Atmospheric Pressure Plasma for Surface Modification E-Book

Rory A. Wolf

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 382

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

This Book's focus and intent is to impart an understanding of the practical application of atmospheric plasma for the advancement of a wide range of current and emerging technologies. The primary key feature of this book is the introduction of over thirteen years of practical experimental evidence of successful surface modifications by atmospheric plasma methods. It offers a handbook-based approach for leveraging and optimizing atmospheric plasma technologies which are currently in commercial use. It also offers a complete treatment of both basic plasma physics and industrial plasma processing with the intention of becoming a primary reference for students and professionals. The reader will learn the mechanisms which control and operate atmospheric plasma technologies and how these technologies can be leveraged to develop in-line continuous processing of a wide variety of substrates. Readers will gain an understanding of specific surface modification effects by atmospheric plasmas, and how to best characterize those modifications to optimize surface cleaning and functionalization for adhesion promotion. The book also features a series of chapters written to address practical surface modification effects of atmospheric plasmas within specific application markets, and a commercially-focused assessment of those effects.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

Chapter 1: Plasma – The Fourth State of Matter

1.1 Fundamentals of Plasmas

1.2 Thermal vs. Nonthermal Plasmas

1.3 Mechanisms for Surfaces Reactions

Chapter 2: Plasmas for Surface Modification

2.1 Low-Pressure Plasmas

2.2 Microwave Systems

2.3 Physical Vapor Deposition Systems

2.4 Atmospheric Plasma Systems

2.5 Atmospheric Plasma Precursor Deposition Systems

Chapter 3: Atmospheric Plasma Surface Modification Effects

3.1 Surface Cleaning

3.2 Surface Etching

3.3 Surface Functionalization

3.4 Grafting and Surface Polymerization Effects

Chapter 4: Characterization Methods of Atmospheric Plasma Surface Modifications

4.1 Surface Characterization Techniques

4.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

4.3 Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry by Time-of-Flight (ToF-SIMS)

4.4 Atomic Force Microscopy

4.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy

4.6 Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM)

4.7 Visual Methodologies

Chapter 5: Atmospheric Plasma Modification of Roll-to-Roll Polymeric Surfaces

5.1 Material Classifications and Applications

5.2 Atmospheric Plasma Processing Surface Effects

5.3 Assessments of Surface Modification Effects

Chapter 6: Atmospheric Plasma Modification of Three-Dimensional Polymeric Surfaces

6.1 Material Classifications and Applications

6.2 Atmospheric Plasma Processing Surface Effects

6.3 Assessments of Surface Modification Effects

Chapter 7: Atmospheric Plasma Modification of Textile Surfaces

7.1 Material Classifications and Applications

7.2 Atmospheric Plasma Processing Surface Effects

7.3 Assessments of Surface Modification Effects

Chapter 8: Atmospheric Plasma Modification of Paper Surfaces

8.1 Material Classifications and Applications

8.2 Atmospheric Plasma Processing Surface Effects

8.3 Assessments of Surface Modification Effects

Chapter 9: Atmospheric Plasma Modification of Metal Surfaces

9.1 Material Classifications and Applications

9.2 Atmospheric Plasma Processing Surface Effects

9.3 Assessments of Surface Modification Effects

Chapter 10: Atmospheric Plasma Surface Antimicrobial Effects

10.1 Antimicrobial Surface Effects

10.2 Inactivation and Sterilization Methods – Medical

10.3 Inactivation and Sterilization Methods – Food

Chapter 11: Economic and Ecological Considerations

11.1 Operating Cost Comparison of Atmospheric Plasma Systems

11.2 Environmental/Sustainable Advantages

Chapter 12: Emerging and Future Atmospheric Plasma Applications

12.1 Solar and Other Alternative Energy Systems

12.2 Energy Storage Technologies

12.3 Aviation and Aerospace Applications

12.4 Electronic Device Fabrication

12.5 Air Purification Applications

12.6 Medical Engineering

Chapter 13: Economic and Environmental Assessment

13.1 Goal and Scope

13.2 Functional Units

13.3 System Boundaries

13.4 Data Documentation

13.5 Lifecycle Interpretation

References

Index

Atmospheric Pressure Plasma for Surface Modification

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Copyright © 2013 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey and Scrivener PublishingLLC, Salem, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-118-01623-7

I dedicate this book to my family, and particularly to my wife Julie who is my inspiration in everything I do and every choice I make.

I also dedicate the book to the team at Enercon Industries, without which this book would not have been possible.

Preface

This book is an outgrowth of practical commercial application work which I conducted with Enercon Industries Corporation and other industry partners for many years. During this time I have structured designs of experiment and performed laboratory trials to demonstrate the advantages of atmospheric pressure gas plasma discharges. The challenge in performing these activities and cajoling early adopters to comprehensively explore the full potential of these plasmas is the complexity of the process. The wealth of plasma phenomena discovered in so many diverse industrial and commercial fields makes it quite different from other atmospheric surface modification techniques such as corona discharge and gas flame. The physics and chemistries associated with the former are one-dimensional whereby the topographical and chemical binding effects are well known and, for the most part, predictable.

Although there are a number of books written which discuss cold plasmas, vacuum (low pressure) plasmas and their various applications, a book which addresses the practical application of atmospheric pressure plasmas for two-dimensional and three-dimensional surfaces appeared to be needed. This book will serve not only the industrial community but also university seniors and graduate students studying the physical sciences such as physics and chemistry and engineering sciences related to material, chemical, and electrical disciplines. I am making the assumption that the reader has base knowledge of physics and chemistry. In addition, this book is also written to serve as a foundational and advanced reference tool for the manufacturing process engineer responsible for enhancing surface performance characteristics with techniques related to plasma, but also for the person in need of more in-depth knowledge of the atmospheric plasma application field.

This book’s focus and intent is to impart an understanding of the practical application of atmospheric pressure plasmas for the advancements of a wide range of current and emerging technologies. Specifically, the reader will learn the mechanisms which control and operate atmospheric plasma technologies and how these technologies can be leveraged to develop in-line continuous processing of a wide variety of substrates. The primary key feature of this book will be the introduction of practical experimental evidence of successful surface modifications by atmospheric plasma methods. It will also offer a handbook-based approach for leveraging and optimizing atmospheric plasma technologies which are currently in commercial use. It also presents methods of generation, process diagnostics, and state-of-the-art applications for processing of a wide range of conductive and non-conductive materials. All of the chapters focus on cold atmospheric pressure plasmas relative to incumbent regimes. The principles of the various methods to create and sustain an atmospheric pressure plasma are presented, along with reactions that can possibly occur between these plasmas and a solid surface with which it is in contact. The different types and designs of plasma reactors are presented, as well as their features and benefits. A selection of applications of cold atmospheric pressure plasmas for processing specific industry segment surfaces is also profiled.

By writing the book, it is my hope that a new class of atmospheric plasma discoverers will emerge. Providing the theoretical framework of plasma physics as a basis for understanding the origins and principles of commercial designs was, to me, the most appropriate approach to progressing refinements and new developments in the field. The visual impression of an atmospheric pressure plasma discharges is only that of radiation from embedded atoms. Therefore, there was a need to document evidence of specific atmospheric plasma properties, such as density and temperature, to form the foundation for more effective surface modifications using these plasmas.

July 17, 2012Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin

Chapter 1

Plasma – The Fourth State of Matter

1.1 Fundamentals of Plasmas

The term “plasma” dates back to the year 1712 when it defined a form or shape (originally plasm in 1620), also originating from the Greek word “πλασμα” denoting something molded or created. Later, the renowned Czech physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkinje (1787-1869) introduced the term plasma to describe the clear fluid which remains after all the corpuscular material in blood is removed.

A physical plasma was first identified in a Crookes tube, described by Sir William Crookes in 1879 as “radiant matter.” The physical nature of the Crookes tube matter was ultimately identified by British physicist Sir J.J. Thomson in 1897 and termed plasma by American scientist Irving Langmuir in 1928 to describe an ionized gas which he found could be manipulated by a magnetic field. Langmuir, a researcher who focused on understanding electric discharges, was the first person to apply the term to describe this type of ionization process. G.L. Rogoff provided the following explanation of Langmuir’s original application of the term [1]:

“During the 1920s Irving Langmuir was studying various types of mercury-vapor discharges, and he noticed similarities in then-structure – near the boundaries as well as in the main body of the discharge. While the region immediately adjacent to a wall or electrode was already called a “sheath,” there was no name for the quasi-neutral stuff filling most of the discharge space. He decided to call it plasma.

“While his relating the term to blood plasma has been acknowledged by colleagues who worked with him at the General Electric Research Laboratory [2, 3], the basis for that connection is unclear. One version of the story has it that the similarity was in carrying particles, while another account speculated that it was in the Greek origin of the term, meaning “to mold,” since the glowing discharge usually molded itself to the shape of its container [4]. In any case, it appears that the first published use of the term was in Langmuir’s “Oscillations in Ionized Gases,” published in 1928 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [5].” Thereafter the term plasma was used to describe partially ionized gases. In addition to this contribution, Langmuir developed the theory of “plasma sheaths,” expressed as the boundary layers which form between ionized plasmas and solid surfaces. Langmuir also discovered that certain areas of a plasma discharge tube exhibited variations in electron density, known today as “Langmuir waves.” It is truly Langmuir’s research which has formed the basis of techniques used today for practical applications of plasmas, particularly the fabrication of integrated circuits.