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- Herausgeber: Packt Publishing
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Apache Cassandra Essentials takes you step-by-step from from the basics of installation to advanced installation options and database design techniques. It gives you all the information you need to effectively design a well distributed and high performance database. You’ll get to know about the steps that are performed by a Cassandra node when you execute a read/write query, which is essential to properly maintain of a Cassandra cluster and to debug any issues. Next, you’ll discover how to integrate a Cassandra driver in your applications and perform read/write operations. Finally, you’ll learn about the various tools provided by Cassandra for serviceability aspects such as logging, metrics, backup, and recovery.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
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Table of Contents
Apache Cassandra Essentials
Apache Cassandra Essentials
Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
First published: November 2015
Production reference: 1161115
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
Livery Place
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Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-78398-910-2
www.packtpub.com
Credits
Author
Nitin Padalia
Reviewers
Ranjeet Kumar Jha
Sonal Raj
Chaoran Yu
Commissioning Editor
Akram Hussain
Acquisition Editor
Meeta Rajani
Content Development Editor
Aparna Mitra
Technical Editor
Rohan Uttam Gosavi
Copy Editor
Pranjali Chury
Project Coordinator
Mary Alex
Proofreader
Safis Editing
Indexer
Mariammal Chettiyar
Graphics
Disha Haria
Production Coordinator
Nilesh Mohite
Cover Work
Nilesh Mohite
About the Author
Nitin Padalia is the technical leader at Aricent Group, where he is involved in building highly scalable distributed applications in the field of telecommunications. From the beginning of his career, he has been working in the field of telecommunications and has worked on protocols such as SMPP, RTP, SIP, and VOIP. Since the beginning of his career, he has worked on the development of applications that can scale infinitely with highest performance possible. He has experience of developing applications for bare metal hardware, virtualized environments, and cloud-based applications using various languages and technologies.
I would like to thank all the reviewers of this book; their comments helped me to present data effectively.
Meeta Rajani, for setting things up and providing input during the initial phase of the book.
Anish Sukumaran, for helping me through his comments and input till the completion of this book.
Chaoran Yu, for good suggestions regarding presenting data and examples in a way that could be more helpful from the readers' perspective.
Ranjit, for his input throughout the book.
I also would like to thank my family—my mother, father, wife, and kids—for letting me take some time out to write this book.
About the Reviewers
Ranjeet Kumar Jha has over 12 years (three years in the big data field) of experience in various phases of the project life cycle, including the development and design phases. He has also been part of production support for Java/JEE and big data-based applications. He is a certified enterprise architect, that is, Oracle Certified Master Enterprise Java JEE Architect, and has worked for over six years as an architect in Java JEE technologies (over three years in the big data field). He has worked in various domains such as finance, insurance, e-commerce, digital media, CMS, security, and online advertisements.
He has worked as a programmer, designer, mentor, and architect on all types of projects related to Java, especially JEE and big data. He is the reviewer of the book Real-time Analytics with Storm and Cassandra.
To find out more about him, visit his LinkedIn profile at https://www.linkedin.com/in/jharanjeet.
I would like to thank my family—my wife, Anila Jha, and two kids, Anushka Jha and Tanisha Jha, for their constant support, encouragement, and patience. Without you, I wouldn't have achieved so much! Love you all immensely.
Sonal Raj is a hacker, Pythonista, big data believer, and a technology dreamer. He has a passion for design and is an artist at heart. He blogs about technology, design, and gadgets at http://www.sonalraj.com/. When not working on projects, he can be found travelling, stargazing, or reading.
He has pursued engineering in computer science and holds a master's degree in IT. He loves to work on community projects. He has been a research fellow at IISc and has taken up projects on graph computations using Neo4j, Storm, and NoSQL databases. He has been a speaker at PyCon India and local meetups and has also published articles and research papers in leading magazines and international journals. He has contributed to several open source projects.
He is the author of Neo4j High Performance, Packt Publishing, and has reviewed titles on technologies such as Storm and Neo4j
I am grateful to the author for patiently listening to my critiques. I'd like to thank the open source community for keeping their passions alive and contributing to such remarkable projects. A special thank you to my parents, without whom I never would have grown to love learning as much as I do.
Chaoran Yu obtained his bachelor's degree with high honors from UC Berkeley Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in May 2014. He has been a software developer with the data analytics team of Ericsson MediaFirst, a leading IPTV solution, since then. The technologies that he has worked on include Apache Cassandra, Spark, and the Microsoft .NET framework. He organized service and client logging and performance data and wrote code to store them in Cassandra, which he then processed with Spark jobs to generate real-time reports for TV operators. His passion for open source technologies, especially for distributed and scalable systems, makes him an avid learner in this ever-changing technology landscape.
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Preface
Traditional database management systems sometimes become the bottleneck of being highly available, scalable, and ultra responsive for modern day applications, as they are not able to satisfy the storage and retrieval needs of modern applications with all these attributes. Apache Cassandra being a highly available, massively scalable, NoSQL, query-driven database helps our applications to achieve these modern day must have attributes. Apache Cassandra's core features include handling of large data with the flexibility of configuring responsiveness, scalability, and high availability at the same time to suit our requirements.
In this book, I've provided step-by-step information starting from the basic installation to the advanced installation options and database design techniques. It gives all the information that you will need to design a well-distributed and high performance database. This book focuses on explaining core concepts with simple and easy-to-understand examples. I've also incorporated some code examples with this book. You can use these examples while working on your day-to-day tasks with Cassandra.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Getting Your Cassandra Cluster Ready, gives an introduction to Cassandra and helps you to set up your cluster. It also introduces you to the various configuration options available to set up your cluster, which can be referred to while fine tuning the cluster.
Chapter 2, An ArchitecturalOverview, helps you to understand the internal architecture of a Cassandra cluster. It details various strategies used by Cassandra to distribute data among various nodes in the cluster. It describes how Cassandra becomes highly available by employing various replication strategies. It also clarifies various replication and data distribution strategies.
Chapter 3, Creating Database and Schema, details the concepts used by Cassandra. We'll learn to use CQL (Cassandra Query Language), which is used by Cassandra clients to describe data models, to create our databases and tables. Also, we'll discuss various techniques provided by Cassandra that can be used based on our storage and data retrieval requirements.
Chapter 4, Read and Write – Behind the Scenes, has been written keeping in mind how the reader can understand core concepts of a system. We'll discuss the operations that Cassandra performs for every read and write query along with all the data structures and caches it uses. We'll also discuss what configuration options it provides to configure the trade-off between consistency and latency. In the later parts of this chapter, we'll see how we can trace a Cassandra read/write query to debug performance issues for our read/write queries.
Chapter 5, Writing Your Cassandra Client, provides some code samples to set up your cluster, learn the core concepts of Cassandra, and create your database and schema. Now comes the time to know how our application will connect to the Cassandra cluster and perform a read/write operation.
Chapter 6, Monitoring and Tuning a Cassandra Cluster, covers various tools that can be used to monitor your Cassandra cluster. After you set up your application and cluster, it is necessary to know how to monitor your Cassandra cluster in order to run it successfully consistently. We'll also discuss various tuning parameters that are used to fine-tune Cassandra with regards to our hardware or networking environments.
Chapter 7, Backup and Restore, talks about Cassandra being highly available with no single point of failure. Sometimes there could be a scenario when we would need to restore data from an old snapshot; for example; suppose some buggy client corrupted our data and we want to recover from last day's snapshot. For situations like this, Cassandra has an option to take a backup of data and use various restore techniques. You'll learn about these techniques in this chapter.
What you need for this book
In this book, we'll set up a Cassandra cluster. Cassandra server's latest code can be downloaded from http://cassandra.apache.org/download/. We refer to the Cassandra Server version more than or equal to 2.x in our examples; this version requires Java version more than or equal to 1.7 and Python version more than or equal to 2.6. Python is required to run the CQL client cqlsh provided by Cassandra. In later chapters, we use the Datastax Java driver as the Cassandra client; for example, the Cassandra Java driver by Datastax can be downloaded from https://github.com/datastax/java-driver. We will use the driver version 2.1.2 in our examples. Other than that, if you set up a cluster for your development environment, then your development machine should have at least 4 GB of RAM and at least a dual core CPU. While working with a Java client, we expect you to have a basic knowledge of Java. While working on a Cassandra client, use any IDE; for example, Eclipse (https://eclipse.org/), for building. I've provided dependencies according to the Maven (https://maven.apache.org/) and Gradle (https://gradle.org/) frameworks.
Who this book is for
This book is written keeping in mind developers at both beginner and intermediate level. It also includes topics on maintenance and fine tuning Cassandra also debugging your queries so that you can get the best out of it. This book is useful for all those who are working with huge datasets and since traditional relational databases are not able to satisfy their needs of high performance, availability and scalability, so they want to learn Cassandra. However, it's not required for them to be aware of traditional relational concepts. In fact, not knowing relational model at all might help in some cases because when you are designing your database, you won't be thinking about it from the traditional relational database perspective.
Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles, and an explanation of their meaning.
Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows: "Apache provides source as well as binary tarballs and Debian packages."
A block of code is set as follows:
Any command-line input or output is written as follows:
New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, in menus or dialog boxes for example, appear in the text like this: "OrderPreservingPartitioner is similar to above with same challenges and additional limitation that it assumes that keys are UTF8 strings".
Note
Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.
Tip
Tips and tricks appear like this.
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Downloading the example code
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Chapter 1. Getting Your Cassandra Cluster Ready
In this chapter, you'll learn how to set up and run our own Cassandra cluster. We'll look at the prerequisites that need to be considered before setting up a Cassandra cluster. We'll also see a Cassandra installation layout, so that we can easily locate different configuration files, tools, and utilities later on. We will discuss key configuration options that are required for cluster deployment. Then, we'll run our cluster and use Cassandra tools to verify our cluster status, some stats, and its version.
Installation
Apache provides source as well as binary tarballs and Debian packages. However, third-party vendors, such as Datastax, provide MSI installer, Linux RPM, Debian packages, and UNIX and Mac OS X binary in the form of community edition, which is a free packaged distribution of Apache Cassandra by Datastax. Here, we'll cover installation using binary tarball and source tarball packages.
Prerequisites
The following are the prerequisites for installing Cassandra:
Lets have a look at the following table
Port/Protocol
Configuration file
Configuration name
Firewall setting
Description
7000/tcp
cassandra.yaml
storage_port
Open among nodes in the cluster
It acts as an internode communication port in a Cassandra cluster.
7001/tcp
cassandra.yaml
ssl_storage_port
Open among nodes in the cluster
It is a SSL port for encrypted communication among cluster nodes.
9042/tcp
cassandra.yaml
native_transport_port
Between the Cassandra client and the cluster
Cassandra clients, for example cqlsh, or clients using the JAVA driver use this port to communicate with the Cassandra server.
9160/tcp
cassandra.yaml
rpc_port
The Thrift client and the Cassandra cluster
Thrift uses this port for client connections.
7199/tcp
cassandra-env.sh
JMX_PORT
Between the JMX console and the Cassandra cluster
It acts as an JMX console port for monitoring the Cassandra server.
Compiling Cassandra from source and installing
The following method of installation is less used. One of the
