Antenna Theory E-Book

Constantine A. Balanis

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1752

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Updated with color and gray scale illustrations, a companion website housing supplementary material, and new sections covering recent developments in antenna analysis and design This book introduces the fundamental principles of antenna theory and explains how to apply them to the analysis, design, and measurements of antennas. Due to the variety of methods of analysis and design, and the different antenna structures available, the applications covered in this book are made to some of the most basic and practical antenna configurations. Among these antenna configurations are linear dipoles; loops; arrays; broadband antennas; aperture antennas; horns; microstrip antennas; and reflector antennas. The text contains sufficient mathematical detail to enable undergraduate and beginning graduate students in electrical engineering and physics to follow the flow of analysis and design. Readers should have a basic knowledge of undergraduate electromagnetic theory, including Maxwell's equations and the wave equation, introductory physics, and differential and integral calculus. * Presents new sections on flexible and conformal bowtie, Vivaldi antenna, antenna miniaturization, antennas for mobile communications, dielectric resonator antennas, and scale modeling * Provides color and gray scale figures and illustrations to better depict antenna radiation characteristics * Includes access to a companion website housing MATLAB programs, Java-based applets and animations, Power Point notes, Java-based interactive questionnaires and a solutions manual for instructors * Introduces over 100 additional end-of-chapter problems Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Fourth Edition is designed to meet the needs of senior undergraduate and beginning graduate level students in electrical engineering and physics, as well as practicing engineers and antenna designers. Constantine A. Balanis received his BSEE degree from the Virginia Tech in 1964, his MEE degree from the University of Virginia in 1966, his PhD in Electrical Engineering from The Ohio State University in 1969, and an Honorary Doctorate from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 2004. From 1964 to 1970, he was with the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA, and from 1970 to 1983, he was with the Department of Electrical Engineering of West Virginia University. In 1983 he joined Arizona State University and is now Regents' Professor of Electrical Engineering. Dr. Balanis is also a life fellow of the IEEE.

Leseprobe

ANTENNA THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

FOURTH EDITION

Constantine A. Balanis

Cover Image: Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech

Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Balanis, Constantine A., 1938—Modern antenna handbook / Constantine A. Balanis.—4th ed.    p. cm.  Includes index.  ISBN 978-1-118-64206-1 (cloth)  1. Antennas (Electronics) I. Title.  TK7871.6.B354 2016  621.382'4—dc22            2016050162

To the memory of my parents, uncle and aunt

CONTENTS

Preface

About the Companion Website

Chapter 1: Antennas

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Types of Antennas

1.3 Radiation Mechanism

1.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna

1.5 Historical Advancement

1.6 Multimedia

References

Chapter 2: Fundamental Parameters and Figures-of-Merit of Antennas

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Radiation Pattern

2.3 Radiation Power Density

2.4 Radiation Intensity

2.5 Beamwidth

2.6 Directivity

2.7 Numerical Techniques

2.8 Antenna Efficiency

2.9 Gain, Realized Gain

2.10 Beam Efficiency

2.11 Bandwidth

2.12 Polarization

Summary

2.13 Input Impedance

2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency

2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas

2.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area

2.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation

2.18 Antenna Temperature

2.19 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 3: Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J

3.3 The Vector Potential F for A Magnetic Current Source M

3.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources

3.5 Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation

3.6 Far-Field Radiation

3.7 Duality Theorem

3.8 Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems

References

Problems

Chapter 4: Linear Wire Antennas

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Infinitesimal Dipole

4.3 Small Dipole

4.4 Region Separation

4.5 Finite Length Dipole

4.6 Half-Wavelength Dipole

4.7 Linear Elements Near or on Infinite Perfect Electric Conductors (PEC), Perfect Magnetic Conductors (PMC) And Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) Surfaces

4.8 Ground Effects

4.9 Computer Codes

4.10 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 5: Loop Antennas

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Small Circular Loop

5.3 Circular Loop of Constant Current

5.4 Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current

5.5 Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops

5.6 Polygonal Loop Antennas

5.7 Ferrite Loop

5.8 Mobile Communication Systems Applications

5.9 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 6: Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Two-Element Array

6.3

N

-Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing

6.4

N

-Element Linear Array: Directivity

6.5 Design Procedure

6.6

N

-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics

6.7 Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution

6.8

N

-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude

6.9 Superdirectivity

6.10 Planar Array

6.11 Design Considerations

6.12 Circular Array

6.13 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 7: Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Continuous Sources

7.3 Schelkunoff Polynomial Method

7.4 Fourier Transform Method

7.5 Woodward-Lawson Method

7.6 Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error)

7.7 Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter)

7.8 Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions

7.9 Line-Source Phase Distributions

7.10 Continuous Aperture Sources

7.11 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 8: Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Integral Equation Method

8.3 Finite Diameter Wires

8.4 Moment Method Solution

8.5 Self-Impedance

8.6 Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements

8.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays

8.8 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 9: Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Biconical Antenna

9.3 Triangular Sheet, flexible and conformal Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation

9.4 Vivaldi Antenna

9.5 Cylindrical Dipole

9.6 Folded Dipole

9.7 Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole

9.8 Matching Techniques

9.9 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 10: Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Traveling Wave Antennas

10.3 Broadband Antennas

10.4 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 11: Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and Fractal Antennas

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Theory

11.3 Equiangular Spiral Antennas

11.4 Log-Periodic Antennas

11.5 Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas

11.6 Antenna Miniaturization

11.7 Fractal Antennas

11.8 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 12: Aperture Antennas

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens' Principle

Summary

12.3 Radiation Equations

Summary

12.4 Directivity

12.5 Rectangular Apertures

12.6 Circular Apertures

12.7 Design Considerations

12.8 Babinet's Principle

12.9 Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory

12.10 Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction

12.11 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 13: Horn Antennas

13.1 Introduction

13.2

E

-plane Sectoral Horn

13.3

H

-Plane Sectoral Horn

13.4 Pyramidal Horn

13.5 Conical Horn

13.6 Corrugated Horn

13.7 Aperture-Matched Horns

13.8 Multimode Horns

13.9 Dielectric-Loaded Horns

13.10 Phase Center

13.11 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 14: Microstrip and Mobile Communications Antennas

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Rectangular Patch

14.3 Circular Patch

14.4 Quality Factor, Bandwidth, and Efficiency

14.5 Input Impedance

14.6 Coupling

14.7 Circular Polarization

14.8 Arrays and Feed Networks

14.9 Antennas for Mobile Communications

14.10 Dielectric Resonator Antennas

14.11 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 15: Reflector Antennas

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Plane Reflector

15.3 Corner Reflector

15.4 Parabolic Reflector

15.5 Spherical Reflector

15.6 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 16: Smart Antennas

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Smart-Antenna Analogy

16.3 Cellular Radio Systems Evolution

16.4 Signal Propagation

16.5 Smart Antennas' Benefits

16.6 Smart Antennas' Drawbacks

16.7 Antenna

16.8 Antenna Beamforming

16.9 Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)

16.10 Smart-Antenna System Design, Simulation, and Results

16.11 Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading,hb and Trellis-Coded Modulation

16.12 Other Geometries

16.13 Multimedia

References

Problems

Chapter 17: Antenna Measurements

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Antenna Ranges

17.3 Radiation Patterns

17.4 Gain Measurements

17.5 Directivity Measurements

17.6 Radiation Efficiency

17.7 Impedance Measurements

17.8 Current Measurements

17.9 Polarization Measurements

17.10 Scale Model Measurements

References

Appendix I:

Appendix II:

Appendix III: Cosine and Sine Integrals

Appendix IV: Fresnel Integrals

Appendix V: Bessel Functions

Appendix VI: Identities

VI.1 Trigonometric

VI.2 Hyperbolic

VI.3 Logarithmic

Appendix VII: Vector Analysis

VII.1 Vector Transformations

VII.2 Vector Differential Operators

VII.3 Vector Identities

Appendix VIII: Method of Stationary Phase

Appendix IX: Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency Spectrums

IX.1 Television

IX.2 Radio

IX.3 Amateur Bands

IX.4 Cellular Telephone

IX.5 Radar Ieee Band Designations

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.3

Table 6.5

Table 6.9

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

TBALE 9.3

Table 9.4

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

TBALE 10.4

TBALE 10.5

Table 10.6

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Table 14.2

Table 14.3

Table 14.4

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3

Chapter 17

Table 17.1

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Antenna as a transition device.

Figure 1.2 Transmission-line Thevenin equivalent of antenna in transmitting mode.

Figure 1.3 Wire antenna configurations.

Figure 1.4 Aperture antenna configurations.

Figure 1.5 Rectangular and circular microstrip (patch) antennas.

Figure 1.6 Typical wire, aperture, and microstrip array configurations.

Figure 1.7 Typical reflector configurations.

Figure 1.8 Typical lens antenna configurations. (SOURCE: L. V. Blake,

Antennas

, Wiley, New York, 1966).

Figure 1.9 Charge uniformly distributed in a circular cross section cylinder wire.