Audel HVAC Fundamentals, Volume 3 E-Book

James E. Brumbaugh

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Serie: Audel Technical Trades Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 625

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Keep it cool or heat things up This third volume of Audel's HVAC Library gives you a comprehensive, hands-on guide to installing, servicing, and repairing all basic air-conditioning systems in both new and older construction. You'll also find complete coverage of specialized heating units-radiators, radiant heating systems, stoves, fireplaces, heat pumps, and indoor/outdoor pool heaters, plus fans, exhaust systems, air filters, and more. It's what you need to complete your HVAC reference library. * Make accurate calculations for AC system output * Tailor AC systems for older construction * Learn to install and service today's popular electronic air cleaners and filters * Service less common heating systems such as coal-fired furnaces * Install, maintain, and repair humidifiers and dehumidifers * Handle radiators, convectors, and baseboard heating units

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Introduction

About the Author

Chapter 1 - Radiant Heating

Types of Radiant Panel Heating Systems

Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating

Electric Radiant Floor Heating

Cooling for Hydronic Radiant Floor Systems

Chapter 2 - Radiators, Convectors, and Unit Heaters

Radiators

Convectors

Steam and Hot-Water Baseboard Heaters

Electric Baseboard Heaters

Kickspace Heaters

Floor and Window Recessed Heaters

Unit Heaters

Chapter 3 - Fireplaces, Stoves, and Chimneys

Fireplaces

Modified Fireplaces

Freestanding Fireplaces

Rumford Fireplace

Chimney Draft

Chimney Construction Details

Chimney Flues and Chimney Liners

Smoke Pipe

Cleanout Trap

Chimney Downdraft

Prefabricated Metal Chimneys

Troubleshooting Fireplaces and Chimneys

Stoves, Ranges, and Heaters

Installation Instructions

Operating Instructions

Chapter 4 - Water Heaters

Types of Water Heaters

Water Heater Construction Details

Gas-Fired Water Heaters

Storage Capacity

Automatic Controls on Gas-Fired Water Heaters

Combination Gas Valve

Installation and Operation of Gas-Fired Water Heaters

Hot-Water Circulating Methods

Building and Safety Code Requirements

Lighting and Operating Instructions

Installation and Maintenance Checklist

Troubleshooting Gas-Fired Water Heaters

Oil-Fired Water Heaters

Electric Water Heaters

Troubleshooting Electric Water Heaters

Manual Water Heaters

Solar Water Heaters

Chapter 5 - Heating Swimming Pools

Classifying Pool Heaters

Gas-Fired Pool Heaters

Oil-Fired Pool Heaters

Electric Pool Heaters

Heat-Exchanger Pool Heaters

Solar Pool Heaters

Heat Pump Pool Heaters

Sizing Pool Heaters

Sizing Indoor Pool Heaters

Installing Pool Heaters

Pool Heater Repair and Maintenance

Troubleshooting Pool Heaters and Equipment

Chapter 6 - Ventilation Principles

The Motive Force

Inductive Action of the Wind

Induced Draft

Combined Force of Wind Effect and Thermal Effect

Mechanical Ventilation

Air Ventilation Requirements

Roof Ventilators

Types of Roof Ventilators

Components of a Roof Ventilator

Motive Force to Cause Air Circulation

Capacity of Ventilators

Design and Placement of Inlet Air Openings

Fresh Air Requirements

Ventilator Bases

Angle Rings

Stiffener Angles

Prefabricated Roof Curbs

Ventilator Dampers

Method of Calculating Number and Size of Ventilators Required

Ventilator Calculation Examples

Air Leakage

Garage Ventilation

Ventilation of Kitchens

General Ventilation Rules

Chapter 7 - Ventilation and Exhaust Fans

Codes and Standards

Definitions

Types of Fans

Furnace Blowers

Basic Fan Laws

Series and Parallel Fan Operation

Fan Performance Curves

General Ventilation

Determining Air Intake

Screen Efficiency

Static Pressure

Local Ventilation

Exhaust-Hood Design Recommendations

Fan Motors

Troubleshooting Fans

Fan Selection

Fan Installation

Fan Installation Checklist

Air Volume Control

Noise Control

Fan Applications

Attic Ventilating Fans

Exhaust Fans

Whole-House Ventilation

Chapter 8 - Air-Conditioning

Properties of Air

Compression and Cooling

Measuring the Physical Properties of Air

Cleaning and Filtering the Air

Standards of Comfort

The Comfort Chart

Cooling Load Estimate Form

Indoor-Outdoor Design Conditions

Ventilation Requirements

Cooling a Structure

Calculating Infiltration and Ventilation Heat Gain

Rule-of-Thumb Methods for Sizing Air Conditioners

HVAC Contractor’s Cooling Load Estimate

Using the ACCA Design Manuals for Sizing Air-Conditioning Systems

Central Air-Conditioning

Room Air Conditioners

Chapter 9 - Air-Conditioning Equipment

Mechanical Refrigeration Equipment

Compressors

Troubleshooting Compressors

Compressor Replacement

Electric Motors

Troubleshooting Electrical Motors

Gas Engines

Electrical Components

Troubleshooting Electrical Components

Condenser

Receiver

Evaporator

Refrigerants

Liquid Refrigerant Control Devices

Automatic Expansion Valves

Thermostatic Expansion Valves

Float Valves

Capillary Tubes

Refrigerant Piping

Filters and Dryers

Pressure-Limiting Controls

Water-Regulating Valves

Automatic Controls

System Troubleshooting

General Servicing and Maintenance

Chapter 10 - Heat Pumps

Heat Pump Operating Principles

Types of Heat Pumps

Other Types of Heat Pumps

Heat Pump Performance and Efficiency Ratings

Heat Pump System Components

Sizing Heat Pumps

Heat Pump Installation Recommendations

Heat Pump Operating Instructions

Heat Pump Service and Maintenance

Troubleshooting Heat Pumps

Troubleshooting Heat Pump Compressors

Chapter 11 - Humidifiers and Dehumidifiers

Humidifiers

Automatic Controls

Installation Instructions

Service and Maintenance Suggestions

Troubleshooting Humidifiers

Dehumidifiers

Absorption Dehumidifiers

Spray Dehumidifiers

Refrigeration Dehumidifiers

Troubleshooting Dehumidifiers

Chapter 12 - Air Cleaners and Filters

Electronic Air Cleaners

Automatic Controls

Clogged-Filter Indicator

Performance Lights

Sail Switch

In-Place Water-Wash Controls

Cabinet-Model Control Panels

Installation Instructions

Electrical Wiring

Maintenance Instructions

Replacing Tungsten Ionizing Wires

Troubleshooting Electronic Air Cleaners

Air Washers

Air Filters

Dry Air Filters

Viscous Air Filters

Filter Installation and Maintenance

Appendix A - Professional and Trade Associations

Appendix B - Manufacturers

Appendix C - HVAC/R Education,Training, Certification, and Licensing

Appendix D - Data Tables

Appendix E - Psychrometric Charts

Index

Vice President and Executive Group Publisher: Richard Swadley Vice President and Executive Publisher: Robert Ipsen Vice President and Publisher: Joseph B. Wikert Executive Editor: Carol A. Long Acquisitions Editor: Katie Feltman, Katie Mohr Editorial Manager: Kathryn A. Malm Development Editor: Kenyon Brown Production Editor: Vincent Kunkemueller Text Design & Composition: TechBooks

Copyright © 2004 by Wiley Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Control Number:

ISBN: 0-7645-4208-7

For Laura, my friend, my daughter.

Introduction

The purpose of this series is to provide the layman with an introduction to the fundamentals of installing, servicing, troubleshooting, and repairing the various types of equipment used in residential and light-commercial heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Consequently, it was written not only for the HVAC technician and others with the required experience and skills to do this type of work but also for the homeowner interested in maintaining an efficient and trouble-free HVAC system. A special effort was made to remain consistent with the terminology, definitions, and practices of the various professional and trade associations involved in the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning fields.

Volume 1 begins with a description of the principles of thermal dynamics and ventilation, and proceeds from there to a general description of the various heating systems used in residences and light-commercial structures. Volume 2 contains descriptions of the working principles of various types of equipment and other components used in these systems. Following a similar format, Volume 3 includes detailed instructions for installing, servicing, and repairing these different types of equipment and components.

The author wishes to acknowledge the cooperation of the many organizations and manufacturers for their assistance in supplying valuable data in the preparation of this series. Every effort was made to give appropriate credit and courtesy lines for materials and illustrations used in each volume.

Special thanks is due to Greg Gyorda and Paul Blanchard (Watts Industries, Inc.), Christi Drum (Lennox Industries, Inc.), Dave Cheswald and Keith Nelson (Yukon/Eagle), Bob Rathke (ITT Bell & Gossett), John Spuller (ITT Hoffman Specialty), Matt Kleszezynski (Hydrotherm), and Stephanie DePugh (Thermo Pride).

Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank Katie Feltman, Kathryn Malm, Carol Long, Ken Brown, and Vincent Kunkemueller, my editors at John Wiley & Sons, whose constant support and encouragement made this project possible.

James E. Brumbaugh

About the Author

James E. Brumbaugh is a technical writer with many years of experience working in the HVAC and building construction industries. He is the author of the Welders Guide, The Complete Roofing Guide, and The Complete Siding Guide.

Chapter 1

Radiant Heating

Heat is lost from the human body through radiation, convection, and evaporation. Radiation heat loss represents the transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves. The convection loss is the heat carried away by the passage of air over the skin and clothing. The evaporation loss is the heat used up in converting moisture on the surface of the skin into vapor.

Heat transfer, whether by convection or radiation, follows the same physical laws in the radiant heating system as in any other; that is, heat flows from the warmer to the cooler exposure at a rate directly proportional to the existing temperature difference.

The natural tendency of warmed air to rise makes it apparent that this induced air current movement is greater at the cooler floor and exterior walls of the average heated enclosure than at its ceiling. It is through absorption by these air currents that the radiant panel releases the convection component of its heat transfer into the room air.

The average body heat loss is approximately 400 Btu per hour; total radiation and convection account for approximately 300 to 320 Btu of it. Because this is obviously the major portion, the problem of providing comfort is principally concerned with establishing the proper balance between radiation and convection losses.

It is important to understand that bodily comfort is obtained in radiant heating by maintaining a proper balance between radiation and convection. Thus, if the air becomes cooler and accordingly the amount of heat given off from the body by convection increases, then the body can still adjust itself to a sense of comfort if the heat given off from the body by radiation is decreased. The amount given off from the body by radiation can be decreased by raising the temperature of the surrounding surfaces, such as the walls, floor, and ceiling. For comfort, the body demands that if the amount of heat given off by convection increases, the heat given off by radiation must decrease, and vice versa.

The principles involved in radiant heating exist in such commonplace sources of heat as the open fireplace, outdoor campfires, electric spot heaters, and similar devices. In each of these examples, no attempt is made to heat the air or enclosing surfaces surrounding the individual. In fact, the temperature of the air and surrounding surfaces may be very low, but the radiant heat from the fireplace or campfire will still produce a sensation of comfort (or even discomfort from excess heat) to those persons within range. This situation can occur even though a conventional thermometer may indicate a temperature well below freezing. Radiant heat rays do not perceptibly heat the atmosphere through which they pass. They move from warm to colder surfaces where a portion of their heat is absorbed.

This chapter is primarily concerned with a description of radiant panel heating, which can be defined as a form of radiant heating in which large surfaces are used to radiate heat at relatively low temperatures. The principal emphasis will be on hydronic and electric radiant floor heating.

Types of Radiant Panel Heating Systems

Radiant panel heating systems use water-filled tubing or electric heating mats or rolls installed in the floors, walls, and ceilings to distribute the heat. Radiant floor heating is by far the most popular installation method in residential and light-commercial construction.

Note

The word panel is used to indicate a complete system of tubing loops in a single room or space in a structure. It may also be used to indicate a premanufactured radiant floor heating panel.

Floor Panel Systems

Floor panels are usually easier to install than either ceiling or wall panels. Using floor panels is the most effective method of eliminating cold floors in slab construction. Another advantage of heating with floor panels is that much of the radiated heat is delivered to the lower portions of the walls. The principal disadvantage of using floor panels is that furniture and other objects block portions of the heat emission.

Floor panels are recommended for living or working areas constructed directly on the ground, particularly one-story structures. Partial ceiling or wall treatment may be used as a supplement wherever large glass or door exposures are encountered. A typical floor installation is shown in Figure 1-1.

Ceiling Panel Systems

The advantage of a ceiling panel is that its heat emissions are not affected by drapes or furniture. As a result, the entire ceiling area can be used as a heating panel. Ceiling panels are recommended for rooms or space with 7-foot ceilings or higher. A ceiling panel should never be installed in a room with a low ceiling (under 7 feet) because it may produce an undesirable heating effect on the head.

Figure 1-1 Diagram of a typical radiant floor heating installation.

In multiple-story construction, the use of ceiling panels appears to be more desirable from both the standpoint of physical comfort and overall economy. The designed utilization of the upward heat transmission from ceiling panels to the floor of the area immediately above will generally produce moderately tempered floors. Supplementing this with automatically controlled ceiling panels will result in a very efficient radiant heating system. Except directly below roofs or other unheated areas, this design eliminates the need for the intermediate floor insulation sometimes used to restrict the heat transfer from a ceiling panel exclusively to the area immediately below. It must be remembered, however, that when intermediate floor insulations are omitted, the space above a heated ceiling will not be entirely independent with respect to temperature control but will necessarily be influenced by the conditions in the space below. A typical ceiling installation is shown in .