Table of Contents
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FOREWORD
PREFACE
List of Contributors
Probiotics-based Anticancer Immunity In Prostate Cancer
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROSTATE CANCER (PCa): A BRIEF OVERVIEW
3. GUT MICROBIOTA AND TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT
4. ROLE OF PROBIOTICS IN PROSTATE CANCER
5. PROBIOTIC-BASED ANTICANCER MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE TREATMENT OF PROSTATE CANCER
6. GUT MICROBIOTA IN ANTICANCER THERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Probiotics-based Anticancer Immunity In Bladder Cancer
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Bladder Cancer: Epidemiology, Staging, Treatment, Risk Factors and Diagnosis
2. URINARY MICROBIOTA
3. URINARY MICROBIOTA AND BLADDER CANCER
4. BLADDER CANCER AND PROBIOTICS
4.1. Bladder Cancer and Bacille Calmette-guérin
4.2. Bladder Cancer and Intravesical Probiotics: In vitro and In vivo Studies
4.3. Bladder Cancer and Oral Probiotics
4.4. Mechanisms of Probiotics in the Prevention/treatment of Bladder Cancer
4.5. Bladder Cancer and Probiotics as Gene Therapy
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Probiotics-based Anticancer Immunity in Pancreatic Cancer
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS ON REDUCING THE RISK FACTORS AND OUTCOMES ASSOCIATED WITH PANCREATIC CANCER (PC)
3. EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS ON PANCREATIC CANCER INITIATION AND PROGRESSION AND ITS ASSOCIATED MECHANISMS
3.1. Anti-proliferative and Anti-metastatic Property
3.2. Enhancement of NK Cell Activity and Induction of Antitumor Immunity
3.3. Increased Efficacy of Chemotherapy-mediated Apoptosis and Maintenance of Gut Homeostasis
3.4. Production of Compounds Having Anticarcinogenic Activity
3.5. Increased Chemosensitivity of Pancreatic Cancer Cell
3.6. Direct Tumor-killing Effect/ Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis
4. PROBIOTIC-MEDIATED GUT MICROBIOTA MODULATION AND ITS POSSIBLE IMMUNOLOGICAL IMPLICATION IN PANCREATIC CANCER (PC)
5. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Probiotics-based Anticancer Immunity In Oral And Oropharyngeal Cancer
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROBIOTICS IN CANCER
3. IMMUNITY AND CANCER
4. CANCER AND INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACTIONS
4.1. Natural Killer Cells
4.2. Macrophages
4.3. Dendritic Cells (DCs)
4.4. Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN) and Mast Cells
5. ORAL CANCER
5.1. General Introduction, Risk Factors, Incidences, Mortality and Biomarkers
5.2. Pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)
5.3. Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) Staging System For Oral Carcinoma
5.3.1. Primary Tumor (T)
5.3.2. Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
5.3.3. Distant Metastasis (M)
5.4. Oral Microbiota Dysbiosis in Oral Cancer
5.5. Factors that Influence the Choice of Initial Treatment of Oral Cavity Carcinomas
5.5.1. Tumor Factors
5.5.2. Patient Factors
5.5.3. Physician Factors
5.5.4. Surgical Approach
6. OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER (OPC)
6.1. Symptoms of Oropharyngeal Cancer
6.2. Diagnosis and Treatment of Oropharyngeal Cancer
7. ROLE OF PROBIOTICS IN ANTICANCER IMMUNITY AGAINST ORAL AND OROPHARYNGEAL CANCERS
8. CURRENT CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Probiotics-based Anticancer Immunity in Thyroid Cancer
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THYROID CANCER
2.1. Types of Thyroid Cancer
2.1.1. Papillary Thyroid Cancer
2.1.2. Follicular Thyroid Cancer
2.1.3. Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
2.1.4. Medullary Thyroid Cancer
2.2. Signs of Thyroid Cancer
3. PROBIOTICS AND HUMAN HEALTH
3.1. Probiotics Improve the Immune Balance
4. ROLE OF PROBIOTICS IN CANCER
4.1. Lactobacillus sp.
5. ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN ERADICATING CANCER CELLS
6. MECHANISMS OF PROBIOTICS IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF THYROID CANCER
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Probiotics-based Anticancer Immunity In Lymphomas
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LYMPHOMA
3. GUT MICROBIOTA
4. GUT MICROBIOTA AND ITS INTERACTION WITH THE HOST
5. GUT MICROBIOTA AND CHEMOTHERAPY
6. PREVENTION OF LYMPHOMA BY TARGETING THE MICROBIOTA
6.1. The Role of Microflora and its Components in Curing Cancer
7. GUT MICROBIOTA IN THE MODULATION OF CHEMOTHERAPY
8. Gut microbiota in the modulation of immunotherapy
8.1. Gut Microbiota as Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) in Lymphoma
9. PROBIOTICS
10. ROLE OF PROBIOTICS IN ANTICANCER IMMUNITY TOWARDS LYMPHOMA
11. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PROBIOTICS IN LYMPHOMA PREVENTION
11.1. Modification of the Gut Microflora Composition
11.2. Metabolic Activity of Intestinal Microflora
11.3. Production of Compounds With Anti-carcinogenic Activity
11.4. Inhibition of Cell Proliferation and Induction of Apoptosis in Cancer Cells
11.5. Influence on Other Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Factors
11.6. Binding and Degradation of Carcinogenic Compounds
11.7. Immunomodulation
11.8. Improvement of the Intestinal Barrier
12. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Probiotics-based Anticancer Immunity In Renal Cell Carcinoma
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RENAL CELL CARCINOMA AND ITS PATHOLOGY
3. PROBIOTICS AND THEIR ROLE IN CELLULAR PROLIFERATION
4. ALTERATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOME IN RCC
4.1. Variations Related to the Metabolic Activity of the Gut Microbiome
4.2. Breakdown of Compounds With Carcinogenic Potential in Git
4.3. Producing Compounds That Mitigate Carcinogens
5. IMMUNOMODULATION BY PROBIOTICS
6. EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS ON CANCER CELLS
7. ANTIOXIDATIVE FUNCTIONS
8. THE GUT MICROBIATA AND IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITION
9. ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOME IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA MANAGEMENT
10. ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN ICI TOXICITY
11. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Probiotics as Adjuvants in Anticancer Immunity
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS AND INTERRELATION BETWEEN HUMAN MICROBIOME, CANCER, AND PROBIOTICS ADMINISTRATION
2.1. Dual Crosstalk of Human Microbiota in Cancer
2.2. Commensal Microbiome, Anticancer Immunity, and Probiotics Intervention
2.2.1. Human Immune System and Cancer Immunity
2.2.2. Commensal Microbiota and its Specific Roles
3. TREATMENT STRATEGY
3.1. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
3.2. Live Probiotics
3.3. Dead Probiotics
3.4. Probiotic Metabolites as Adjuvants
3.4.1. Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
3.4.2. Bile Acids (BA)
3.4.3. Purine and its Metabolites
3.4.4. Peptides
3.4.5. Incongruities: Other Metabolites in Cancer Progression
3.5. Probiotic Action on Other Carcinogenic Factors
4. PROBIOTICS AS ADJUVANTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY-RELATED COMPLICATIONS
4.1. Prevention of Infections and Febrile Neutropenia in Cancer
4.2. Prevention and Treatment of Chemotherapy and Radiation-induced Diarrhoea by Using Probiotics
5. PROBIOTICS AND HIGH-EFFICIENCY BIOTHERAPEUTICS
6. SAFETY OF PROBIOTICS AS ADJUVANTS
7. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
8. CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Prebiotics and Postbiotics for Anticancer Immunity
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. IMMUNOTHERAPY APPROACHES FOR CANCER TREATMENT
3. PREBIOTICS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ANTICANCER IMMUNITY
4. POSTBIOTICS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ANTICANCER IMMUNITY
5. FUTURE PROSPECTS
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Probiotic Formulations For Anticancer Immunity
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROBIOTICS AND ANTICANCER IMMUNITY
3. FORMULATIONS FOR PROBIOTICS
3.1. Non-conventional Formulations
3.2. Conventional Pharmaceutical Formulations.
3.2.1. Oral Film
3.2.2. Powder and Granules
3.2.3. Tablet
3.2.4. Capsule
3.2.5. Hydrogel
3.2.6. In-situ Gel
3.2.7. Spray
3.2.8. Suppository
3.2.9. Enema
3.2.10. Microneedle
3.2.11. Site-specific Delivery of Probiotics
3.2.11.1. Microcapsule
3.2.12. Nanomaterial Based Formulations
3.2.12.1. Nanoparticles
3.2.12.2. Nanofiber
3.2.12.3. Nanocomposites
4. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PROBIOTIC FORMULATIONS ON ANTICANCER IMMUNITY
5. SAFETY OF PROBIOTICS
6. CURRENT REGULATION OF PROBIOTICS
7. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Future Challenges in Probiotics-based Anticancer Immunotherapy
Abstract
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONFRONTATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES RELATED TO PROBIOTICS-BASED ANTICANCER TREATMENT AND IMMUNOTHERAPY
3. SAFETY CONCERNS RELATED TO PROBIOTICS
3.1. Adverse Effects
3.2. Bacteremia
3.3. Risk-benefit Analysis
4. PROBIOTICS VIABILITY AND THE USE OF MULTI-STRAIN PROBIOTICS
5. CLINICAL ASPECTS OF PROBIOTICS USE IN CANCER MODELS
6. PERSONALIZED PROBIOTICS AND GUT MICROBIOTA MODULATION
7. SMART PROBIOTICS
8. INCONGRUITIES REGARDING PROBIOTICS EFFECTS
9. RESTORATION OF THE GUT MICROBIOME AND RELATED CHALLENGES
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Frontiers in Cancer Immunology
(Volume 4)
Anticancer Immunity: Reviewing the Potential of Probiotics
Edited by
Mitesh Kumar Dwivedi
C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology & Faculty of Science
Uka Tarsadia University
Tarsadi-394350, Bardoli, District Surat
Gujarat, India
Alwarappan Sankaranarayanan
Department of Life Sciences
Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence Kamalapur
Navanihal, Kalaburagi
Karnataka State, India
&
Sanjay Tiwari
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
(NIPER)-Raebareli Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
India
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
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FOREWORD
Due to the numerous side effects of chemotherapeutic treatment agents and synthetic drugs, research on human diseases has increasingly focused on natural mechanisms for managing, treating, and curing them. The use of beneficial microbes called "Probiotics" has been identified as one of such natural mechanisms. Microorganisms such as these are normally responsible for preventing infection and aiding in the process of nutrition. Research in the probiotic field always benefits from reinforcing knowledge and understanding how probiotics can be used for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of human diseases.
Probiotics have a wide range of beneficial effects on human health, including their role in preventing and treating various types of cancer. I have the honor of introducing the fourth volume of Frontiers in Cancer Immunology [Anticancer Immunity: Reviewing the Potential of Probiotics], which contains 11 chapters and 315 pages, edited by Dr. Mitesh Kumar Dwivedi, Dr. Alwarappan Sankaranarayanan, and Dr. Sanjay Tiwari. This book highlights their mechanistic role in cancer, and provides evidence that probiotics can be beneficial in treating human cancers through a number of animal and human studies.
According to my own experience, knowing how probiotics work gave us a better understanding of their effects under different conditions. This book was developed by an expert team of researchers with a special final chapter titled "Future Challenges in Probiotic-Based Anticancer Immunotherapy", which emphasizes the importance of conducting more human clinical trials with a larger number of subjects in order to determine the appropriate dose/benefit of using probiotics as adjuncts to cancer treatment.
Considering that the topic of the present book is related to our clinical research, I believe it will have a significant impact on the field of probiotics. Right now, we are studying how microbes affect the progression of cancer or the treatment of different mucosa.
Greetings and best wishes for the present book.
Wishing you the best,
Julio Plaza-Diaz
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II
School of Pharmacy, University of Granada
18071 Granada
Spain
PREFACE
The fourth volume of Frontiers in Cancer Immunology [Anticancer Immunity: Reviewing the Potential of Probiotics] consists of total 11 chapters, which are focused on the role of probiotics in exerting the anticancer immunity towards cancer of prostate, bladder, pancreas, oral and oropharyngeal region, thyroid, lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma. In addition, the roles of gut microbiota in the dysbiosis and management and/or prevention of these cancers are also put forward.
The subsequent few chapters discuss how probiotics can be used as adjuvants and can be used to prepare different formulations to generate anticancer immunity. Further, the use of prebiotics and postbiotic has also been discussed to aid in anticancer immunity. The final chapter highlights the future challenges in developing probiotic-based anticancer immunotherapy and its applications.
We believe that this book will certainly provide recent updates and scientific evidence to support the role of probiotics in anticancer immunity against various cancers. The book would be beneficial for the academic as well as research fraternity such as academicians, scientists, budding researchers, and health professionals.
We editors are thankful to all the authors for providing interesting insights into probiotics in anticancer immunity towards various cancers. We are also grateful to the publisher for the successful publication of this book.
Mitesh Kumar Dwivedi
C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology & Faculty of Science
Uka Tarsadia University
Tarsadi-394350, Bardoli, District Surat
Gujarat, IndiaAlwarappan Sankaranarayanan
Department of Life Sciences
Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence Kamalapur
Navanihal, Kalaburagi
Karnataka State, India
&Sanjay Tiwari
List of Contributors
Anshul ShakyaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Science, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, IndiaAmir GhaemiDepartment of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IranAmruta MohapatraInstitute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaAnderson Junger TeodoroUniversidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Functional Foods, , Rio de Janeiro, BrazilArul Prakash FrancisCentre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMMAND), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IndiaArchana ChaudhariDermatology Research Foundation, Vyara, Tapi, Gujarat, IndiaAlka AhujaCollege of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Sultanate of OmanAlwarappan SankaranarayananDepartment of Life Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence Kamalapur, Navanihal, Kalaburagi, Karnataka State, IndiaAdriano Gomes da CruzDepartamento de Alimentos, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, BrazilBindu KumariDepartment of Pharmacy, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, IndiaCíntia Ramos Pereira AzaraUniversidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Functional Foods, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilDhananjay Kumar SinghDepartment of Pharmacy, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, IndiaDeog-Hwan OhFood Science and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaDhanalekshmi Unnikrishnan MeenakshiCollege of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Sultanate of OmanEngkarat KingkaewDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandElahe AbdolalipourDepartment of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IranFirdosh shahC. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi-394350, Bardoli, District Surat, Gujarat, IndiaGireesh Kumar SinghDepartment of Pharmacy, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, IndiaGaurav RanjanDepartment of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, IndiaJayalaxmi DashInstitute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaKalaiselvi SelvarajDepartment of Microbiology, Goverment Arts And Science College (W), Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu, IndiaKarnan MuthusamyGrassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, South KoreaKaliyan BarathikannanFood Science and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaMitesh Kumar DwivediC. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Bardoli, District Surat, Gujarat, IndiaMangala Lakshmi RagavanBiomedical Sciences Department, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaMehran MahootiDepartment of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IranMahaveer DhobiDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, IndiaManisha SethiInstitute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, IndiaMajed AbhukhaderCollege of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, Sultanate of OmanMishel Pulikondan francisDepartment of Botany, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNathalia da Costa Pereira SoaresUniversidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Functional Foods, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilNilanjana DasBiomedical Sciences Department, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaNosheen MasoodDepartment of Biotechnology, Fatima Jinnah Women University, The Mall, Rawalpindi, PakistanNilanjan GhoshDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, Molecular Pharmacology Research Laboratory Jadavpur University, Kolkata, IndiaNirupam DasDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Susruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, IndiaPriyashree SunitaDept. of Health, Medical Education & Family Welfare, Bariatu, Government Pharmacy Institute, Ranchi, Jharkhand, IndiaPedro Sánchez PellicerMiBioPath Group, Health and Science, Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, Murcia, SpainPritha BoseInstitute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, DRDO, Delhi, IndiaPanneerselvam AnnamalaiP.G. and Research Department of Microbiology, A. V. V. M. Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, Tamil Nadu, IndiaPrashant Shankar GiriC. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Bardoli, District Surat, Gujarat, IndiaRabinarayan ParhiDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Susruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, IndiaRajni YadavFaculty of Pharmacy, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IndiaRamachandran ChelliahFood Science and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of KoreaRavi Bhushan SinghInstitute of Pharmacy, HC PG College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaShakti Prasad PattanayakDepartment of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, IndiaSomboon TanasupawatDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandSujitra TechoMahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan, ThailandShivaraju AmruthaDepartment of Life Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence Kamalapur, Navanihal, Kalaburagi-585313, Karnataka State, IndiaSaima Shakil MalikDepartment of Genetics, Research Division, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USAShilpi SinghMolecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, U.P, IndiaSonal SinhaPragya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gaya, Bihar, IndiaSuaib LqmanMolecular Bioprospection Department, CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, U.P, India
Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, IranSeyed Mohammad MiriDepartment of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IranSuryakanta SwainDepartment of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Health Sciences, Kaziranga University, Jorhat, Assam, IndiaSuvendu Kumar SahooGITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Gandhi Nagar Campus, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaSandip Prasad TiwariFaculty of Pharmacy, Kalinga University, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh, IndiaShanth Kumar SushmaDepartment of Life Sciences, Sri Sathya Sai University for Human Excellence Kamalapur, Navanihal, Kalaburagi, Karnataka State, IndiaSwayambara MishraInstitute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, IndiaSwati PatelC. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Surat, Gujarat, IndiaSaikat DewanjeeDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory Jadavpur University, Kolkata, IndiaSelvasudha NandakumarDepartment of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, IndiaShantibhusan SenapatiInstitute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaSteffi Pulikondan francisDepartment of Microbiology, Cauvery College for Women, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, IndiaTamilkani PichaiDepartment of Hospital Administration, Queens College of Arts and Science for Women; Punalkulam, Pudukkottai (Dt), Tamil Nadu, IndiaVicente Navarro LópezMiBioPath Group, Health and Science, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, Murcia, Spain
Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Vinalopó, Carrer Tonico Sansano Mora Elche, SpainVijayalakshmi SelvakumarFood Science and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
Probiotics-based Anticancer Immunity In Prostate Cancer
Anderson Junger Teodoro1,*,Adriano Gomes da Cruz2,Cíntia Ramos Pereira Azara3,Nathalia da Costa Pereira Soares3
1 Universidade Federal Fluminense, Laboratory of Foods, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2 Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Departamento de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
3 Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Functional Foods, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Abstract
The human body is colonized by microbial cells that are estimated to be as abundant as human cells, yet their genome is roughly 100 times the human genome, providing significantly more genetic diversity. The past decade has observed an explosion of interest in examining the existence of microbiota in the human body and understanding its role in various diseases, including prostate cancer. Studies show that probiotics provide positive results in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. However, some studies argue that they should not be used, putting forward the fact they may cause infection in patients with very weak immunity. This chapter summarizes key microbiota alterations observed in prostate cancer niches, their association with clinical stages, and their potential use in anticancer therapy and management. In addition, the chapter discusses microbiota-based therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer.
Keywords: Androgen, Cancer, Gut, Hormone, Immunology, Inflammation, Intervention, Metabolism, Microenvironment, Microbiota, Modulation, Prostate Cancer, PSA, PCa, Probiotic, Risk factors, Therapy.
*Corresponding author Anderson Junger Teodoro: Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Functional Foods, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-mail:
[email protected]ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
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