Biophysical Chemistry of Biointerfaces E-Book

Hiroyuki Ohshima

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 562

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The first book on the innovative study of biointerfaces using biophysical chemistry

The biophysical phenomena that occur on biointerfaces, or biological surfaces, hold a prominent place in the study of biology and medicine, and are crucial for research relating to implants, biosensors, drug delivery, proteomics, and many other important areas. Biophysical Chemistry of Biointerfaces takes the unique approach of studying biological systems in terms of the principles and methods of physics and chemistry, drawing its knowledge and experimental techniques from a wide variety of disciplines to offer new tools to better understand the intricate interactions of biointerfaces. Biophysical Chemistry of Biointerfaces:

• Provides a detailed description of the thermodynamics and electrostatics of soft particles

• Fully describes the biophysical chemistry of soft interfaces and surfaces (polymer-coated interfaces and surfaces) as a model for biointerfaces

• Delivers many approximate analytic formulas which can be used to describe various interfacial phenomena and analyze experimental data

• Offers detailed descriptions of cutting-edge topics such as the biophysical and interfacial chemistries of lipid membranes and gel surfaces, which serves as good model for biointerfaces in microbiology, hematology, and biotechnology

Biophysical Chemistry of Biointerfaces pairs sound methodology with fresh insight on an emerging science to serve as an information-rich reference for professional chemists as well as a source of inspiration for graduate and postdoctoral students looking to distinguish themselves in this challenging field.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

List of Symbols

Part I: Potential and Charge at Interfaces

Chapter 1: Potential and Charge of a Hard Particle

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Poisson–Boltzmann Equation

1.3 Plate

1.4 Sphere

1.5 Cylinder

1.6 Asymptotic Behavior of Potential and Effective Surface Potential

1.7 Nearly Spherical Particle

References

Chapter 2: Potential Distribution Around a Nonuniformly Charged Surface and Discrete Charge Effects

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Poisson–Boltzmann Equation for a Surface with an Arbitrary Fixed Surface Charge Distribution

2.3 Discrete Charge Effect

References

Chapter 3: Modified Poisson-Boltzmann Equation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Electrolyte Solution Containing Rod-Like Divalent Cations

3.3 Electrolyte Solution Containing Rod-Like Zwitterions

3.4 Self-Atmosphere Potential of Ions

References

Chapter 4: Potential and Charge of a Soft Particle

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Planar Soft Surface

4.3 Spherical Soft Particle

4.4 Cylindrical Soft Particle

4.5 Asymptotic Behavior of Potential and Effective Surface Potential of a Soft Particle

4.6 Nonuniformly Charged Surface Layer: Isoelectric Point

References

Chapter 5: Free Energy of a Charged Surface

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Helmholtz Free Energy and Tension of a Hard Surface

5.3 Calculation of the Free Energy of the Electrical Double Layer

5.4 Alternative Expression for Fel

5.5 Free Energy of a Soft Surface

References

Chapter 6: Potential Distribution Around a Charged Particle in a Salt-Free Medium

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Spherical Particle

6.3 Cylindrical Particle

6.4 Effects of a Small Amount of Added Salts

6.5 Spherical Soft Particle

References

Part II: Interaction Between Surfaces

Chapter 7: Electrostatic Interaction of Point Charges in an Inhomogeneous Medium

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Planar Geometry

7.3 Cylindrical Geometry

References

Chapter 8: Force and Potential Energy of the Double-Layer Interaction Between Two Charged Colloidal Particles

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Osmotic Pressure and Maxwell Stress

8.3 Direct Calculation of Interaction Force

8.4 Free Energy of Double-Layer Interaction

8.5 Alternative Expression for the Electric Part of the Free Energy of Double-Layer Interaction

8.6 Charge Regulation Model

References

Chapter 9: Double-Layer Interaction Between Two Parallel Similar Plates

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Interaction Between Two Parallel Similar Plates

9.3 Low Potential Case

9.4 Arbitrary Potential Case

9.5 Comparison Between the Theory of Derjaguin and Landau and the Theory of Verwey and Overbeek

9.6 Approximate Analytic Expressions for Moderate Potentials

9.7 Alternative Method of Linearization of the Poisson–Boltzmann Equation

References

Chapter 10: Electrostatic Interaction Between Two Parallel Dissimilar Plates

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Interaction Between Two Parallel Dissimilar Plates

10.3 Low Potential Case

10.4 Arbitrary Potential: Interaction at Constant Surface Charge Density

10.5 Approximate Analytic Expressions for Moderate Potentials

References

Chapter 11: Linear Superposition Approximation for the Double-Layer Interaction of Particles at Large Separations

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Two Parallel Plates

11.3 Two Spheres

11.4 Two Cylinders

References

Chapter 12: Derjaguin's Approximation at Small Separations

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Two Spheres

12.3 Two Parallel Cylinders

12.4 Two Crossed Cylinders

References

Chapter 13: Donnan Potential-Regulated Interaction Between Porous Particles

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Two Parallel Semi-Infinite Ion-Penetrable Membranes (Porous Plates)

13.3 Two Porous Spheres

13.4 Two Parallel Porous Cylinders

13.5 Two Parallel Membranes with Arbitrary Potentials

13.6 pH Dependence of Electrostatic Interaction between Ion-Penetrable Membranes

References

Chapter 14: Series Expansion Representations for the Double-Layer Interaction Between Two Particles

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Schwartz's Method

14.3 Two Spheres

14.4 Plate and Sphere

14.5 Two Parallel Cylinders

14.6 Plate and Cylinder

References

Chapter 15: Electrostatic Interaction Between Soft Particles

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Interaction Between Two Parallel Dissimilar Soft Plates

15.3 Interaction Between Two Dissimilar Soft Spheres

15.4 Interaction Between Two Dissimilar Soft Cylinders

References

Chapter 16: Electrostatic Interaction Between Nonuniformly Charged Membranes

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Basic Equations

16.3 Interaction Force

16.4 Isoelectric Points with Respect to Electrolyte Concentration

Reference

Chapter 17: Electrostatic Repulsion Between Two Parallel Soft Plates After Their Contact

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Repulsion Between Intact Brushes

17.3 Repulsion Between Compressed Brushes

References

Chapter 18: Electrostatic Interaction Between Ion-Penetrable Membranes In a Salt-free Medium

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Two Parallel Hard Plates

18.3 Two Parallel Ion-Penetrable Membranes

References

Chapter 19: van der Waals Interaction Between Two Particles

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Two Molecules

19.3 A Molecule and a Plate

19.4 Two Parallel Plates

19.5 A Molecule and a Sphere

19.6 Two Spheres

19.7 A Molecule and a Rod

19.8 Two Parallel Rods

19.9 A Molecule and a Cylinder

19.10 Two Parallel Cylinders

19.11 Two Crossed Cylinders

19.12 Two Parallel Rings

19.13 Two Parallel Torus-Shaped Particles

19.14 Two Particles Immersed in a Medium

19.15 Two Parallel Plates Covered with Surface Layers

References

Chapter 20: DLVO Theory of Colloid Stability

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Interaction Between Lipid Bilayers

20.3 Interaction Between Soft Spheres

References

Part III: Electrokinetic Phenomena at Interfaces

Chapter 21: Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Brief Summary of Electrophoresis of Hard Particles

21.3 General Theory of Electrophoretic Mobility of Soft Particles

21.4 Analytic Approximations for the Electrophoretic Mobility of Spherical Soft Particles

21.5 Electrokinetic Flow Between Two Parallel Soft Plates

21.6 Soft particle Analysis of the Electrophoretic Mobility of Biological Cells and their Model Particles

21.7 Electrophoresis of Nonuniformly Charged Soft Particles

21.8 Other Topics of Electrophoresis of Soft Particles

References

Chapter 22: Electrophoretic Mobility of Concentrated Soft Particles

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Electrophoretic Mobility of Concentrated Soft Particles

22.3 Electroosmotic Velocity in an Array of Soft Cylinders

References

Chapter 23: Electrical Conductivity of a Suspension of Soft Particles

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Basic Equations

23.3 Electrical Conductivity

References

Chapter 24: Sedimentation Potential and Velocity in a Suspension of Soft Particles

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Basic Equations

24.3 Sedimentation Velocity of a Soft Particle

24.4 Average Electric Current and Potential

24.5 Sedimentation Potential

24.6 Onsager's Reciprocal Relation

24.7 Diffusion Coefficient of a Soft Particle

References

Chapter 25: Dynamic Electrophoretic Mobility of a Soft Particle

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Basic Equations

25.3 Linearized Equations

25.4 Equation of Motion of a Soft Particle

25.5 General Mobility Expression

25.6 Approximate Mobility Formula

References

Chapter 26: Colloid Vibration Potential in a Suspension of Soft Particles

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Colloid Vibration Potential and Ion Vibration Potential

References

Chapter 27: Effective Viscosity of a Suspension of Soft Particles

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Basic Equations

27.3 Linearized Equations

27.4 Electroviscous Coefficient

27.5 Approximation for Low Fixed-Charge Densities

27.6 Effective Viscosity of a Concentrated Suspension of Uncharged Porous Spheres

27.7 Appendix 27A

References

Part IV: Other Topics

Chapter 28: Membrane Potential and Donnan Potential

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Membrane Potential and Donnan Potential

References

Index

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Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Ohshima, Hiroyuki, 1944–

Biophysical chemistry of biointerfaces / Hiroyuki Ohshima.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-16935-3 (cloth)

1. Biological interfaces. 2. Physical biochemistry. 3. Surface chemistry.

I. Title.

QP517.S87O36 2010

612′.01583–dc22

2010013122

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Preface

The principal aim of this book is to provide a tool for discussing various phenomena at biointerfaces such as the surface of cells on the basis of biophysical chemistry. For nonbiological interfaces, colloid and interface science, one of the major branches of physical chemistry, forms a powerful basis for understanding various interfacial phenomena. The Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory explains well the stability of colloidal suspensions in terms of the electrostatic and van der Waals interactions between the particles. The behavior of colloidal particles in an applied electric filed is analyzed by electrophoresis theories of Smoluchowski, Hückel, and Henry. The charge or potential of the particle surface plays an essential role in the above-mentioned phenomena. It must be noted here that the particle-fixed charges are assumed to be located only at the particle surface (of zero thickness). This model, however, is by no means a good approximation for biocolloids such as biological cells. For such particles, fixed charges are distributed over some depth on the particle surface, or the particle surface is covered with a polyelectrolyte layer. We call polyelectrolyte-coated particles soft particles. In this book, we discuss various phenomena at biointerfaces, that is, potential and charge at interfaces, electrokinetic phenomena at interfaces, and interactions between surfaces, on the basis of the soft particle model. We will see that the Donnan potential as well as the surface potential is an important factor controlling electric properties of soft particles or soft surfaces.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Tom Healy and Professor Lee White, who introduced me into the field of electrokinetic phenomena when I stayed as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Melbourne in 1981–1983. I would like to thank Professor Shinpei Ohki at the State University of New York at Buffalo, where I stayed as a postdoctoral fellow. He pointed out to me the important role of the Donnan potential in electric phenomena of soft particles. I am happy to thank my sons Manabu and Nozomu and their wives Yumi and Michiyo for their understanding and help during the writing of this book.

Finally, I would like to gratefully acknowledge the assistance provided by Ms. Anita Lekhwani, Senior Acquisitions Editor, and Ms. Rebekah Amos, Editorial Program Coordinator.

Hiroyuki Ohshima

List of Symbols

aparticle radiusdthickness of the surface charge layereelementary electric chargeggravitykBolzmann's constantK∞electrical conductivity of an electrolyte solution in the absence of particlesK∗complex conductivity of an electrolyte solutionbulk concentration (number density) of the ith ionic speciesNnumber density of ionized groups in the surface charge layerNAAvogadro's constantppressureTabsolute temperatureuliquid velocityUelectrophoretic velocityUSEDsedimentation velocityyscaled electric potentialzivalence of the ith ionic speciesZvalence of ionized groups in the surface charge layerεopermittivity of a vacuumεrrelative permittivity of an electrolyte solutionϕparticle volume fractionγfrictional coefficient of the forces exerted by the polymer segments on the liquid flowηviscosityηseffective viscosity of a suspension of particlesκDebye–Hückel parameterκmDebye–Hückel parameter in the surface charge layerλ(γ/η)1/2λiDrag coefficient of the ith ionic species1/λsoftness parameterμelectrophoretic mobilityρelvolume charge density resulting from electrolyte ionsρfixvolume density of fixed charges distributed in the surface charge layerρomass density of a mediumσsurface charge densityωangular frequencyψelectric potentialψ(0)equilibrium electric potentialψosurface potentialψDONDonnan potentialζzeta potential

Part I

Potential and Charge at Interfaces