Mike Lean FRCPProfessor of Human NutritionUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Anthony R Leeds MBBS CBiol FSBiolVisiting Senior FellowUniversity of SurreyGuildford, UK

Wilma S Leslie PhD RGNResearch AssociateUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Joreintje D Mackenbach PhDEpidemiologistEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchAmsterdam, Netherlands

Louise McCombie BSc RDResearch AssistantUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Janet McNally MScDoctoral Research FellowUniversity of LeedsLeeds, UK

Bethan R Mead PhDResearch FellowUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpool, UK

Duane D Mellor PhD APD RDSenior Lecturer in Human NutritionUniversity of CoventryCoventry, UK

Craig A Melville MDProfessor of Intellectual Disabilities PsychiatryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Rebecca Mete MND APDPhD StudentUniversity of CanberraCanberra, Australia

Jillian M Morrison MSc RDSpecialist Paediatric DietitianRoyal Hospital for ChildrenGlasgow, UK

Aileen Muir MScLead Pharmacist for GovernanceNHS Greater Glasgow and ClydeGlasgow, UK

Chandani Nekitsing MScDoctoral Research FellowUniversity of LeedsLeeds, UK

Mary O’Kane MSc RDClinical Specialist DietitianLeeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeeds, UK

Thomas Reinehr MDHead of the DepartmentUniversity of WittenWitten, Germany

Lina A Ricciardelli PhDProfessor of PsychologyDeakin UniversityMelbourne, Australia

Clare Robertson MScResearch FellowUniversity of AberdeenAberdeen, UK

Natasha P Ross MBChB MRCSSpeciality Trainee in SurgeryNHS GrampianAberdeen, UK

Carel W le Roux PhD FRCP FRCPathProfessor of Experimental PathologyUniversity College DublinDublin, Ireland

Harry Rutter MB BChirSenior Clinical Research FellowLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, UK

M Guftar Shaikh MDConsultant Paediatric EndocrinologistRoyal Hospital for ChildrenGlasgow, UK

Netalie Shloim PhDLecturer in Counselling and PsychotherapyUniversity of LeedsLeeds, UK

Dimitrios Spanos PhD RDManager of Clinical DieteticsCleveland Clinic Abu DhabiAbu Dhabi, UAE

Laura Stewart PhD RDNutrition and Dietetics Service LeadPerth Royal InfirmaryPerth, UK

Gareth Stratton PhDProfessor of Paediatric Exercise ScienceSwansea UniversitySwansea, UK

Louise Waters PhDResearch AssistantUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Kevin Whelan PhD RD FBDAProfessor of DieteticsKing’s College LondonLondon, UK

Chris Williams PhDProfessor of Psychosocial PsychiatryUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, UK

Abbreviations

AT

Adaptive thermogenesis

AGB

Adjustable gastric band

AgRP

Agouti‐related protein

AHO

Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy

ADF

Alternate‐day fasting

ADMF

Alternate‐day modified fasting

AAIDD

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

ACS

American Cancer Society

ACP

American College of Physicians

ACR

American College of Rheumatology

ACSM

American College of Sports Medicine

ADA

American Diabetes Association

ASMBS

American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

ANGELO

ANalysis Grid for Elements Linked to Obesity

ARC

Arcuate nucleus

ACMOMS

Asian Consensus Meeting on Metabolic Surgery

ALSWH

Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

BEBQ

Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire

BLW

Baby‐led weaning

BBS

Bardet‐Biedl syndrome

BMR

Basal metabolic rate

BOCF

Baseline observation carried forward

BDI

Beck depression inventory

BT

Behavioural therapy

ADRB3

Beta‐3 adrenergic receptor

BED

Binge eating disorder

BIA

Bio‐electrical impedance analysis

BBSRC

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

BCS

Body contour surgery

BMI

Body mass index

BMI‐SDS

Body mass index standard deviation score

BDNF

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor

BOMSS

British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society

CPS‐I

Cancer Prevention Study I

CVD

Cardiovascular disease

CADM2

Cell adhesion molecule 2

CDC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CEBQ

Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire

CHASE

Child Health Heart Study in England

CHEW

Children Eating Well

CCK

Cholecystokinin

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CART

Cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐related transcript

CBT

Cognitive behavioural therapy

CWMO

Commercial weight management organisation

COMPX

Compensation index

CT

Computer tomography

CI

Confidence interval

CER

Continuous energy restriction

CNVs

Copy number variants

CAD

Coronary artery disease

CARDIA

Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults

CUA

Cost utility analysis

CBA

Cost‐benefit analysis

CEA

Cost‐effectiveness analysis

CRP

C‐reactive protein

CRM

Customer relationship management

DHHS

Department of Health and Human Services

DPS

Diabetes Prevention Study

DSM‐IV

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

DIT

Diet‐induced thermogenesis

DALY

Disability‐adjusted life year

DEXA

Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry

DS

Duodenal switch

EAH

Eating in the absence of hunger

EF

Ectopic fat

ER

Endoplasmic reticulum

EE

Energy expenditure

EI

Energy intake

EnRG

Environmental Research framework for weight Gain prevention

EIN

Epode International Network

EFNA

European Federation of Neurological Associations

EFSA

European Food Safety Authority

EULAR

European League Against Rheumatism

EMAS

European Male Aging Study

EMA

European Medicines Agency

ENERGY

Exercise and Nutrition to Enhance recovery and Good Health for You

FBBT

Family‐based behavioural treatment

FANCL

Fanconi anaemia, complementation group L

FAIM2

Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule 2

FTO

Fat mass and obesity–associated

FFM

Fat‐free mass

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

FFIT

Football Fans in Training

FEV1

Forced expiratory volume in the first

FFA

Free fatty acids

GP

general practitioner

GWA

Genome wide association

GWAS

Genome‐wide association studies

GCWMS

Glasgow and Clyde Weight Management Service

GLP‐1

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1

GCKR

Glucokinase regulatory protein

GNPDA2

Glucosamine‐6‐phosphate deaminase 2

QPCTL

Glutaminyl‐peptide cyclotransferase‐like

HR

Hazard Ratio

HBSC

Health Behaviour in School‐Aged Children

HBM

Health belief model

HSE

Health Survey for England

HTA

Health technology assessment

HDL

High‐density lipoprotein

HIF3A

Hypoxia inducible factor 3A gene

IWQOL

Impact of Weight on Quality of Life

ICER

Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio

INSIG2

Insulin‐induced gene‐2

IGF

Insulin‐like growth factor

ID

Intellectual disabilities

ITT

Intention‐to‐treat

IL‐6

Interleukin 6

IER

Intermittent energy restriction

IF

Intermittent fasting

ICAD

International Children’s Accelerometry Database

IOTF

International Obesity Task Force

IPT

Interpersonal psychotherapy

IWHS

Iowa Women’s Health Study

IRX3

Iroquois homeobox protein

kb

Kilobase

LAGB

Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band

LOCF

Last observation carried forward

LEP

Leptin

LEPR

Leptin receptor

LMCP

Leptin‐melanocortin pathway

LRRN6C

Leucine‐rich repeat neuronal 6C

LPS

Lipopolysaccharide

LCDs

Low‐calorie diets

LCLDs

Low‐calorie liquid diets

LCKD

Low‐carbohydrate ketogenic diet

LDLR

Low‐density lipoprotein receptor gene

LRP1B

Low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1B

LUTS

Lower urinary tract symptoms

LYPLAL1

Lysophospholipase‐like 1

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

MCT

Medium‐chain triglyceride

MC3R

Melanocortin 3 receptor

MC4R

Melanocortin 4 receptor

MET

Metabolic energy turnover

METs

Metabolic equivalents

MSRA

Methionine sulfoxide reductase gene A

miRNA

microRNA

MEAL

mindful eating and living

MB‐EAT

mindfulness‐based eating awareness training

MTCH2

mitochondrial carrier 2

MTIF3

Mitochondrial translational initiation factor 3

MAP2K5

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase 5

MVPA

Moderate‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity

MI

Motivational interviewing

MDT

Multidisciplinary team

NCEP

National Cholesterol Education Program

NHMRC

National Health and Medical Research Council

NHANES

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

NHS

National Health Service

NHLBI

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

NICE

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence

NOO

National Obesity Observatory

NWCR

National Weight Control Registry

NRXN3

Neurexin

NCAN

Neurocan

NEGR1

Neuronal growth regulator 1

NPY

Neuropeptide Y

NGS

Next‐generation DNA sequencing

NES

Night eating syndrome

NAFLD

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

NASH

Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis

NEFAs

Non‐esterified fatty acids

NEAT

Non‐exercise activity thermogenesis

NUDT3

Nucleoside diphosphate‐linked moiety X‐type motif 3

NDR‐UK

Nutrition and Diet Resources UK

OSCA

Obesity Services for Children and Adolescents

OR

Odds ratios

OPRM1

Opioid receptor mu‐1 gene

OA

Osteoarthritis

PP

Pancreatic polypeptide

PTH

Parathyroid hormone

Peds QL

Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory

PYY

Peptide tyrosine tyrosine

PNPLA3

Phospholipase domain‐containing protein 3

PA

Physical activity

PAEE

Physical activity energy expenditure

PAL

Physical activity level

PAI‐1

Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1

PCOS

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

PTBP2

Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 2

PAGE

Population architecture using genomics and epidemiology

15KCTD15

Potassium channel tetramerisation domain containing

PWS

Prader–Willi syndrome

POMC

Proopiomelanocortin

PMT

Protection motivation theory

PRKD1

Protein kinase D1

PPP1R3B

Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3b

QALY

Quality‐adjusted life year

QEWP‐R

Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns – Revised

RBJ

Rab and DnaJ domain‐containing protein A

RCTs

Randomised controlled trials

RT

Resistance training

REE

Resting energy expenditure

RMR

Resting metabolic rate

RPL27A

Ribosomal protein L27a

RC

Rosemary Conley

RYGB

Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass

RCPCH

Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health

SCOTT

Scottish Childhood Overweight Treatment Trial

SIGN

Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network

SSRI

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

SDCCAG8

Serologically defined colon cancer antigen 8

SCFAs

Short‐chain fatty acids

SNP

Single nucleotide polymorphism

SG

Sleeve gastrectomy

SW

Slimming World

SCT

Social cognitive theory

SES

Socioeconomic status

SLC39A8

Solute carrier family 39 (zinc transporter), member 8

SFT

Solution‐focused therapy

SH2B1

Src homology 2 domain‐containing adapter protein 1

SBT

Standard behavioural therapy

SD

Standard deviation

SDS

Standard deviation score

STOP Regain

Study To Prevent weight Regain

SAT

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

SCOTS

SurgiCal Obesity Treatment Study

SR

Sustained‐release

SOS

Swedish obesity study

TNKS

Tankyrase

TPB

Theory of planned behaviour

TRF

Time‐restricted feeding

TLR

Toll‐like receptor

TDEE

Total daily energy expenditure

TEE

Total daily energy expenditure

TCF7L2

Transcription factor 7‐like 2

TFAP2B

Transcription factor AP‐2 beta

TMEM160

Transmembrane protein 160

TMEM 18

Transmembrane protein 18 gene

TTM

Transtheoretical model

TNF

Tumour necrosis factor

UKPDS

United Kingdom Prevention of Diabetes Study

VTE

Venous thromboembolism

VBG

Vertical banded gastroplasty

VSG

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy

VLCD

Very‐low‐calorie diet

VLDL

Very‐low‐density lipoprotein

VLED

Very‐low‐energy diet

VAT

Visceral adipose tissue

VF

Visceral fat

WC

Waist circumference

WHR

Waist‐to‐hip ratio

WTR

Waist‐to‐thigh ratio

WLMRCT

Weight Loss Maintenance Randomised Controlled Trial

WW

Weight watchers

WAT

White adipose tissue

WHS

Women’s Health Study

WHEL

Women’s Healthy Eating and Living

WINS

Women’s Intervention Nutrition Study

WCRF

World Cancer Research Fund

WHO

World Health Organization

ZNF608

Zinc finger protein 608

SECTION 1Introduction

Chapter 1.1Definition, prevalence and historical perspectives of obesity in adults

Peter Kopelman

St George’s, University of London, London, UK

1.1.1 Definitions of overweight and obesity