Biochips and Medical Imaging E-Book

Adam de la Zerda

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 627

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Advanced, recent developments in biochips and medical imaging

Biochips and Medical Imaging is designed as a professional resource, covering recent biochip and medical imaging developments. Within the text, the authors encourage uniting aspects of engineering, biology, and medicine to facilitate advancements in the field of molecular diagnostics and imaging.

Biochips are microchips for efficiently screening biological analytes. This book aims at presenting information on the state-of-the-art and emerging biosensors, biochips, and imaging devices of the body's systems, including the endocrine, circulatory, and immune systems.

Medical diagnostics includes biochips (in-vitro diagnostics) and medical and molecular imaging (in-vivo imaging). Biochips and Medical Imaging explores the role of in-vitro and in-vivo diagnostics. It enables an instructor to share in-depth examples of the use of biochips in diagnosing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. 

• Provides real-life knowledge on biochips and medical imaging, written by leading researchers
• Serves as a resource for professionals working in the biochip or imaging fields
• Features an accessible approach for anyone interested in biochips and their applications

Readers of Biochips and Medical Imaging can expand their knowledge of medical technology, even if they have no biological knowledge and a limited math background. With its focus on important developments, this book is sure to also capture the interest of bioengineering and biomaterials scientists, structural biologists, electrical engineers, and nanotechnologists.

Leseprobe

Biochips and Medical Imaging

Adam de la Zerda and Shan Xiang Wang

Stanford University, CA

USA

This edition first published 2022© 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Adam de la Zerda and Shan Xiang Wang to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: De la Zerda, Adam, author. | Wang, Shan X., author.Title: Biochips and medical imaging / Adam de la Zerda, Shan Xiang Wang, Stanford University, California, United States.Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2021003996 (print) | LCCN 2021003997 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118910504 (hardback) | ISBN 9781118910634 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781118910481 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Biochips. | Diagnostic imaging.Classification: LCC R857.B5 D4 2021 (print) | LCC R857.B5 (ebook) | DDC 616.07/54–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021003996LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021003997

Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © luchschen/Getty Images

In Loving Memory of Professor Sanjiv Sam Gambhir, MD, PhD 23 November 1962–18 July 2020

Image Courtesy of Drs. Sandip Biswal and Edward Graves, First Appeared inhttps://web.stanford.edu/group/radweb/cgi-bin/ssg/

Foreword

Dr. Sanjiv Sam Gambhir was a pioneer in the field of molecular imaging and early cancer detection and an outstanding mentor and advisor to hundreds. His legacy lives on with the mark he made in precision medicine and molecular imaging, his hundreds of manuscripts and many patents, and in those who benefited from his passion, dedication, and hard work as his mentees. As one of his mentees (PhD 2000–2004), I continue to be influenced by his approach to science in my own work at the forefront of developing iPSC biology as a platform for improving cardiovascular health.

Sam’s dedication to the field, ability to bring together different scientific disciplines, and emphasis on collaboration among departments and schools paved the way to innovative and decisive advancements. We remember him for his impact in the field as the “Father of Molecular Imaging.”

Sam was known for his revolutionary work in developing positron emission tomography (PET) reporter genes to enable early cancer detection and disease characterization. In this way, he hoped we would one day achieve precisely tailored cancer treatments. He also developed microbubbles for cancer detection and was a visionary who revolutionized the field of immunodiagnostics. His work always pointed toward precision medicine as the ultimate goal post, with a push toward early disease (cancer) detection beyond the conventional focus on late‐stage disease. Beyond trailblazing the fields of molecular imaging, Sam’s work also led to a paradigm shift in how to consider disease research and treatment by redirecting our focus toward early cancer detection that may save the lives of millions in the years to come with our growing ability to tailor optimal treatment for individual patients.

Sam’s dedication to his work was infectious. He convinced us that early detection of disease like cancer was the best approach, and inspired us to strive for making that a scientific and clinical possibility. The hundreds of trainees, mentees, and collaborators across disciplines and institutions are carrying on his vision to create a world in which cancer can be detected before any classic symptoms or deterioration in health manifest themselves, at a time when intervention and treatment will prove to be the most crucial not only in timing but also in outcome. Not only will far fewer patients die, but many fewer patients and families will suffer long‐term health and other consequences because they are treated in time, thanks to Sam’s vision.

This book allows you, the student, to learn about a different discipline. It will provide you with knowledge and new ways of thinking that will inform and improve your own work. It is intended to lead you to innovate new ideas on your own. We hope that you will help carry on the tradition of interdisciplinary, big picture thinking that Dr. Sanjiv Sam Gambhir was known for and has continued to inspire in us.

Sincerely,Joseph C. Wu, MD, PhDDirector, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute

Simon H. Stertzer, MD Professor of Medicine & Radiology

Preface

This textbook covers state‐of‐the‐art biosensors, biochips, and imaging modalities that are either extensively practiced as standard care or widely disseminated in scientific literature. These subjects will be studied systematically and holistically in the context of human biology and physiology, biomarkers, disease diagnostics, and disease management. The students and other readers will gain comprehensive and foundational knowledge in the broad areas of bio‐diagnostics and medical imaging.

The book is organized into three sections by and large. It begins with a biology section consisting of five chapters: cell biology, biological lab techniques, human physiology (the nervous system, the circulatory system, the endocrine system, the lymphatic system, and the immune system), cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. These topics are particularly useful to the students who are less familiar with biology and physiology but want to delve into biochips and medical imaging as part of their majors or research interests. The contents on the lymphatic system and the immune system are conducive to studying infectious diseases. The biology section serves as a compelling steppingstone for the readers to explore the biochip and medical imaging sections in great depth and convenience.

The biochip section consists of seven chapters and covers a wide spectrum of bioassays with analytes ranging from nucleic acids (e.g. DNA and RNA), proteins (e.g. antigens and antibodies), to cells. Many of these assays manifest in the form of biosensors and biochips. The three chapters on DNA chips and sequencing, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and FET‐based biochips, and protein assays and chips, respectively, form the “bread and butter” of the modern‐day methods and tool sets in biotechnology and diagnostics industries. The next three chapters on label‐free affinity‐based biosensors, magneto‐nanosensor biochips, and microfluidic chips for capturing circulating tumor cells (CTCs), respectively, represent quintessential examples of emerging biochip development, which eventually lead to nascent and/or burgeoning products. The section culminates with a chapter on molecular diagnostics where the fundamental concepts of diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, receiver operating characteristics (ROC), among others, are presented. These are essential to the practice of clinical diagnostics, medical imaging, and disease treatment.

The medical imaging section consists of six chapters, focusing on both conventional in vivo medical imaging and molecular imaging modalities. The two chapters on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radionuclide imaging expand on some of the most widely used imaging modalities in today’s hospitals. The next two chapters, fluorescence and Raman imaging and optical coherence tomography, belong to the domain of optical imaging. These optical imaging modalities have gained increased prominence and wider applications over recent years. The next chapter covers photoacoustic imaging that marries optics with acoustics. This imaging mechanism can be traced back to A. G. Bell’s 1880 patent on photophone, although its commercialization is still in its infancy. The last chapter on imaging controls and concepts put the imaging section altogether by espousing the indispensable control experiments when formulating biological hypothesis and study design in any medical imaging modality. Such considerations are even more critical in multimodality imaging. The considerations of signal to noise ratio, sensitivity, and specificity are critical to medical imaging, with interesting parallels in molecular diagnostics of the biochip section.

Importantly, each chapter of this textbook ends with relevant problems for practicing or examination, which the instructors and teaching assistants at Stanford have composed for their own classes. They should be quite helpful and illustrative to the instructors and students at other institutions.

Each section in the biochips and imaging portions of the book emphasizes the physical basis of the technology as well as its medical applications in real world. No prerequisites are required for most readers. Of course, basic knowledge of electromagnetism, optics, chemistry, thermodynamics, or human biology will be complementary.

The textbook is written primarily for the graduate students fulfilling their breadth/depth requirements in Physical Science and Technology; the upper‐level undergraduate students in Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, Materials Science, Applied Physics, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Premed Majors, etc.; and anyone with an interest in diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. The book will also be useful to scientists and engineers in the industry who desire to review or learn more about medical diagnostic technologies.

Although great efforts have been made to write and edit the book, there are inevitably some errors, typos, and even misconceptions undetected by the authors and editors. If you notice any shortcomings, or simply have a comment, please contact the authors at [email protected] and [email protected], who will be very grateful.

This book is suitable as a textbook for a one‐semester or one‐quarter course on biochips and medical imaging, together or separately. It has worked quite well at Stanford. Obviously, an instructor may choose to use some chapters and add their own supplemental materials. The authors do have solutions to the problem sets that can be shared on an informal basis.

COVID‐19 pandemic is still looming large as we are putting the finishing touches to this book. It has challenged all of us in numerous ways and taught us many valuable lessons. One takeaway message is that “chance favors the prepared mind.” We sincerely hope that this book will also facilitate interested readers to appreciate an explosive body of literature on the diagnostics of COVID‐19 (e.g. Weissleder et al., Science Translational Medicine 12, eabc1931, 2020; Ravi et al., Biosensors and Bioelectronics 165, 112454, 2020) and the world will be better prepared for the next pandemic.

Adam de la Zerda, PhDAssociate Professor of Structural Biology, and by courtesy, Electrical Engineering

Shan Xiang Wang, PhDLeland T. Edwards Professor in the School of EngineeringProfessor of Materials Science and Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and by courtesy, Radiology

Acknowledgments

The writing of this book is a substantial endeavor, which would not have been possible without the help and support of many individuals. We wish to thank Nuvia Pacheco and Lily Friebel at Stanford University, who have ably and tirelessly gathered all the copyright permissions for the numerous figures and illustrations contained in this textbook. Identifying and chasing down the leads to some dormant copyright owners to obtain use consents seemed like the mission impossible, but they were able to persist and persevere. They also fielded long lists of inquiries from the publisher and kept the authors organized. We also wish to thank Dr. Gennifer (Genna) Smith, who proofread most chapters, located many alternative figures, or recreated a large number of figures when necessary. “A picture is worth a thousand words” – the numerous and polished figures and illustrations throughout this book have made it more pleasing to the eyes and more straightforward to teach and learn. Of course, the original creators of these figures and illustrations are gratefully acknowledged, and their copyrights are credited individually where they appear in the book.

The chapters in this book evolved from the lecture notes and problem sets developed for a graduate course on biochips and medical imaging at Stanford University, California. We are deeply grateful to the significant contributions from our teaching assistants, particularly Dawson Wong, Umit Yoruk, Gennifer (Genna) Smith, Elliott SoRelle, Adi Gani, Edwin Yuan, Sarah Divel, Jung‐Rok Lee, and Bryce Yao, among others. Each chapter is generally self‐contained and allows the readers to follow its content without undue interruptions. Some technical papers (and web pages) are listed at the end of each chapter, which are cited for relatively specialized topics and should be studied optionally. We try to be fair in citing the right papers for original contributions, but sometimes we cite references just for convenience and easy access to students.

The authors are indebted to Stanford University that has provided an atmosphere conducive to productive work and scholarship. In particular, the late Professor Sanjiv Sam Gambhir, MD, PhD, was the doctorate advisor and mentor to Adam de la Zerda, and he was a pivotal collaborator to Shan Wang for over 15 years including the vital and successive leaderships of the Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence Focused on Therapy Responses (CCNE‐TR), the Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence and Translation (CCNE‐T), and the Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence for Translational Diagnostics (CCNE‐TD). Both authors have benefited tremendously from Sam’s extraordinary vision, insights, energy, network, and working style and are forever grateful for everything he stood for. We thank Professor Joseph C. Wu, MD, PhD, for his support over many years and for providing a very moving foreword as a tribute to Sam. We are also grateful to our research group members and alumni who have contributed significantly to our scholarship over the years, some of which are reflected in this book.

Both authors wish to thank Daniela Bez and Devi Ignasi from Wiley for their professionalism and assistance during the production of this book and for pushing us past the finish line.

Last but not the least, we wish to thank our spouses and families for their inspiration and unwavering support through the ups and downs in our academic careers. It has been an awesome journey.

Adam de la Zerda, PhDAssociate Professor of Structural Biology, and by courtesy, Electrical Engineering

Shan Xiang Wang, PhDLeland T. Edwards Professor in the School of EngineeringProfessor of Materials Science and Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and by courtesy, Radiology