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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Aerospace Series (PEP)
- Sprache: Englisch
Aircraft Systems Classifications Enables aerospace professionals to quickly and accurately reference key information about all types of aircraft systems Aircraft Systems Classifications: A Handbook of Characteristics and Design Guidelines provides comprehensive information on aircraft systems delivered in a concise, direct, and standardized way, allowing readers to easily find the information they need. The book presents a full set of characteristics and requirements for all types of aircraft systems, including avionic, mission, and supporting ground systems, in a single volume. Readers can delve further into specific topics by referencing the detailed glossary and bibliography. To aid in reader comprehension, each aircraft system is broken down according to various criteria, such as: * Purpose, description, and safety * Integration with other systems * Key interfaces and design drivers * Modeling and simulation * Best practices and future trends Written for aerospace professionals, researchers, and advanced students with some existing knowledge of the aircraft industry, this book allows readers to quickly reference information on every aspect of aircraft systems.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
About the Authors
Acknowledgements
Sources of Background Information
Glossary
1 Introduction
Further Reading
2 The Airframe and Systems Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Airframe
2.3 The Aircraft Systems
2.4 Classification of Aircraft Roles
2.5 Classification of Systems
2.6 Stakeholders
2.7 Example Architectures
2.8 Data Bus
2.9 Summary and Conclusions
References
Exercises
3 Vehicle Systems
3.1 Propulsion System
3.2 Fuel System
3.3 Electrical Power Generation and Distribution
3.4 Hydraulic Power Generation and Distribution
3.5 Bleed Air System
3.6 Secondary Power Systems
3.7 Emergency Power Systems
3.8 Flight Control System
3.9 Landing Gear
3.10 Brakes and Anti‐skid
3.11 Steering System
3.12 Environmental Control System
3.13 Fire Protection System
3.14 Ice Detection
3.15 Ice Protection
3.16 External Lighting
3.17 Probe Heating
3.18 Vehicle Management System (VMS)
3.19 Crew Escape
3.20 Canopy Jettison
3.21 Oxygen
3.22 Biological and Chemical Protection
3.23 Arrestor Hook
3.24 Brake Parachute
3.25 Anti‐spin Parachute
3.26 Galley
3.27 Passenger Evacuation
3.28 In‐Flight Entertainment
3.29 Toilet and Water Waste
3.30 Cabin and Emergency Lighting
References
Exercise
4 Avionic Systems
4.1 Displays and Controls
4.2 Communications
4.3 Navigation
4.4 Example Navigation System Architecture
4.5 Flight Management System (FMS)
4.6 Weather Radar
4.7 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder
4.8 Traffic Collision and Avoidance System (TCAS)
4.9 Terrain Avoidance and Warning System (TAWS)
4.10 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)/TACAN
4.11 VHF Omni‐Ranging (VOR)
4.12 Automatic Flight Control System
4.13 Radar Altimeter (Rad Alt)
4.14 Automated Landing Aids
4.15 Air Data System (ADS)
4.16 Accident Data Recording System (ADRS)
4.17 Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)
4.18 Prognostics and Health Management System (PHM)
4.19 Internal Lighting
4.20 Integrated Modular Architecture (IMA)
4.21 Antennas
References
5 Mission Systems
5.1 Radar System
5.2 Electro‐optical System
5.3 Electronic Support Measures (ESM)
5.4 Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD)
5.5 Acoustic System
5.6 Mission Computing System
5.7 Defensive Aids
5.8 Station Keeping System
5.9 Electronic Warfare System
5.10 Camera System
5.11 Head Up Display (HUD)
5.12 Helmet Mounted Systems
5.13 Data Link
5.14 Weapon System
5.15 Mission System Displays and Controls
5.16 Mission System Antennas
References
Further Reading
Exercises
6 Supporting Ground Systems
6.1 Flight Test Data Analysis
6.2 Maintenance Management System
6.3 Accident Data Recording
6.4 Mission Data Management (Mission Support System)
6.5 UAV Control
References
Exercises
7 Modelling of Systems Architectures
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Survey of Methods
7.3 Avionics Integration Architecture Methodology
7.4 Avionics Integration Modelling of Optimisation
7.5 Simulations and Results for a Sample Architecture
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Summary and Future Developments
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Systems of Systems
8.3 Architectures
8.4 Other Considerations
8.5 Conclusion
8.6 What's Next?
Exercise
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Classification of unmanned aerial vehicles.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Aircraft level avionics systems requirements.
Table 7.2 Scales for technology alternative comparison.
Table 7.3 Operational capability criteria assessment of avionics LRUs.
Table 7.4 Installation location constraints.
Table 7.5 PSO parameters for minimum weight architecture.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 The aircraft as a set of systems.
Figure 2.2 The airframe as an integrated system.
Figure 2.3 Airframe system diagram.
Figure 2.4 Illustration of a system diagram.
Figure 2.5 Stakeholders in the aviation system.
Figure 2.6 Stakeholders in a typical project.
Figure 2.7 Example of top‐level architecture.
Figure 2.8 The aircraft systems architecture.
Figure 2.9 Commonly used data bus types.
Figure 2.10 Example of ARINC 429 structure.
Figure 2.11 Example of MIL‐STD‐1553 structure.
Figure 2.12 Example of ARINC 629 structure.
Figure 2.13 Example of ARINC 664 structure.
Figure 2.14 Example of CANbus structure.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 The systems described in this chapter.
Figure 3.2 Illustration of a generic propulsion system.
Figure 3.3 Example of a total propulsion system showing a single jet engine....
Figure 3.4 Illustration of a generic fuel system.
Figure 3.5 Illustration of a generic electrical generation and distribution ...
Figure 3.6 Illustration of a generic hydraulic generation and distribution s...
Figure 3.7 Illustration of a generic bleed air system.
Figure 3.8 Illustration of a generic secondary power system.
Figure 3.9 Illustration of a generic emergency power system.
Figure 3.10 Illustration of a generic Flight Control System.
Figure 3.11 Illustration of a generic landing gear system.
Figure 3.12 Illustration of a generic braking system.
Figure 3.13 Illustration of a generic steering system.
Figure 3.14 Illustration of a generic ECS.
Figure 3.15 Illustration of a generic fire protection system.
Figure 3.16 Illustration of a generic ice detection system.
Figure 3.17 Illustration of a generic ice protection system.
Figure 3.18 Illustration of a generic external lighting system.
Figure 3.19 Illustration of a generic probe heating system.
Figure 3.20 Illustration of a generic vehicle management system.
Figure 3.21 Illustration of a generic crew escape system.
Figure 3.22 Illustration of a generic canopy jettison system.
Figure 3.23 Illustration of a generic oxygen system (a) commercial and (b) f...
Figure 3.24 Illustration of a generic biological & chemical protection syste...
Figure 3.25 Illustration of a generic arrestor system.
Figure 3.26 An example of associated ground arresting system.
Figure 3.27 Illustration of a generic brake parachute system.
Figure 3.28 Illustration of a generic anti‐spin parachute system.
Figure 3.29 Illustration of a generic galley.
Figure 3.30 Illustration of a generic passenger evacuation system.
Figure 3.31 Illustration of a generic IFE.
Figure 3.32 Illustration of a generic toilet and water waste system.
Figure 3.33 Illustration of a generic cabin and emergency lighting system.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 The systems described in this chapter.
Figure 4.2 Illustration of a generic displays and controls system.
Figure 4.3 Illustration of a generic communications system.
Figure 4.4 Illustration of a generic navigation system.
Figure 4.5 Example of a flight management system.
Figure 4.6 Illustration of a generic flight management system.
Figure 4.7 Illustration of a generic weather radar system.
Figure 4.8 Illustration of a generic transponder system.
Figure 4.9 Illustration of a generic TCAS.
Figure 4.10 Illustration of a generic TAWS.
Figure 4.11 Illustration of a generic DME/TACAN system.
Figure 4.12 Illustration of a generic VOR.
Figure 4.13 Illustration of a generic automatic flight control system.
Figure 4.14 Illustration of a generic radar altimeter system.
Figure 4.15 Illustration of a generic landing aids system.
Figure 4.16 Illustration of a generic air data system.
Figure 4.17 Illustration of a generic accident data recording system.
Figure 4.18 Illustration of a generic EFB.
Figure 4.19 Illustration of a generic PHM system.
Figure 4.20 Illustration of a generic internal lighting system.
Figure 4.21 Illustration of a generic integrated modular architecture.
Figure 4.22 Simplified radio frequency spectrum – civil use.
Figure 4.23 Example antenna configuration.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 The systems described in this chapter.
Figure 5.2 Illustration of the mission system.
Figure 5.3 Illustration of a generic radar system (WOW, weight on wheels).
Figure 5.4 Illustration of a generic electro‐optical system.
Figure 5.5 Illustration of a generic ESM system.
Figure 5.6 Illustration of a generic MAD system.
Figure 5.7 Illustration of a generic acoustic system.
Figure 5.8 Illustration of a generic mission computing system (VMS, vehicle ...
Figure 5.9 Illustration of a generic defensive aids system.
Figure 5.10 Illustration of a generic station keeping system.
Figure 5.11 Illustration of a generic electronic warfare system.
Figure 5.12 Illustration of a generic camera system.
Figure 5.13 Illustration of a generic HUD system.
Figure 5.14 Illustration of a generic helmet system.
Figure 5.15 Illustration of a generic data link system.
Figure 5.16 Illustration of a generic weapon system (SMS, stores management ...
Figure 5.17 (a) Illustration of mission displays and controls (a) for combat...
Figure 5.18 Example mission antenna configuration.
Figure 5.19 Example mission antenna layout.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 The integration of airborne and ground systems.
Figure 6.2 Generic airborne data acquisition system.
Figure 6.3 Flight‐test ground‐based system.
Figure 6.4 Logistics ground‐based system.
Figure 6.5 Mission management ground‐based system.
Figure 6.6 UAV ground control system.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 The fundamental concept of axiomatic design.
Figure 7.2 Function/means tree.
Figure 7.3 IMA/DIMA system architecture elements and design layers.
Figure 7.4 Avionics integration optimisation framework.
Figure 7.5 Avionics datum functional architecture.
Figure 7.6 Avionics functional decomposition from an LRU perspective.
Figure 7.7 Automatic flight control system architecture.
Figure 7.8 Avionics system architecture.
Figure 7.9 Top‐level AIOSS architecture.
Figure 7.10 Avionics LRUs installation locations.
Figure 7.11 Solving the optimisation problem in GAMS.
Figure 7.12 Best weight cost for AFCS architecture.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 General influences on the design of the flight deck.
Figure 8.2 Detailed influences on the design of the flight deck.
Figure 8.3 Example generic system architecture.
Figure 8.4 Increasing integration.
Figure 8.5 The virtual flight deck or cockpit.
Guide
Cover Page
Aircraft Systems Classifications
Title Page
Copyright
About the Authors
Acknowledgements
Sources of Background Information
Glossary
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Aerospace Series
Aircraft System Classifications: A Handbook of Characteristics and Design Guidelines
Allan Seabridge and Mohammad Radaei
UAS Integration into Civil Airspace: Policy, Regulations and Strategy
Douglas M. Marshall
Introduction to UAV Systems, Fifth Edition
Paul G. Fahlstrom, Thomas J. Gleason, Mohammad H. Sadraey
Introduction to Flight Testing
James W. Gregory, Tianshu Liu
Foundations of Space Dynamics
Ashish Tewari
Essentials of Supersonic Commercial Aircraft Conceptual Design
Egbert Torenbeek
Design of Unmanned Aerial Systems
Mohammad H. Sadraey
Future Propulsion Systems and Energy Sources in Sustainable Aviation
Saeed Farokhi
Flight Dynamics and Control of Aero and Space Vehicles
Rama K. Yedavalli
Design and Development of Aircraft Systems, 3rd Edition
Allan Seabridge, Ian Moir
Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Including a Treatment of Tiltrotor Aircraft, 3rd Edition
Gareth D. Padfield CEng, PhD, FRAeS
Space Flight Dynamics, 2nd Edition
Craig A. Kluever
Performance of the Jet Transport Airplane: Analysis Methods, Flight Operations, and Regulations
Trevor M. Young
Small Unmanned Fixed‐wing Aircraft Design: A Practical Approach
Andrew J. Keane, András Sóbester, James P. Scanlan
Advanced UAV Aerodynamics, Flight Stability and Control: Novel Concepts, Theory and Applications
Pascual Marqués, Andrea Da Ronch
Differential Game Theory with Application to Missiles
and Autonomous Systems Guidance
Farhan A. Faruqi
Introduction to Nonlinear Aeroelasticity
Grigorios Dimitriadis
Introduction to Aerospace Engineering with a Flight Test Perspective
Stephen Corda
Aircraft Control Allocation
Wayne Durham, Kenneth A. Bordignon, Roger Beck
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems: A Human Systems Integration Perspective
Nancy J. Cooke, Leah J. Rowe, Winston Bennett Jr., DeForest Q. Joralmon
Theory and Practice of Aircraft Performance
Ajoy Kumar Kundu, Mark A. Price, David Riordan
Adaptive Aeroservoelastic Control
Ashish Tewari
The Global Airline Industry, 2nd Edition
Peter Belobaba, Amedeo Odoni, Cynthia Barnhart, Christos Kassapoglou
Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and Loads, 2nd Edition
Jan R. Wright, Jonathan Edward Cooper
Theoretical and Computational Aerodynamics
Tapan K. Sengupta
Aircraft Aerodynamic Design: Geometry and Optimization
András Sóbester, Alexander I J Forrester
Stability and Control of Aircraft Systems: Introduction to Classical Feedback Control
Roy Langton
Aerospace Propulsion
T.W. Lee
Civil Avionics Systems, 2nd Edition
Ian Moir, Allan Seabridge, Malcolm Jukes
Aircraft Flight Dynamics and Control
Wayne Durham
Modelling and Managing Airport Performance
Konstantinos Zografos, Giovanni Andreatta, Amedeo Odoni
Advanced Aircraft Design: Conceptual Design, Analysis and Optimization of Subsonic Civil Airplanes
Egbert Torenbeek
Design and Analysis of Composite Structures: With Applications to Aerospace Structures, 2nd Edition
Christos Kassapoglou
Aircraft Systems Integration of Air‐Launched Weapons
Keith A. Rigby
Understanding Aerodynamics: Arguing from the Real Physics
Doug McLean
Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach
Mohammad H. Sadraey
Theory of Lift: Introductory Computational Aerodynamics in MATLAB/Octave
G.D. McBain
Sense and Avoid in UAS: Research and Applications
Plamen Angelov
Morphing Aerospace Vehicles and Structures
John Valasek
Spacecraft Systems Engineering, 4th Edition
Peter Fortescue, Graham Swinerd, John Stark
Unmanned Aircraft Systems: UAVS Design, Development and Deployment
Reg Austin
Aircraft Systems Classifications
A Handbook of Characteristics and Design Guidelines
Allan Seabridge and Mohammad Radaei
This edition first published 2022
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The right of Allan Seabridge and Mohammad Radaei to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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About the Authors
Allan Seabridge was until 2006 the Chief Flight Systems Engineer at BAE SYSTEMS at Warton in Lancashire in the United Kingdom. In over 50 years in the aerospace industry, his work has included the opportunity to work on a wide range of BAE Systems projects including Canberra, Jaguar, Tornado, EAP, Typhoon, Nimrod, and an opportunity for act as reviewer for Hawk, Typhoon, and Joint Strike Fighter, as well being involved in project management, R&D, and business development. In addition, Allan has been involved in the development of a range of flight and avionics systems on a wide range of fast jets, training aircraft, and ground and maritime surveillance projects. From experience in BAE Systems with a Systems Engineering education, he is keen to encourage a further understanding of integrated engineering systems. An interest in engineering education continues since retirement with the design and delivery of systems and engineering courses at a number of UK universities at undergraduate and postgraduate level including: the Universities of Bristol, Cranfield, Lancaster, Loughborough, Manchester, and the University of the West of England. Allan has been involved at Cranfield University for many years and has served as an external examiner for the M.Sc course in Aerospace Vehicle Design, and as external examiner for MSc and PhD students.
Allan has co‐authored a number of books in the Aerospace Series with Ian Moir, all published by John Wiley. He is currently a member of the BAE Systems Heritage Department at Warton and is fully involved in their activities, working closely with a colleague to produce a project history book published by the Heritage Group: EAP: The Experimental Aircraft Programme by Allan Seabridge and Leon Skorzcewski, which was published in 2016.
Mohammad Radaei has got a PhD in aerospace engineering specialized in avionics systems integration from Cranfield University, United Kingdom. He obtained his BSc in aeronautical engineering from Air University, and MSc in aerospace engineering, flight dynamics, and control from National University of Iran, Tehran. He also holds a commercial pilot license. Mohammad has been involved in two EU‐funded projects including FUCAM and GAUSS during his PhD at Cranfield. His research interests are aircraft systems design, avionics systems integration and systems architecting, aircraft and avionics systems flight testing, applied mathematics, flight dynamics and control of manned and unmanned aircraft as well as Human‐machine interaction. He is currently lecturing in avionics systems at a number of universities.
Acknowledgements
This work is the culmination of many years of work in the field of military and civil aircraft systems engineering. My work experience has been enriched by the opportunity to work with a number of universities at undergraduate and postgraduate level to develop and add to degree courses, where the delegates unwittingly became critics and guinea pigs for my subject matter. Discussions during the courses with the academics and the students have broadened my knowledge considerably. In particular I would like to mention the Universities of Manchester, Loughborough, Cranfield, Bristol, University of the West of England and Lancaster for their MSc, and short courses attended by students and engineers from industry.
My experience at Cranfield has played a big part in encouraging me to acquire information about aircraft systems that will be of use to engineers studying at undergraduate and post graduate level as well as those entering the workplace. Special thanks must go to Dr Craig Lawson, Dr Huamin Jia, and Professor Shijun Guo for inviting me to participate in their MSc modules in Air Vehicle Design and short courses in Aircraft Systems Design at Cranfield University. Their international students have been most attentive and have made significant contributions to my knowledge.
My thanks as always to Ian Moir, he and I worked on many books and courses. I have raided our past collaborations for information in order to produce a book that brings together information for all aircraft systems that is not based on implementation, but generic information about the interactions between systems that typifies modern complex aircraft.
We have received considerable help from the staff at Wiley especially Laura Poplawski and Sarah Lemore, as well as their proof readers, copy editors, and publishing and production staff.
Dent, CumbriaUK, November 2021Allan Seabridge
I have been dreaming to write a book since I started my professional education in aerospace engineering and I should confess that writing a technical book is harder than I thought. Honestly, this would not be possible without Allan's endless support. I would like to thank Allan Seabridge who provided this opportunity for me and from whom I learned a lot in avionics data networking, hardware integration, and testing course at Cranfield University. He also supported me during my PhD as well as writing this book. Moreover, I would like to thank my PhD supervisors, Dr Huamin Jia and Dr Craig Lawson, for all their great advice and recommendations. I have benefited from their supervisions in many aspects including the method and attitude of scientific research as well as hard‐working. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends for their endless love and support.
November 2021Mohammad Radaei
Sources of Background Information
In addition to the references included at the end of each chapter, the following sources of information are provided to allow readers to obtain a broader grasp of the topics addressed in this book.
Atmosphere and Climate: A collection of papers on the atmosphere and the effects of aviation on the environment. Part 9 of Encyclopedia of Aircraft Engineering, Green Aviation, Ed Ramesh Agarwal, Fayette Collier, Andreas Schäfer and Allan Seabridge. John Wiley & Sons.
Chapra, S.C. (2017).
Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists
, 4th e. Mcgraw Hill.
Farouki, S. (2020).
Future Propulsion Systems and Energy Sources in Sustainable Aviation
. Wiley.
Kluever, C.A. (2018).
Space Flight Dynamics
. Wiley.
The Mathworks Inc. (2005). MATLAB, Simulink.
www.mathworks.com
.
Padfield, G.D. (2018).
Helicopter Flight Dynamics
, 3rd e. Wiley.
Sadrey, M.H. (2020).
Design of Unmanned Aerial Systems
. Wiley.
Seabridge, A. and Ian, M. (2020).
Design and Development of Aircraft Systems
, 3e. Wiley.
Torenbeek, E. (2020).
Essentials of Supersonic commercial aircraft conceptual design
. Wiley.
Yedavali, R.K. (2020).
Flight Dynamics and Control of Aero and Space Vehicles
. Wiley.
Glossary
This glossary is intended to be of assistance to readers of other documents provided in the references and sources of material in this Handbook. The Glossary contains, therefore, many more entries than the abbreviations, units, and terms used in this book. It will not be complete, terms change and new terms emerge. The Internet is a good place to find many terms, abbreviations, and acronyms in general use.
3D
three dimensional
4D
four dimensional
AAA
anti‐aircraft artillery (triple A)
A&AE
Aircraft & Armament Evaluation (Squadron, Boscombe Down) see A&AEE
A&AEE
Aircraft & Armament Experimental Establishment
A4A
Airlines for America
AADL
architecture analysis and design language
ABL
airborne laser
ABS
automatic braking system
AC
airworthiness circular – document offering advice on specific aircraft operations
AC
alternating current
ACA
Agile Combat Aircraft
ACARS
aircraft communications and reporting system
ACARS
ARINC communications and reporting system
ACE
actuator control electronics
ACFD
advanced civil flight deck
ACK
receiver acknowledge
ACM
air cycle machine
ACM
air driven motor pump
ACO
ant colony optimisation
ACP
audio control panel
ACS
active control system
ACT
active control technology
A‐D
analogue to digital
Ada
a high order software language
ADC
air data computer
ADC
analogue to digital conversion/converter
ADCN
Aircraft Data Communication Network
ADD
airstream direction detector
ADF
automatic direction finding
ADI
attitude direction indicator
ADIRS
air data and inertial reference system
ADIRU
air data and inertial reference unit (B777)
ADM
air data module
ADMC
actuator drive and monitoring computer
ADN
Avionics Data Network
ADP
air driven pump
ADR
accident data recorder
ADS‐A
automatic dependent surveillance ‐ address
ADS‐B
automatic dependent surveillance ‐ broadcast
ADU
actuator drive unit
ADV
Air Defence Variant (of Panavia Tornado)
AE
acoustic emission
AESA
active electronically scanned array
AEU
antenna electronic unit
AEW
airborne early warning
AEW&C
airborne early warning and control
AFCS
automatic flight control system
AFDC
autopilot flight director computer
AFDS
autopilot flight director system
AFDX
avionics full‐duplex switched Ethernet
AGARD
advisory group for aerospace and development
AGC
automatic gain control
AH
ampere hour
AH
artificial horizon
AHARS
attitude and heading reference system
AI
airborne interception
AI
artificial intelligence
AICS
air intake control system
AIFF
advanced IFF
AIMS
aircraft information management system (B777)
AIT
Aeritalia
Al
aluminium
ALARM
air launched anti‐radar missile
ALARP
as low as reasonably practical
ALF
ambient lighting facility
AlGaAs
aluminium gallium arsenide
ALT
barometric altitude
ALU
arithmetic logic unit
AM
amplitude modulation
AMAD
airframe mounted accessory gearbox
AMCC
Applied Micro Circuits Corporation
AMECS
advanced military engine control system
AMLCD
active matrix liquid crystal displays
AMP
air driven motor pump, avionics modification programme
AMRAAM
advanced medium range air to air missile
AMSU
aircraft motion sensor unit
ANO
air navigation order
ANP
actual navigation performance
AoA
angle of attack
AOC
Airline Operational Centre
AOR‐E
Azores Oceanic Region ‐ East
AOR‐W
Azores Oceanic Region ‐ West
AP
autopilot
APEX
application executive
APGS
auxiliary power generation system
API
application programming interface
APSCU
air supply and pressure control unit
APU
auxiliary power unit
ARI
Air Radio Installation
ARINC 400 series
ARINC specifications providing a design foundation for avionic equipment
ARINC 404
early ARINC standard relating to the packaging of avionic equipment
ARINC 429
widely used civil aviation data bus standard
ARINC 500 Series
ARINC specifications relating to the design of analogue avionic equipment
ARINC 578
ARINC standard relating to the design of VHF omni‐range (VOR)
ARINC 579
ARINC standard relating to the design of instrument landing system (ILS)
ARINC 600
later ARINC standard relating to the packaging of avionic equipment
ARINC 600 Series
ARINC specifications relating to enabling technologies for avionic equipment
ARINC 629
ARINC standard relating to a 2 Mbit/s digital data bus
ARINC 664
ARINC standard relating to aircraft full multiplex (AFDX) digital data bus
ARINC 700 Series
ARINC specifications relating to the design of digital avionic equipment
ARINC 708
ARINC Standard relating to the design of weather radar
ARINC 755
ARINC standard relating to the design of multi‐mode receivers (MMR)
ARINC
Air Radio Inc.
ARM
anti‐radar missile, anti‐radiation missile
ARP
aerospace recommended practice (SAE)
ASCB
avionics standard communications bus (Honeywell)
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASE
aircraft survivability equipment
ASI
aircraft station interface, airspeed indicator
ASIC
application specific integrated circuit
ASPCU
air supply and pressure control unit
ASR
air sea rescue
ASR
anonymous subscriber messaging
ASRAAM
advanced short range air to air missile
AST
air staff target
AST
asynchronous transfer mode
ASTOR
airborne stand‐off radar
ASUW
anti‐surface unit warfare
ASW
anti‐submarine warfare
ATA
advanced tactical aircraft
ATA
Air Transport Association
ATC
air traffic control
A to D
analogue to digital
ATE
automatic test equipment
ATF
advanced tactical fighter
ATF
altitude test facility
ATI
air transport indicator
ATM
air targeting mode
ATM
air transport management, air traffic management
ATN
Aeronautical Telecommunications Network
ATR
Air Transport Radio (LRU form factor or box size)
ATS
air traffic services
ATSU
air traffic service unit – Airbus unit to support FANS
AWACS
airborne warning and command system
AWG
American wire gauge
Az
azimuth
BAC
British Aircraft Corporation
BAe
British Aerospace (now BAE Systems)
BAG
bandwidth allocation group
BAT
battery
BC
bus controller
BCAR
British Civil Airworthiness Requirement
BCD
binary coded decimal
BFL
balanced field length
BFoV
binocular field of view
BGAN
broadcast global area network
BIT
built in test
BIU
bus interface unit
BLC
battery line contactors
BMS
business management system
BP
binary programming
BPCU
brake power control unit
bps
bits per second
BRNAV
basic area navigation in RNP
BSCU
brake system control unit
BTB
bus tie breakers
BTC
bus tie contactor
BTMU
brake temperature monitoring unit
BVR
beyond visual range
BWB
blended wing body
C band
C band (3.90–6.20 GHz)
C++
a programming language
C3, C
3
command, control, and communications
CA
course acquisition – GPS operational mode
CAA
Civil Airworthiness Authority
CAD
computer aided design
CAE
computer aided engineering
CAIV
cost as an independent variable
CAMU
communications and audio management unit
CANbus
controller area network bus
CAP
combat air patrol
CAS
close air support
CAS
calibrated air speed
CAST
Certification Authorities Software Team
Cat I
automatic approach category I, Cat I category I auto‐land
Cat II
automatic approach category II, Cat IIcategory II auto‐land
Cat III
automatic approach category III
Cat IIIA
category IIIA auto‐land
Cat IIIB
category IIIB auto‐land
CB
circuit breaker
CBIT
continuous built in test
CBLS
carrier bombs light store
CCA
common cause analysis
CCD
charge coupled device
CCIP
continuously computed impact point
CCR
common computing resource
CCRP
continuously computed release point
CCS
communications control system
CCV
control configured vehicle
CD
collision detection
Cd/m
2
candela per square metre
CDR
critical design review
CDU
control and display unit
CEP
circular error probability
CF
constant frequency
CF
course to a fix
CFC
carbon fibre composite
CFC
chloro‐fluoro‐carbon compounds
CFD
computational fluid dynamics
CFIT
controlled flight into terrain
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CG, cg, C of G
centre of gravity
CHBDL
common high band data link
CIFU
cockpit interface unit
CLA
creeping line ahead – a maritime patrol search pattern
CLB
configurable logic block
CMA
Centralised Maintenance Application, common mode analysis
CMD
counter measures dispenser
C‐MOS
complementary metal oxide semiconductor
CNI
communications, navigation identification
CNS
communications, navigation, surveillance
CO
2
carbon dioxide
Cold Soak
prolonged exposure to cold temperatures
COM
command channel
COMED
combined map and electronic display
COMINT
communications intelligence
COMMS
communications mode
COMPASS
Chinese equivalent of GPS
CORE/CoRE
controlled requirements expression
COTS
commercial off the shelf systems
CPIOM
central processor input output module
CPM
common processing module, core processing module
CPU
central processing unit
CRC
cyclic redundancy check
CRDC
common remote data concentrator (A350)
CRI
configuration reference item
CRM
crew resource management
CRT
cathode ray tube
CS
certification specification
CSAS
command stability augmentation system
CSD
constant speed drive
CSDB
commercial standard data bus
CSG
computer symbol generator
CSMA
carrier sense multiple access
CSMA/CD
carrier sense multiple access/collision detection
CTC
cabin temperature controller
Cu
copper
CVR
cockpit voice recorder
CVS
combined vision system
CW
continuous wave
CW/FM
continuous wave/frequency modulated
D to A, D‐A
digital to analogue
DA
decision altitude
DAC
digital to analogue conversion/converter
DAL
design assurance level
DASS
defensive aids sub‐system
dB
decibel
DBS
Doppler beam sharpening
DC
direct current
DCA
data concentration application
DCDU
data link control and display unit (Airbus)
DCMP
DC motor driven pump
DDVR
displays data video recorder
DECU
digital engine control unit
Def Stan
Defence Standard
DefAids
defensive aids sub‐system
DF
direct to a fix
DF
direction finding
DFDM
direct force modes
DG
directional gyro
DGPS
differential GPS
DH
decision height
DIMA
distributed integrated modular avionics
DIP
dual in‐line package
DIRCM
direct infrared counter measures
DLP
digital light projector
DMA
direct memory access
DMC
display management computer
DMD
digital micro‐mirror
DME
distance measuring equipment
DMP
display management computer
DO
design office
DoA, DOA
direction of arrival
DoD
Department of Defence (US)
DOORS
a requirements management tool
Downey Cycle
procurement model once used in the UK MoD
DPX
a style of rear rack connector
D‐RAM
dynamic random access memory
DRL
data requirements list
DSM
design structure matrix
DTED
digital terrain elevation data
DTI
Department of Trade and Industry
DTSA
dynamic time slot allocation
DU
display unit
DVI
direct voice input
DVO
direct vision optics
DVOR
Doppler VOR
E
east
EADI
electronic ADI
EAP
Experimental Aircraft Programme
EAS
equivalent airspeed
EASA
European Aviation Safety Administration
EC
European Community
ECA
European Combat Aircraft
ECAM
electronic crew alerting and monitoring (Airbus)
ECC
error correcting code
ECCM
electronic counter‐counter measures
ECF
European Combat Fighter
ECL
electronic check list
ECM
electronic counter measures
ECS
environmental control system
ECU
electronic control unit
EDP
engine driven pump
EDR
engineering design requirement
EE
electrical equipment
EEC
electronic engine controller
EEPROM
electrically erasable and programmable read only memory
EEZ
economic exclusion zone
EFA
European Fighter Aircraft
EFB
electronic flight bag
EFIS
electronic flight instrument system
EGI
embedded GPS inertial
EGNOS
European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System
EGPWS
enhanced ground proximity warning system
EHA
electro hydrostatic actuator
EHF
extremely high frequency
EHP
electro‐hydraulic pump
EHSI
electronic HSI
EHSV
electro‐hydraulic servo valve
EICAS
engine indication and crew alerting system (Boeing)
EIS
entry into service, electronic instrumentation system
ELAC
elevator/aileron computer (A320)
ELCU
electrical load control unit
ELINT
electronic intelligence
ELMS
electrical load management system
EM
electro‐magnetic
EMA
electro‐mechanical actuator
EMC
electro‐magnetic compatibility
EMCON
emission control
EMH
electro‐magnetic health
EMI
electro‐magnetic interference
EMP
electrical motor pumps, EMP electromagnetic pulse
EMR
electro‐magnetic radiation
EO
electro‐optical
EOB
electronic order of battle
EOF
end of frame
EOS
electro‐optical system
EPB
external power breaker
EPC
electrical power contactor
EPLD
electrically programmable logic device
EPROM
electrically programmable read only memory
EPU
emergency power unit
ESA
electronically steered array, ESA European Space Agency
ESM
electronic support measures
ESS
environmental stress screening
Ess
essential
ETA
estimated time of arrival
ETOPS
extended twin operations
ETOX
erase‐through‐oxide
EU
European Union
EUROCAE
European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
EVS
enhanced vision system (EASA nomenclature)
EW
electronic warfare
FA
fix to altitude
FAA
Federal Aviation Authority
FAC
flight augmentation computer (Airbus)
FADD
fatigue and defect damage
FADEC
full authority digital engine control
FAF
final approach fix
FANS
future air navigation system
FANS1
future air navigation system implemented by Boeing
FANSA
future air navigation system implemented by Airbus
FAR
Federal Airworthiness Requirements
FAV
first article verification
FBW
fly‐by‐wire
FCC
flight control computer
FCDC
flight control data concentrator
FCDU
flight control data concentrator unit
FCP
flight control panel
FCPC
flight control primary computer
FCR
fire control radar
FCS
flight control system
FCSC
flight control secondary computer (A330/340)
FCU
flight control unit
FD
flight director
FDDS
flight deck display system
FDX
fast switched Ethernet
FEBA
forward edge of the battle area
FET
field effect transistor
FFD
Ferranti Functional Documentation
FFS
formation flight system
FFT
fast Fourier transform
FGMC
flight management guidance computers – Airbus terminology for FMS
FHA
functional hazard analysis
FIFO
first in, first out
FL
flight level
fL
foot‐lambert
FLIR
forward looking infrared
FLOTOX
floating gate tunnel oxide
FM
frequency modulation
FMEA
failure modes and effects analysis
FMECA
failure modes effects and criticality analysis
FMES
failure mode effects summary
FMGC
flight management guidance computer
FMGEC
flight management and guidance envelope computer (A330/340)
FMGU
flight management guidance unit
FMQGC
fuel management and quantity gauging computer
FMS
flight management system
FMS
foreign military sales
FMSP
flight mode selector panel
FOB
fuel on board
FOG
fibre optic gyro
FoR
field of regard
FORTRAN
formula translation, a software language
FoV
field of view
FPA
focal plane array
FPGA
field programmable logic array
FRACAS
failure reporting and corrective action system
FRD
functional requirements document
FRR
final readiness review
fs
sampling frequency
FSCC
flap/slat control computer
FSEU
flap slats electronic unit
FSF
flight safety foundation
FSK
frequency shift key
FTA
fault tree analysis
FTE
flight technical error
FTI
flight test instrumentation
FTP
foil twisted pair
Full duplex
a data bus that passes data in a bi‐directional manner
FWC
flight warning computer
G&C
guidance and control
GA
genetic algorithm
GA
general aviation
GaAs
gallium arsenide
Galileo
European equivalent of GPS
GAMA
General Aviation Manufacturers Association
GATM
global air traffic management
GCB
generator control breaker
GCU
generator control unit
GEM
group equipment manufacturer
GEO
geostationary earth orbit
GEOS
geo‐stationary satellite
GFE
government furnished equipment
GHz
gigahertz (10
9
Hz)
GINA (bus)
Gestion information numerique avionique
GLONASS
Russian equivalent of GPS
GMR
ground mapping radar
GMTI
ground moving target indicator
GNSS
Global Navigation Satellite System
GP
general purpose
gpm
gallons per minute
GPM
global processing module
GPS
global positioning system
GPWS
ground proximity warning system (see also TAWS)
GTS
ground targeting mode
GUI
graphical user interface
H
Earth's magnetic field
H/W
hardware
H
2
O
water
Ha
height of aircraft
HALE
high altitude long endurance (UAV)
Half Duplex
a data bus that passes data in a uni‐directional manner
HALT
hardware accelerated life test
HAS
hardware accomplishment summary
HDD
head down display(s)
HDMI
high definition multimedia interface
HEPA filter
high efficiency particulate air filter
HF
high frequency
HFDL
high frequency data link
HFDS
head‐up flight display system (Thales)
Hg
mercury
HGS
head‐up guidance system (Rockwell Collins)
HIRF
high intensity radio field
HISL
high intensity strobe light
HMD
helmet mounted displays
HMI
human–machine interface
HMS
helmet mounted sight
HOL
high order language
HOOD
Hierarchical Object Oriented Design
Hot soak
prolonged exposure to high temperatures
HOTAS
hands on throttle and stick
HP
horse power
HSA
Hawker Siddeley Aviation
HSD
horizontal situation display
HSI
horizontal situation indicator
Ht
height
HUD
head‐up display
HVGS
head‐up visual guidance system
HVP
hardware verification plan
HX
holding to a fix
H
X
X
component of
H
H
Y
Y
component of
H
Hz
Hertz
H
Z
Z
component of
H
I/O
input/output
IAC
integrated avionics cabinets
IAP
integrated actuator package
IAS
indicated airspeed
IATA
International Air Transport Association
IAWG
Industrial Avionics Working Group
IBIT
interruptive built in test
IC
integrated circuit
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organisation
ICD
interface control document
ID
identifier
IDG
integrated drive generator
IED
Industrial Engineering Department
IEEE 1398
high speed data bus
IEPG
Independent European Programme Group
IF
initial fix
IFALPA
International Federation of Air Line Pilots Association
IFE
in‐flight entertainment
IFF
identification friend or foe (see ADS‐B)
IFF/SSR
identification friend or foe/secondary surveillance radar (ADS‐B)
IFPCS
integrated flight and propulsion control system
IFR
instrument flight rules
IFSD
in flight shut down
IFSME
in flight structural mode excitation
IFU
interface unit
IFZ
independent fault zone
IGOS
inclined geo‐stationary orbits
ILP
integer linear programming
ILS
instrument landing system
IMA
integrated modular architecture
IMINT
image intelligence
In Hg
inches of mercury
IN
inertial navigation
INCOSE
International Council on Systems Engineering
INMARSAT
International Maritime Satellite Organisation
INS
inertial navigation system
INU
inertial navigation unit
INV
inverter
IOC
interim operational clearance
IOR
Indian Ocean Region
IP
integer programming, internet protocol
IPC
initial provision cost
IPFD
Integrated primary flight display (Honeywell SVS)
IPR
intellectual property rights
IPT
Integrated Product Team
IR
infrared, infrared
IRS
inertial reference system
ISAR
inverse synthetic aperture radar
ISDOD
information system design and optimisation system
ISIS
integrated standby instrument system
ISO
International Organisation for Standardisation
IT
information technology
ITAR
International traffic in Arms Regulations
ITCZ
Inter‐tropical Convergence Zone
JAA
Joint Airworthiness Authority
JAR
Joint Airworthiness Requirement
JARTS
Joint Aircraft Recovery and Transportation Squadron
JASC
Joint Aircraft System/Component (FAA)
JAST
Joint Advanced Strike Technology
JDAM
Joint Direct Attack Munition
JOVIAL
a high order software language
JSF
Joint Strike Fighter
JTIDS
Joint Tactical Information Distribution System
JTRS
Joint Tactical Radio System
K
Kelvin temperature scale unit
K
1
K
1
band (10.90–17.25 GHz)
Ka
KA band (36.00–46.00 GHz)
kbit
10
3
bit (kilo bit)
kbps
kilo bits per second
km
kilometres
Ku
Ku band (33.00–36.00 GHz)
kVA
kilo volt amps
kW
kilo Watt
L
L band (0.39–1.55 GHz)
LAAS
local area augmentation system
LAN
local area network
LBAS
locally based augmentation system
LCC
leadless chip carrier, life cycle cost
LCD
liquid crystal display
LCoS
liquid crystal on silicon
LE
leading edge
LED
light emitting diode
LF
low frequency
LGB
laser guided bomb
Link 11
naval tactical data link
Link 16
tactical data link (basis of JTIDS)
Link 22
see NILE
LLTI
long lead time items
LLTV
low light TV
LNAV
lateral navigation
LoC
lines of code
LORAN
hyperbolic navigation beacon system
LoS
line of sight
LOX
liquid oxygen
LP
linear programming, low pressure (engine pressure)
LPI
low probability of intercept
LPV
localiser performance with vertical guidance
LRG
laser rate gyro
LRI
line replaceable item
LRM
line replaceable module
LROPS
long range operations
LRU
line replaceable unit
Ls
Ls band (0.90–0.95 GHz)
LSB
least significant bit, lower side band
LSI
large scale integration
LTPB
linear token passing bus
LVDT
linear variable differential transformer
LVN
load classification number (runway)
LWF
light weight fighter (F‐16)
LWIR
long wave infrared
MA
Markov analysis
MAC
media access control
Mach
the speed of an aircraft in relation to the speed of sound
MAD
magnetic anomaly detector
MAL
Marconi Avionics Ltd. (now BAE Systems)
MALE
medium altitude long endurance (UAV)
MASCOT
modular approach to software code, operation and test
MASPS
minimum aviation system performance standard
MAU
modular avionic units
MAW
missile approach warning
MBB
Messerschmitt‐Bolkow‐Blohm (now EADS part of Airbus)
MBD
model based development
Mbit
10
6
bit (mega bit)
Mbps
mega bits per second
MBSE
model based systems engineering
MCDM
multi criteria decision making
MCDU
multi‐function control and display unit
MCU
modular concept unit
MDA
minimum descent altitude
MDC
miniature detonating cord
MDD
manufacturing design and development
MDH
minimum descent height
MDP
maintenance data panel
MEA
more electric aircraft
MEL
minimum equipment list
MEOS
medium Earth orbit satellite
MF
medium frequency
MFD
multi‐function display
M‐GEO
multi‐objective generalised extremal optimisation
MHBK
Military Handbook – A US military publication
MHDD
multi‐function head down display
MHRS
magnetic heading and reference system
MHz
megahertz, 10
6
Hz
MIL‐STD
military standard
MIL‐STD‐1553
widely used military data bus standard
MIP
mixed integer programming
MIPS
million instructions per second
MISRA
Motor Industry Reliability Association
mK
milli Kelvin
MLS
Microwave Landing System
MMEL
master minimum equipment list
M
mo
maximum operating Mach number
MMR
multi‐mode receiver
MMW
milli‐metric wave
MoD (PE)
Ministry of Defence Procurement Executive
MoD
Ministry of Defence (UK)
Mode A
ATC mode signifying aircraft call sign (range and bearing)
Mode C
ATC mode signifying aircraft call sign (range, bearing, and altitude)
Mode S
ATC mode signifying additional data (range, bearing, altitude, unique ID)
Mon
monitor channel
MOPS
minimum operational performance standards
MOS
metal oxide semiconductor
MOSFET
metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
MoU
memorandum of understanding
MPA
maritime patrol aircraft
MPCD
multi‐purpose control and display
MPCDU
multi‐purpose control and display unit
MPP
master programme plan
mr
milli radian
MRTT
multi role tanker transport
MSI
medium scale integration
MSL
mean sea level
MTBF
mean time between failures
MTBR
mean time between removals
MTI
moving target indicator
MTOW
maximum take‐off weight
MTR
marked target receiver
Mux
multiplexed
MVA
mega volt amps
MWIR
medium wave infrared
MWS
missile warning system
N
north
NA
numerical aperture
NACA
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NATS
National Air Transport System
Nav aids
navigation aids
NAV
navigation mode
NAV‐WASS
navigation and weapon aiming sub‐system
NBC
nuclear, biological and chemical
NBP
no break power
NC
numerically controlled
ND
navigation display
NDA
non‐disclosure agreement
NDB
non directional beacon
NDT
non‐destructive testing
NEMP
nuclear electromagnetic pulse
NETD
noise equivalent temperature difference
NextGen
next generation air transport system (USA)
NGL
Normalair Garrett Ltd.
NH
speed of rotation of the HP Turbine expressed in %
NiCd
nickel cadmium (battery)
NILE
NATO improved Link 11 (Link 22, Stanag 5522)
NOTAM
notice to airmen
NOx
nitrogen oxides
NRC
non‐recurring costs
NRZ
non‐return to zero
NSGA
non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm
NTSB
National Transportation Safety Board
NTSC
National TV Standards Committee
NVG
night vision goggles
NVIS
night vision imaging system
NVRAM
non‐volatile random access memory
O
3
ozone
OAT
outside air temperature
OBIGGS
on‐board inert gas generation system
OBOGS
on‐board oxygen generation system
OEST
outline European staff target
OIC
operational interruption cost
O‐LED
organic light emitting diode
OMG
object management group
OMT
object modelling technique
OOA
object oriented analysis
OOD
object oriented design
OOOI
OUT‐OFF‐ON‐IN: the original simple ACARS message format
Op Amp
operational amplifier
P&D Test
Production and Development Test
PAPI
precision approach path indicator
PBIT
power‐up built in test
PBN
performance based navigation
PBs
product breakdown structure
PC
personal computer
PCB
Plenum chamber burning
PCI
peripheral component interconnect
PCM
pulse code modulation
PCU
power control unit
PD
product development
P‐DME, p‐DME
precision DME
PDR
preliminary design review
PDT
pilot demand transmitter
PDU
pilot's display unit
PED
personal electronic device
PFC
primary flight control computer
PFD
primary flight display
PFR
primary flight reference
PHAC
plan for hardware aspects of certification
PHM
prognostics and health management
PIO
pilot induced oscillation
PJND
perceived just noticeable difference
PLB
personal locator beacon
PLD
programmable logic device
PMA
permanent magnet alternator
PMG
permanent magnet generator
POR
Pacific Ocean Region
PoR
point of regulation
PowerPC
Power optimisation with enhanced RISC microprocessor architecture
PPI
plan position indicator
PPS
present positioning service
PRA
particular risks analysis
PRF
pulse repetition frequency
PRNAV
precision area navigation
PROM
programmable read only memory
PRR
production readiness review
PRSOV
pressure reducing shut off valve
Ps
static pressure
PSA
problem statement analyser
PSEU
proximity switch electronic unit
Psi
pounds per square inch
PSL
problem statement language
PSO
particle swarm optimisation
PSR
primary surveillance radar
PSSA
preliminary system safety assessment
PST
post stall technology
PSU
power supply unit
Pt
total pressure
PTU
power transfer unit
q
dynamic pressure
QA
quality assurance
QFE
elevation
QMS
quality management system
QNH
barometric altitude
Quadrax
data bus wiring technique favoured by Airbus
R&D
research and development
RA
radar altimeter, radio altimeter, resolution advisory
Rad Alt
radar altimeter
RADINT
radar intelligence
RAE
Royal Aircraft Establishment
RAeS
Royal Aeronautical Society
RAF
Royal Air Force
RAIM
receiver autonomous integrity monitoring
RAM
radar absorbent material
RAM
random access memory
RASP
recognised air surface picture
RAT
ram air turbine
RCS
radar cross‐section
RDC
remote data concentrator
RDP
radar data processor
RF
constant radius to a fix, radio frequency
RFI
request for information
RFP
request for proposal
RFU
radio frequency unit
RHAG
runway hydraulic arrestor gear
RIO
remote input/output
RISC
reduced instruction set computer/computing
RIU
remote interface unit
RLG
ring laser gyro
RM&T
reliability, maintainability and testability
RMI
radio magnetic indicator
RMP
radio management panel
RN
Royal Navy
RNAV (GNSS)
see RNP APCH
RNAV (GPS)
see RNP APCH
RNAV
area navigation
RNP APCH
RNP approach
RNP AR APCH
RNP with authorisation required approach
RNP
required navigation performance
ROE
rules of engagement
ROM
read only memory
RPDU
remote power distribution unit
RPK
rolling piano key
RPV
remotely piloted vehicle
RR
Rolls‐Royce
RSAF
requirement specifications for avionics functions
RSRE
Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (UK)
RSS
root sum squares
RT
remote terminal
RTA
required time of arrival
RTCA
Radio Technical Committee Association
RTL
register transfer level
RTOS
real time operating system
RTR
remote transmission request
RTZ
return to zero
RVDT
rotary variable differential transformer
RVR
runway visual range
RVSM
reduced vertical separation minimum
RWR
radar warning receiver
Rx
receiver, receive
S
S band (1.55–5.20 GHz)
S/UTP
shielded unscreened twisted pair
S/W
software
SA
simulated annealing
SAAAR
special aircraft and aircrew authorisation required (US equivalent of RNP APCH)
SAARU
secondary attitude and air data reference unit (B777)
SAE
Society of Automomotive Engineers
SAFRA
semi‐automated requirements analysis
SAHRS
stand‐by attitude and heading reference system
SAHRU
secondary attitude and heading reference unit
SAM
surface to air missile
SAR
search and rescue, synthetic aperture radar
SARS
severe acute respiratory syndrome
SAS
standard altimeter setting
SAT
static air temperature
SATCOM
satellite communications
SATNAV
satellite navigation
SAW
simple additive weighting, surface acoustic wave
SB
side band
SBAC
Society of British Aerospace Companies (UK)
SBAS
space based augmentation system
SC
Special Committee 213 (RTCA/MASPS)
SDD
system design document
SDR
system design review
SDU
satellite drive unit
SEAD
suppression of enemy air defence
SEC
spoiler elevator computer
SELCAL
selective calling
SEP
specific excess power
SESAR JU
SESAR Joint Understanding
SESAR
Single European Sky ATM Research
SFC, sfc
specific fuel consumption
SFCC
slat/flap control computer (A330/340)
SG
synchronisation gap
SGU
signal generator unit
SH
sample and hold
SHF
super high frequency
SI
Smiths Industries (now GE Aviation)
SIAP
standard instrument approach procedure
SID
standard instrument departure
SIFT
synthetic in‐flight training
SIGINT
signals intelligence
SIM
serial interface module
SiO
2
silicon dioxide
SKE
station keeping equipment
SLC
side lobe clutter
SLR
sideways looking radar
SMD
surface mount device
SMS
stores management system
SMT
surface mount technology
SNMP
simple network management protocol
SOF
start of frame
SOIC
small outline integrated circuit
SOV
shut off valve
SOW
statement of work
SPC
statistical process control
SPFDB
super plastic formed diffusion bonding
SPS
secondary power system
S‐RAM
static random access memory
SRR
system requirements review
SSA
system safety assessment
SSB
single side band
SSC
ship set cost
SSD
solid state device
SSI
small scale integration
SSPC
solid state power controller
SSR
secondary surveillance radar
SST
supersonic transport
SSTP
shielded screen twisted pair
Stanag
standardisation agreement (NATO)
STAR
standard terminal arrival route
STC
supplementary type certificate
Stn
station
STOVL
short take‐off vertical landing
STP
screened twisted pair
STR
sustained turn rate
SV
servo valve
SVS
synthetic vision system
SWIR
short wave infrared
SWR
software requirement
SysML
Systems Modelling Language
System of systems
a systems embracing a collection of other systems
T3CAS
traffic/terrain/transponder collision avoidance system
TA
traffic advisory
TACAN
tactical air navigation
TACCO
tactical commander
TAS
true air speed
TAT
total air temperature
TAWS
terrain avoidance warning system
TBD
to be determined
TBT
turbine blade temperature
TCAS
traffic collision avoidance system
TCP
tri‐cresyl phosphate
TCP/IP
transport control procedure/internet protocol
TCV
terminally configured vehicle
TDMA
time division multiplex access
TDZ
touchdown zone
Terprom
terrain profile mapping
TF
track to a fix
TFR
terrain following radar
TFTP
trivial file transfer protocol
TG
terminal gap
THS
tailplane horizontal stabilator
TI
transmission interval
TIALD
thermal imaging and laser designation
TIR
total internal reflection
Tp
total pressure
TPMU
tyre pressure monitoring unit
TR, T/R
transmitter/receiver, transmit/receive
TRL
technology readiness level
TRU
transformer rectifier unit
TSO
technical standards order
TTL
transistor–transistor logic
TTP
time triggered protocol
TV
television
TWT
travelling wave tube
Tx
transmit, transmitter
UART
universal asynchronous receiver transmitter
UAV
unmanned air vehicle
UCAV
unmanned combat air vehicle
UCS
utilities control system
UDP
user datagram protocol
UHF
ultra high frequency
UK
United Kingdom
ULA
uncommitted logic array
UML
Unified Modelling Language
UOR
unplanned operational requirements
US, USA
United States of America
USB
upper side band
USMS
utility systems management system
UTP
un‐shielded twisted pair
UV
ultra violet
V
velocity
V/STOL
vertical/short take‐off and landing
V/UHF
combined VHF and UHF radio
V/UHF
very/ultra high frequency
VAC
volts AC
VALID
variability and life data
VAPS
a tool for modelling displays and controls formats
VDC
volts DC
VDR
VHF digital radio
VF
variable frequency
VFR
visual flight rules
VGA
video graphics adapter
VGS
vertical guidance system (Honeywell/BAE Systems)
VHDL
very high speed integrated hardware description language
VHF
very high frequency
VHFDL
very high frequency data link
VIFF
vectoring in forward flight
VL
virtual link
VLF
very low frequency
VLSI
very large scale integration
VMC
visual meteorological conditions
V
mo
maximum operating speed
VMS
vehicle management system
VNAV
vertical navigation
VOC
volatile oil compound
VOR
VHF omni‐ranging
VORTAC
VOR TACAN
VS
vertical speed
VSCF
variable speed constant frequency
VSD
vertical situation display
VSI
vertical speed indicator
VTOL
vertical take‐off and landing
W
Watt
WAAS
wide area augmentation system
WBS
work breakdown structure
WFG
waveform generator
WGS 84
World Geodetic System of 1984
WOW
weight on wheels
WSM
weighted sum method
WWII
World War II
X
X
axis
X
X band (5.20–10.90 GHz)
Xb
Xb band (6.25–6.90 GHz)
Y
Y
axis
Z
Z
axis
ZOH
zeroth order hold
ZSA
zonal safety analysis
ρ
air density (rho)
1Introduction
Design and Development of Aircraft Systems 3rd edition by Allan Seabridge and Ian Moir covers this material in a single chapter as a series of brief tables. This handbook is intended to provide more detailed information and some historical information about the development of each system and also to indicate how the systems will develop in the future. The reason for this is to give information to people working on heritage or older aircraft still in use, to span current types in operation and to provide assistance to those looking at future projects. The intention is to provide a full set of information for all aircraft systems in one single volume which complements other books in this field and is suitable for suitable for practitioners, students, graduates, and apprentices in aerospace.
People in the aircraft industry will expect to work on aircraft on all types and ages in their career. As a result they will be exposed to different technologies, different design methods, and different certification procedures. Typical aircraft will include
Aircraft on display in museums
Flying aircraft in heritage fleets
Aircraft in private ownership
Aircraft in routine operation by state owned airlines
Aircraft in operation with commercial business organisations
Aircraft in military air force operations
Aircraft close to end of life
Newly developed aircraft about to enter into service
