ATTD 2011 Year Book E-Book

Moshe Phillip

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 509

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

The traditional agents for controlling the levels of glucose in the blood remain important therapies but they have their downside from the point of view of tolerability and side effects. Moreover, they appear not to be able to counter the natural history deterioration of the disease in terms of the onset of diabetic-related complications.

Recent years have seen an influx of new treatment therapies and technologies aimed at achieving better glycaemic control for diabetic patients such as liraglutide (Novo Nordisk) and saxagliptin (BMS/Astra-Zeneca) and insulin pumps, away from the more traditional therapies used (classic insulin therapy, oral hypoglycaemics).

This book outlines these new technologies/treatments by collating the best journal articles published in the last year, and providing expert analysis on each one.

Advanced Technologies and Treatment for Diabetes 3E brings together and critically analyses the last year’s most important articles published in the world’s leading medical journals on this topic. Chapters are focused on the most current hot topic areas such as: new methods of insulin delivery; internet and IT use in treatment of diabetes; bariatric surgery & diabetes; and immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes. 

 Each chapter includes abstracts of the published articles, scientific conclusions made, as well as annotations and a comments and analysis section from the relevant chapter editor, each of which being a well-known expert in the field.

All researchers in the fields of diabetes, endocrinology and metabolism will find this book extremely useful, as will diabetes technology developers, and specialist endocrinologists involved with the care of diabetic patients.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Editors

Associate Editors

Preface

CHAPTER 1: Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose

INTRODUCTION

Non-coding glucometers among paediatric patients with diabetes: looking for the target population and an accuracy evaluation of no-coding personal glucometer

Effect of ambient temperature on analytical performance of self-monitoring blood glucose systems

Association between self-monitoring of blood glucose and diet among minority patients with diabetes

Accuracy and precision evaluation of seven self-monitoring blood glucose systems

Self-monitoring of blood glucose: the use of the first or the second drop of blood

Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces A1C levels in poorly controlled, non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: results from the Structured Testing Program study

Estimates of total analytical error in consumer and hospital glucose meters contributed by haematocrit, maltose and ascorbate

Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes patients on oral antidiabetic agents

Using a cell-phone-based glucose monitoring system for adolescent diabetes management

Accuracy of handheld blood glucose meters at high altitude

Designing mobile support for glycaemic control in patients with diabetes

Immortal time bias and survival in patients who self-monitor blood glucose in the Retrolective Study: Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose and Outcome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (ROSSO)

Self-monitoring of blood glucose in tablet-treated type 2 diabetic patients (ZODIAC-I7)

The accuracy of home glucose meters in hypoglycaemia

CHAPTER 2: Continuous Glucose Monitoring in 2011

INTRODUCTION

Glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes during real-time continuous glucose monitoring compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials using individual patient data

Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes

Sensor-augmented pump therapy lowers HbA1c in suboptimally controlled type 1 diabetes; a randomised controlled trial

Sensor-augmented pump therapy from the diagnosis of childhood type 1 diabetes: results of the Paediatric Onset Study (ONSET) after 12 months of treatment

Continuous glucose monitoring in youth with type 1 diabetes: 12-month follow-up of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring randomised trial

Use of continuous glucose monitoring in subjects with type 1 diabetes on multiple daily injections versus continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy: a prospective 6-month study

Accuracy and reliability of a subcutaneous continuous glucose-monitoring system in critically ill patients

The effect of real-time continuous glucose monitoring on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Continuous glucose monitoring for evaluation of glycaemic excursions after gastric bypass

Evaluating the clinical accuracy of GlucoMen®Day: a novel microdialysis-based continuous glucose monitor

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 3: Insulin Pumps

INTRODUCTION

SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS

Cochrane review: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) versus multiple insulin injections for type 1 diabetes mellitus

IMPROVING MEALTIME GLYCAEMIC CONTROL DURING CSII

Pre-meal injection of rapid-acting insulin reduces postprandial glycaemic excursions in type 1 diabetes

Effects of meals with different glycaemic index on postprandial blood glucose responses in patients with type 1 diabetes treated by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

CSII IN HOSPITAL

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in inpatient setting: unmet needs and the proposal of a CSII unit

Outpatient to inpatient transition of insulin pump therapy: successes and continuing challenges

CSII AT THE ONSET OF CHILDHOOD DIABETES

Sensor-augmented pump therapy from the diagnosis of childhood type 1 diabetes: results from the Paediatric Onset Study (ONSET) after 12 months' treatment

Metabolic control in children with diabetes mellitus who are younger than 6 years at diagnosis: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion as a first-line treatment?

PUMP INSULIN

Insulin glulisine compared to insulin aspart and to insulin lispro administered by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial

CSII IN TYPE 2 DIABETES

Efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a survey on a cohort of 102 patients with prolonged follow-up

Associations between improved glucose control and patient-reported outcomes after initiation of insulin pump therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

CHAPTER 4: Closing the Loop

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW AND EDITORIAL PAPERS

Closed-loop insulin delivery: from bench to clinical practice

Semi-closed-loop insulin delivery systems: early experience with low-glucose insulin suspend pumps

CLINICAL STUDIES – UNI-HORMONE (INSULIN ONLY)

Multinational study of subcutaneous model predictive closed-loop control in type 1 diabetes mellitus: summary of the results

Overnight closed-loop insulin delivery (artificial pancreas) in adults with type 1 diabetes: crossover randomised controlled studies

Closed-loop insulin delivery during pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes

The effect of insulin feedback on closed-loop glucose control

Preliminary study on glucose control with an artificial pancreas in postoperative sepsis patients

CLINICAL STUDIES – DUAL-HORMONE (INSULIN–GLUCAGON SYSTEMS)

Novel use of glucagon in a closed-loop system for prevention of hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes

Efficacy determinants of subcutaneous microdose glucagon during closed-loop control

ADVANCES IN CLOSED-LOOP ALGORITHMS/CONTROL STRATEGIES

Zone model predictive control: a strategy to minimise hyperglycaemic and hypoglycaemic events

Hypoglycaemia prevention via pump attenuation and red-yellow-green ‘traffic’ lights using continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump data

Anticipating the next meal using meal behavioral profiles

Model predictive control with learning-type setpoint: application to artificial pancreatic β-cell

Development of a multi-parametric model predictive control algorithm for insulin delivery in type 1 diabetes mellitus using clinical parameters

SUMMARY

CHAPTER 5: New Insulins and Insulin Therapy

INTRODUCTION

NOVEL LONG-ACTING INSULIN ANALOGUES

Insulin degludec in type 1 diabetes. A randomised controlled trial of a new-generation ultra-long-acting insulin compared with insulin glargine

Insulin degludec, an ultra-long-acting basal insulin, once a day or three times a week versus insulin glargine once a day in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 16-week, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial

A new-generation ultra-long-acting basal insulin with a bolus boost compared with insulin glargine in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes

RAPID-ACTING INSULIN FORMULATIONS

Comparable efficacy and safety of insulin glulisine and insulin lispro when given as part of a basal-bolus insulin regimen in a 26-week trial in paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes

Reduction of postprandial glycaemic excursions in patients with type 1 diabetes: a novel human insulin formulation versus a rapid-acting insulin analogue and regular human insulin

Accelerated insulin pharmacokinetics and improved postprandial glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes after coadministration of prandial insulins with hyaluronidase

INSULIN THERAPY AND CANCER

Insulin therapy in diabetes and cancer risk: current understanding and implications for future study: Proceedings of a meeting of a European Insulin Safety Consensus Panel, convened and sponsored by Novo Nordisk, held Tuesday 5 October 2010 at the Radisson Edwardian Heathrow Hotel, Hayes, Middlesex, UK

CHAPTER 6: New Ways of Insulin Delivery

INTRODUCTION

INHALED INSULIN

ORAL INSULIN

A dose range finding study of novel oral insulin (IN-105) under fed conditions in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects

INSULIN PENS

Randomised trial on the influence of the length of two insulin pen needles on glycaemic control and patient preference in obese patients with diabetes

Performance of a new reusable insulin pen

Correct use of a new reusable insulin injection pen by patients with diabetes: a design validation study

Do different body colours and labels of insulin pens enhance a patient's ability to correctly identify pens for injecting long-acting versus short-acting insulins?

MISCELLANEOUS

A quantitative assessment of patient barriers to insulin

Survey of insulin site rotation in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus

CHAPTER 7: Using Health Information Technology to Prevent and Treat Diabetes

INTRODUCTION

Web-based depression treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients: a randomised, controlled trial

An online community improves adherence in an internet-mediated walking programme. Part 1: Results of a randomised controlled trial

Web-based interventions for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of recent evidence

Social cognitive determinants of nutrition and physical activity among web-health users enrolling in an online intervention: the influence of social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations and self-regulation

Virtual reality and interactive digital game technology: new tools to address obesity and diabetes

Integrative gaming: a framework for sustainable game-based diabetes management

Review of Veterans Health Administration telemedicine interventions

Improved glycaemic control without hypoglycaemia in elderly diabetic patients using the ubiquitous healthcare service, a new medical information system

Effect of mobile phone intervention for diabetes on glycaemic control: a meta-analysis

The Diabeo software enabling individualised insulin dose adjustments combined with telemedicine support improves HbA1c in poorly controlled type 1 diabetic patients: a 6-month, randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre trial (TeleDiab 1 Study)

Glycaemic control and health disparities in older ethnically diverse under-served adults with diabetes: five-year results from the Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine (IDEATel) study

Impact of electronic health record clinical decision support on diabetes care: a randomised trial

TeleHealth improves diabetes self-management in an under-served community: diabetes TeleCare

The Karlsburg Diabetes Management System: translation from research to e-health application

Effect of web-based lifestyle modification on weight control: a meta-analysis

SUMMARY AND COMMENTS

CHAPTER 8: Technology and Pregnancy

INTRODUCTION

Prediction of macrosomia at birth in type 1 and 2 diabetic pregnancies with biomarkers of early placentation

Gestational diabetes mellitus screening based on the gene chip technique

Closed-loop insulin delivery during pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes

Maternal overweight and pregnancy outcome in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus and different degrees of nephropathy

Association between 5 min Apgar scores and planned mode of delivery in diabetic pregnancies

Lactation and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a population-based study

First trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in pregnancies complicated by subsequent gestational diabetes

Relation of salivary antioxidant status and cytokine levels to clinical parameters of oral health in pregnant women with diabetes

Hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic pregnancy: role of preconception insulin aspart treatment in a randomised study

Early onset and high prevalence of gestational diabetes in PCOS and insulin resistant women before and after assisted reproduction

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 9: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Immune Intervention

INTRODUCTION

Long-term outcome of individuals treated with oral insulin: Diabetes Prevention Trial Type 1 (DPT-1) oral insulin trial

Evidence that nasal insulin induces immune tolerance to insulin in adults with autoimmune diabetes

Antigen-based therapy with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) vaccine in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised double-blind trial

Teplizumab for treatment of type 1 diabetes (Protégé Study): 1-year results from a randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Co-stimulation modulation with abatacept in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

No protective effect of calcitriol on beta-cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes: the IMDIAB XIII trial

Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity

Residual beta cell function in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes after treatment with atorvastatin: the randomised DIATOR trial

Phase I (safety) study of autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells in type 1 diabetic patients

Beta cell function during rapamycin monotherapy in long-term type 1 diabetes

OVERALL COMMENTARY

CHAPTER 10: Advances in Exercise, Physical Activity and Diabetes Mellitus

INTRODUCTION

Acute hypoxia and exercise improve insulin sensitivity (SI2*) in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Effect of an intensive exercise intervention strategy on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial. The Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study (IDES)

Exercise treadmill test in detecting asymptomatic coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Preventing exercise-induced hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring and a new carbohydrate intake algorithm: an observational field study

Metformin and exercise in type 2 diabetes: examining treatment modality interactions

Endurance athletes and type 1 diabetes

Resistance exercise and glycaemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Comparison of different heat modalities for treating delayed-onset muscle soreness in people with diabetes

The impact of resistance exercise training on the mental health of older Puerto Rican adults with type 2 diabetes

An innovative telemedical support system to measure physical activity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Short-term aerobic exercise reduces nitroglycerin-induced orthostatic intolerance in older adults with type 2 diabetes

Effects of an exercise program on balance and trunk proprioception in older adults with diabetic neuropathies

Exercise training improves physical fitness and vascular function in children with type 1 diabetes

CHAPTER 11: Diabetes Technology and Treatment in the Paediatric Age Group

INTRODUCTION

CONTINUOUS SUBCUTANEOUS INSULIN INFUSION THERAPY

The impact of baseline haemoglobin A1c levels prior to initiation of pump therapy on long-term metabolic control

Preventing post-exercise nocturnal hypoglycaemia in children with type 1 diabetes

CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING

Patients’ evaluation of nocturnal hypoglycaemia with GlucoDay continuous glucose monitoring in paediatric patients

Use of integrated real-time continuous glucose monitoring/insulin pump system in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a 3-year follow-up study

Factors predictive of severe hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes

Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes

Sensor-augmented pump therapy from the diagnosis of childhood type 1 diabetes: results of the Paediatric Onset Study (ONSET) after 12 months of treatment

Improving epinephrine responses in hypoglycaemia unawareness with real-time continuous glucose monitoring in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Continuous glucose monitoring in newborn babies at risk of hypoglycaemia

NEW THERAPIES IN TYPE 1 DIABETES

Mixing insulin aspart with detemir does not affect glucose excursion in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

IMMUNE INTERVENTION FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES

Age of islet autoantibody appearance and mean levels of insulin, but not GAD or IA-2 autoantibodies, predict age of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young

Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity

CHAPTER 12: Diabetes Technology and the Human Factor

INTRODUCTION

Poor adherence to integral daily tasks limits the efficacy of CSII in youth

Reasons for missed mealtime insulin boluses from the perspective of adolescents using insulin pumps: ‘lost focus’

Satisfaction with continuous glucose monitoring in adults and youths with type 1 diabetes

Quality-of-life measures in children and adults with type 1 diabetes: Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Randomised Trial

Sensor augmented pump therapy lowers HbA1c in suboptimal controlled type 1 diabetes; a randomised controlled trial

Use of continuous glucose monitoring in young children with type 1 diabetes: implications for behavioural research

Survey of insulin site rotation in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Fear of hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes managed by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: is it associated with poor glycaemic control?

Sustained efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type 1 diabetes subjects with recurrent non-severe and severe hypoglycaemia and hypoglycaemia unawareness: a pilot study

Role of parenting style in achieving metabolicsx control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Adherence challenges in the management of type 1 diabetes in adolescents: prevention and intervention

CHAPTER 13: New Medications for the Treatment of Diabetes

INTRODUCTION

The future of basal insulin supplementation

Insulin degludec, an ultra-long-acting basal insulin, once a day or three times a week versus insulin glargine once a day in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 16-week, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial

Insulin degludec in type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial of a new-generation ultra-long-acting insulin compared with insulin glargine

A new-generation ultra-long-acting basal insulin with a bolus boost compared with insulin glargine in insulin-naive people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, controlled trial

Effect of sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin on bioavailability of insulin glargine and blood glucose level after subcutaneous injection to rats

Prandial inhaled insulin plus basal insulin glargine versus twice daily biaspart insulin for type 2 diabetes: a multicentre randomised trial

Accelerated insulin pharmacokinetics and improved postprandial glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes after co-administration of prandial insulins with hyaluronidase

Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a randomised trial

DURATION-2: efficacy and safety of switching from maximum daily sitagliptin or pioglitazone to once-weekly exenatide

Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

A novel approach to control hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: sodium glucose cotransport (SGLT) inhibitors. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials

Piragliatin, a novel glucokinase activator, lowers plasma glucose both in the post-absorptive state and after a glucose challenge in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a mechanistic study

Liraglutide as additional treatment for type 1 diabetes

Effect of sitagliptin on glucose control in adult patients with type 1 diabetes: a pilot, double-blind, randomised, crossover trial

Low-dose combination therapy with rosiglitazone and metformin to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus (CANOE trial): a double-blind randomised controlled study

Pioglitazone for diabetes prevention in impaired glucose tolerance

Long-term effect of rosiglitazone and/or ramipril on the incidence of diabetes

OVERALL COMMENTARY

Index

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List of Contributors

Editors

Moshe Phillip

Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes National Center for Childhood Diabetes Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Petah Tikva Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv Israel

Tadej Battelino

Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism University Medical Center University Children's Hospital Ljubljana Slovenia

Associate Editors

Eran Atlas

Diabetes Technologies Center Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes National Center for Childhood Diabetes Petah Tikva Israel

Cameron Barr

University of California at Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA USA and Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Santa Barbara, CA USA

Jennifer K. Beckerman

Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Santa Barbara, CA USA

Bruce W. Bode

Atlanta Diabetes Associates Atlanta, GA USA

Jan Bolinder

Department of Medicine Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Bruce Buckingham

Stanford University Medical Center Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Stanford, CA USA

H. Peter Chase

Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes University of Colorado Denver, CO USA

Thomas Danne

Diabetes-Zentrum für Kinder and Jugendliche Kinderkrankenhaus auf der Bult Hannover Germany

Eyal Dassau

University of California at Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA USA and Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Santa Barbara, CA USA

Satish K. Garg

Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Aurora, CO USA

Lutz Heinemann

Science & Co Düsseldorf, Germany

Irl B. Hirsch

University of Washington Medical Center Seattle, WA USA

Moshe Hod

Perinatal Division Helen Schneider Hospital for Women Rabin Medical Center Petah Tikva Israel

Lois Jovanovic

Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Santa Barbara, CA USA

Neal Kaufman

UCLA Schools of Medicine and Public Health Los Angeles, CA USA

Kelsey Krigstein

Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Santa Barbara, CA USA

Alon Liberman

Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes National Center for Childhood Diabetes Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Petah Tikva Israel

Christian Lowe

University of California at Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA USA and Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Santa Barbara, CA USA

John C. Pickup

King's College London School of Medicine Guy's Hospital, London UK

Michael C. Riddell

School of Kinesiology and Health Science York University Toronto, ON Canada

Shlomit Shalitin

Jesse Z. and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes National Center for Childhood Diabetes Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Petah Tikva Israel

Nicole A. Sitkin

Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Santa Barbara, CA USA

Jay S. Skyler

Division of Endocrinology Diabetes, and Metabolism, and Diabetes Research Institute University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL USA

Mark Sueyoshi

Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Santa Barbara, CA USA

Andrei Szigiato

School of Kinesiology and Health Science York University Toronto, ON Canada

Howard Zisser

Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Santa Barbara, CA USA and University of California at Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA USA

Preface

This is the third ATTD Yearbook and by now we already know that the book makes its way to the hands of many clinicians, diabetes educators and researchers in academic institutes and to the members of the diabetes industry as well as many others interested in changing the life of people with diabetes all over the world. The availability of the book on the ATTD webpage and in PubMed facilitates access to anybody in the world interested in new technologies and therapies in diabetes. Also this year, the book consists of short summaries of selected papers published in peer-reviewed journals, between July 2010 and June 2011, with comments from the associate editors and editors bringing their expert insight to the reader.

The improvement in quality of life and life expectancy of people with diabetes increasingly depends on the success of innovative people in academia and industry to develop new technologies. This accomplishment is in turn crucially related to the interaction between different disciplines of research collaborating in the endeavour to solve the challenges diabetes presents to patients, caregivers, researchers and the industry. Professional interactive relationships between academia and industry will facilitate progress in the field and will lead not only to great innovations but also to their availability for routine clinical care.

We hope that the ATTD meeting and the present ATTD Yearbook will help to raise the attention and facilitate the communication of all interested parties in the field of diabetes for the ultimate benefit of our patients.

Moshe PhillipTadej Battelino

CHAPTER 1

Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose

Satish K. Garg1 and Irl B. Hirsch2

1University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA

2University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes prevalence is increasing globally especially in the Asian subcontinent. It is expected that by the year 2030 there may be close to 400 million people with diabetes. All of the research in the past 25 years has clearly documented the effectiveness of improving glucose control in reducing long-term complications of diabetes, both microvascular and macrovascular. The improvement in glucose control usually requires continuous intensive diabetes management, particularly in insulin-requiring patients, which include home self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Despite the convincing evidence, the role of SMBG in diabetes management is still being debated even though its availability in the past 35 years has revolutionised diabetes care, especially at home.