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- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Discover a comprehensive and current overview of microbial bioprospecting written by leading voices in the field
In Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules, distinguished researchers and authors Sudhir P. Singh and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay deliver global perspectives of bioprospecting of biodiversity. The book covers diverse aspects of bioprospecting of microorganisms demonstrating biomass value of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and bioenergetic importance.
The authors present an amalgamation of translational research on bioresource utilization and ecological sustainability that will further the reader’s knowledge of the applications of different microbial diversity and reveal new avenues of research investigation.
Readers will also benefit from:
- A thorough introduction to microbial biodiversity and bioprospecting
- An exploration of anti-ageing and skin lightening microbial products and microbial production of anti-cancerous biomolecules
- A treatment of UV protective compounds from algal biodiversity and polysaccharides from marine microalgal sources
- Discussions of microbial sources of insect toxic proteins and the role of microbes in bio-surfactants production
Perfect for academics, scientists, researchers, graduate and post-graduate students working and studying in the areas of microbiology, food biotechnology, industrial microbiology, plant biotechnology, and microbial biotechnology, Bioprospecting of Microorganism-Based Industrial Molecules is an indispensable guide for anyone looking for a comprehensive overview of the subject.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 An Introduction to Microbial Biodiversity and Bioprospection
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
2 Application of Microorganisms in Biosurfactant Production
2.1 Biosurfactants Nature and Classification
2.2 Biosynthesis of BS by Archaea and Bacteria
2.3 Biosynthesis of BS by Yeasts and Molds
2.4 Screening for BS Producers
2.5 A Case Study: SL by Solid‐State Fermentation (SSF), Kinetics, and Reactor Size Estimation
2.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
3 Microbial Gums
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biosynthesis of Microbial Gums
3.3 Production of Microbial Gums
3.4 Structure and Properties of Microbial Gums
3.5 Types of Microbial Gums
3.6 Applications of Microbial Gums
3.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
4 Antiaging and Skin Lightening Microbial Products
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Aging
4.3 Extrinsic Skin Aging Factors
4.4 Why Microbes
4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
5 Application of Microorganisms in Bioremediation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microbial Bioremediation
5.3 Microbial Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants
5.4 Microbial Degradation of Heavy Metals
5.5 Factors Affecting Bioremediation
5.6 Advances in Bioremediation
5.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
6 Microbial Applications in Organic Acid Production
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Glycolic acid (2C)
6.3 Acetic Acid (2C)
6.4 Pyruvic Acid (3C)
6.5 Lactic Acid (3C)
6.6 Succinic Acid (4C)
6.7 Fumaric Acid (4C)
6.8 Malic Acid (4C)
6.9 Itaconic Acid (5C)
6.10 Gluconic Acid (6C)
6.11 Citric Acid (6C)
6.12 Kojic Acid (6C)
6.13 Muconic and Adipic Acid (C6)
6.14 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
7 Production of Bioactive Compounds vs. Recombinant Proteins
7.1 Introduction
7.2
In vitro
Cell‐Based Assays
7.3 Cell Viability Assays
7.4 Cell Metabolic Assays
7.5 Cell Survival Assays
7.6 Cell Transformation Assays
7.7 Cell Irritation Assays
7.8 Heterologous Expression of Recombinant Proteins of Biomedical Relevance
7.9 Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Production of Metabolites with Therapeutic Roles
7.10 Preclinical Studies
7.11 Computer‐aided Drug Design
References
8 Microbial Production of Antimicrobial and Anticancerous Biomolecules
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microbial Sources
8.3 Microbial Bioprospecting Methods
8.4 Bioactive Compounds
8.5 Future Prospects
8.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
9 Microbial Fuel Cells and Plant Microbial Fuel Cells to Degradation of Polluted Contaminants in Soil and Water
9.1 Introduction
9.2 History
9.3 Electricigens
9.4 Electron Generation and Transfer Mechanisms of Electricigens
9.5 Materials
9.6 Design and Operation of Bioelectrochemical Systems
9.7 Performances of the MFCs in Actual Wastewater Treatment
9.8 Soil MFCs for Soil Remediation
9.9 PMFCs for Environmental Remediation
9.10 Prospectives
9.11 Conclusions
References
10 Microalgae‐Based UV Protection Compounds
10.1 Introduction
10.2 UV Radiation
10.3 Protection Compounds Induced by UV Radiation
10.4 Microalgal Biotechnology for the Production of Photoprotective Compounds
10.5 Effects of UV Radiation on the Growth, Morphology, and Production of Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates
10.6 Extraction Methods of Photoprotective Compounds
10.7 Prospects for Commercial Applications
10.8 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
11 Microorganisms as a Potential Source of Antioxidants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Antioxidant‐Producing Microorganisms
11.3 Production of Some Microbial Antioxidants and Their Action Mechanisms
11.4 Extraction and Purification of Microbial Antioxidants
11.5 Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
11.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
12 Microbial Production of Biomethane from Digested Waste and Its Significance
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methane
12.3 Types of Waste
12.4 Digestion Processes of Organic Wastes
12.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
13 Enzymatic Biosynthesis of Carbohydrate Biopolymers and Uses Thereof
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Dextran
13.3 Chitin and Chitosan
13.4 Xanthan Gum
13.5 Bacterial Cellulose
13.6 Levan
13.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
14 Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgal Sources
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polysaccharides from Marine Microalgae
14.3 Optimization of Microalgae Culture Conditions
14.4 Bioactivities and Potential Health Benefits
14.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
15 Microbial Production of Bioplastic
15.1 Introduction
15.2 General Structure of PHA
15.3 Physical Properties
15.4 Biodegradability of PHA
15.5 Biosynthesis of PHA
15.6 Challenges of Scaling Up of PHA Production on an Industrial Scale
15.7 Co‐synthesis of PHA with Value‐Added Products
15.8 Blends of PHA
15.9 Applications of PHA
15.10 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
16 Microbial Enzymes for the Mineralization of Xenobiotic Compounds
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Major Pollutants and Their Removal with White‐Rot Fungi
16.3 Enzyme System of White‐Rot Fungi
16.4 Molecular Aspect
16.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgement
Compliance with Ethical Guidelines
References
17 Functional Oligosaccharides and Microbial Sources
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Inulin and Oligofructose: The Preliminary Functional Oligosaccharides
17.3 GRAS and FOSHU Status
17.4 Conventional and Upcoming Oligosaccharides
17.5 Microbes and Functional Oligosaccharides
17.6 Arabinoxylo‐Oligosaccharides
17.7 Sources and Properties
17.8 Approaches for AXOS Production
17.9 Isomaltooligosaccharides
17.10 Sources and Properties
17.11 Production of IMO
17.12 Approaches to Improve IMO Production
17.13 Lactosucrose
17.14 Novel Approaches in Lactosucrose Preparation
17.15 Xylooligosaccharides
17.16 Occurrence and Properties
17.17 Approaches to Improve the Efficiency of XOS
17.18 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
18 Algal Biomass and Biofuel Production
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Biofuels
18.3 Algae: The Biomass
18.4 Microalgae as Biofuel Biomass
18.5 Microalgae Culture Systems
18.6 Microalgae Harvesting
18.7 Processing and Extraction of Components
18.8 Biofuel Conversion Processes
18.9 Microalgal Biofuels
18.10 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
19 Microbial Source of Insect‐Toxic Proteins
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Fungi
19.3 Bacteria
19.4 Virus
19.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
20 Recent Trends in Conventional and Nonconventional Bioprocessing
20.1 Advances in Conventional Bioprocessing
20.2 Nonconventional Bioprocessing
20.3 Brief Note on the Recent Trends in Downstream Bioprocessing
20.4 Perfusion Culture for Bioprocess Intensification
20.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Classification of surfactants by origin, ionic status, and hydrop...
Table 2.2 Archaea and bacteria as biosurfactant producers.
Table 2.3 Yeasts and molds as biosurfactants producers.
Table 2.4 Estimated parameters to characterize the kinetics of the producti...
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Microbial gums and their producer organisms.
Table 3.2 Applications of microbial gums.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Classification of aging theories.
Table 4.2 Algal biomolecules, sources, origins, and applications in cosmeti...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 The databases and software tools used for in silico approaches for...
Table 8.2 Bioactive compounds from the microbial origin and their applicatio...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Electrocigens and functions.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Production of UV protector compounds by microalgae.
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Summary of some critical studies on isolation, purification, and...
Table 11.2 Different methods of antioxidant activity.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Use of Biomethane in different European countries.
Table 12.2 Different source and waste generators.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Proximate composition of different microalgae species (%, based ...
Table 14.2 Sulphated and exopolysaccharides found in marine microalgae.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Major manufacturers of bioplastics worldwide.
Table 15.2 Comparison of properties of PHB polymers with polypropylene.
Table 15.3 Blends of PHB and their uses.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 List of persistent organopollutants degraded by white‐rot fungi ...
Table 16.2 List of major fungal enzymes with their application details in b...
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Arabinoxylo‐oligosaccharides production and their microbial sour...
Table 17.2 Isomaltooligosaccharides production and their microbial sources.
Table 17.3 Lactosucrose oligosaccharides production and their microbial sou...
Table 17.4 Xylooligosaccharides production and their microbial sources util...
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Entomopathogenic microbes with their target hosts.
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Factors affecting the development of single‐use technology.
Table 20.2 Comparison of the bioreactors depending on the three different f...
Table 20.3 Overview of the various applications of intensifying processes w...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 3D chemical structure of lauryl sulfate as an example of a surfac...
Figure 2.2 Chemical structures for two species of sophorolipids as a result ...
Figure 2.3 General chemical structures for four types of rhamnolipids: monor...
Figure 2.4 Number of publications on biosurfactants from 1963 to April 2020....
Figure 2.5 Phyla of prokaryote producers of biosurfactants.
Figure 2.6 CO
2
formation rate (empty symbols) and O
2
uptake rate (full symbo...
Figure 2.7 Total CO
2
formation (empty symbols) and O
2
uptake (full symbols) ...
Figure 2.8 Respiratory quotient observed during SL production by SSF.
Figure 2.9 Evolution of pH during the production de sophorolipids.
Figure 2.10 Kinetics for sophorolipid production (black) and substrates (○, ...
Figure 2.11 Plot of the equation design of ideal bioreactors for the product...
Figure 2.12 Simulation of sophorolipid production using the Gompertz model d...
Figure 2.13 The plot of the equation design of ideal bioreactors for the pro...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Schematics of biosynthesis of microbial gums.
Figure 3.2 Structures of different sphingans.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Summary of various characteristics of aging.
Figure 4.2 Various intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging factors.
Figure 4.3 Important carbohydrates from algae used in cosmetic applications....
Figure 4.4 Important carotenoids pigments from algae used in cosmetic applic...
Figure 4.5 Important secondary metabolites and mycosporine‐like amino acids ...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Metabolic pathways for bioremediation of organic pollutants and h...
Figure 5.2 Workflow for the development of genetically engineered microorgan...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Representation of chemical structure of different organic acids....
Figure 6.2 Illustration of different metabolic pathways involved in biosynth...
Figure 6.3 Schematic diagram representing the proposed metabolic pathways us...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Culturable bioprospecting of novel bioactive compounds from micro...
Figure 8.2 Steps involved in nonculturable bioprospecting using metagenomics...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Schematic diagrams of MFCs.
Figure 9.2 Schematic diagrams of PMFCs.
Figure 9.3 Schematic of typical dual‐chamber MFCs: (a) H‐type MFCs.(b) U...
Figure 9.4 Schematics of type single‐chamber MFCs: (a) eight graphite anode ...
Figure 9.5 Schematics of dual‐chamber of soil MFCs and PMFCs: (a) soil MFCs;...
Figure 9.6 Schematics of single chamber of soil MFCs and PMFCs: (a) soil MFC...
Figure 9.7 Schematics of air‐diffusion cathode systems.
Figure 9.8 Other configuration of PMFCs: (a) flat‐plant design of PMFCs....
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Chemical structure of amino acids associated with antioxidant ac...
Figure 11.2 Chemical structure of pigments associated with antioxidant activ...
Figure 11.3 Chemical structure of pedunculagin associated with antioxidant a...
Figure 11.4 The chemical reaction for the development of different radical d...
Figure 11.5 Conceptual presentation of the Fenton reaction.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Various sources of methane production.
Figure 12.2 The sources of biological waste.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Cellulose synthesis pathway by
Acetobacter xylinum
. (NAD‐nicotin...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Schematic diagram of subcritical water extraction system.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Global production capacities of bioplastics.
Figure 15.2 General structure and features of PHA.
Figure 15.3 Life cycle of PHB.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Structure of laccase showing the positions of different Cu sites...
Figure 16.2 Oxidation mechanism of lignin peroxidase.
Figure 16.3 Enzymatic oxidation mechanism of MnP peroxidase.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Common examples of conventional and fortified FO.
Figure 17.2 Some important conventional and upcoming functional oligosacchar...
Figure 17.3 The production of AXOS.
Figure 17.4 Production of IMO.
Figure 17.5 Production of lactosucrose.
Figure 17.6 Production of XOS.
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Classification of algae.
Figure 18.2 Various products of microalgal biomass.
Figure 18.3 Transesterification reaction of triglycerides (overall reaction)...
Figure 18.4 Microalgal biodiesel value chain stages.
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Dependency of the growth rate of aerobic microorganism on the di...
Figure 20.2 (a) Degradation of reactive black 5 dye in shake flask operated ...
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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Bioprospecting of Microorganism‐Based Industrial Molecules
Edited by
Sudhir P. Singh
Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT‐CIAB)Mohali, Punjab, India
Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
Department of BotanyPanjab UniversityChandigarh, India
This edition first published 2022© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Sudhir P. Singh and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Singh, Sudhir P., editor. | Upadhyay, Santosh Kumar, editor.Title: Bioprospecting of microorganism‐based industrial molecules / edited by Sudhir P. Singh, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT‐CIAB), Mohali, India, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2021028318 (print) | LCCN 2021028319 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119717249 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119717157 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119717263 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Biotechnological microorganisms. | Biomolecules. | Industrial microorganisms.Classification: LCC TP248.27.M53 B5635 2021 (print) | LCC TP248.27.M53 (ebook) | DDC 660.6–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021028318LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021028319
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Graphics Master/Shutterstock
About the Editors
Dr. Sudhir P. Singh is currently Scientist‐D at the Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT‐CIAB), Mohali, India. He has been working in the area of molecular biology and biotechnology for more than a decade. Currently, his primary focus of research is gene mining and biocatalyst engineering for the development of approaches for transformation of agro‐industrial residues and under‐ or un‐utilized side‐stream biomass into value‐added bioproducts. He has explored the metagenomic resources from diverse ecological niches and developed enzyme systems for catalytic biosynthesis of functional sugar molecules such as D‐allulose, turanose, fructooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, 4‐galactosyl‐kojibiose, xylooligosaccharides, levan, dextran, resistant starch, and so on. Dr. Singh has published over 60 research articles, 04 review articles, and 06 books (edited). Further, he has 06 patents (granted) to his credit as an inventor. He has been conferred International Bioprocessing Association‐Young Scientist Award (2017), School of Biosciences‐Madurai Kamraj University (SBS‐MKU) Genomics Award (2017), Professor Hira Lal Chakravarty Award, ISCA, DST, (2018), Gandhian Young Technological Innovation Award to team (as a guide) (2019), and the member of the National Academy of Sciences, India (2020).
Dr. Santosh Kumar Upadhyay is currently working as an assistant professor in the Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Prior to this, Dr. Upadhyay was DST‐INSPIRE faculty at the National Agri‐Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, Punjab, India. He did his doctoral work at the CSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, and received his Ph.D. in Biotechnology from UP Technical University, Lucknow, India. He has been working in the field of Plant Biotechnology for more than 14 years. His present research focuses in the area of functional genomics. He is involved in the bio‐prospecting and characterization of various insect toxic proteins from plant biodiversity, and defense and stress signaling genes in bread wheat. His research group at PU has characterized numerous important gene families and long noncoding RNAs related to the abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and signaling in bread wheat. He has also established the method for genome editing in bread wheat using CRISPR‐Cas system and developed a tool SSinder for CRISPR target site prediction. His research contribution led the publication of more than 60 research papers in leading journals of international repute. Further, there are more than five national and international patents, four books to his credit. In recognition of his substantial research record, he has been awarded NAAS Young scientist award (2017–2018) and NAAS‐Associate (2018) from the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, India, INSA Medal for Young Scientist (2013) from the Indian National Science Academy, India, NASI‐Young Scientist Platinum Jubilee Award (2012) from the National Academy of Sciences, India, and Altech Young Scientist Award (2011). He has also been the recipient of the prestigious DST‐INSPIRE Faculty Fellowship (2012), and SERB‐Early Career Research Award, (2016) from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. Dr. Upadhyay also serves as a member of the editorial board and reviewer of several peer‐reviewed international journals.
List of Contributors
Jayanthi AbrahamMicrobial Biotechnology Lab, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Maria F. Salazar AffonsoCentro de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Cristobal N. AguilarBioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
AnjanaCenter of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, Punjab, India
Débora Bublitz AntonPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Rwivoo BaruahMicrobiology & Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR‐Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
SA BelorkarDepartment of Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Atal Bihari Vajpayee University, Bilaspur, Chattisgarh, India
Priyanka BhatDepartment of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
José de Jesús Cázares‐MarineroDepartment of Research & Development, Polioles, S.A. de C.V, Mexico
Jasmita ChauhanDepartment of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Verônica ContiniPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, BrazilPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Médicas (PPGCM), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Pritha ChakrabortyMicrobial Biotechnology Lab, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Ankita ChatterjeeMicrobial Biotechnology Lab, School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Jorge Alberto Vieira CostaLaboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
Bruno DahmerPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Michele Greque de MoraisLaboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
Claucia F. Volken de SouzaPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, BrazilPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Sistemas Ambientais Sustentáveis, Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Rodrigo G. DucatiPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Márcia I. GoettertPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, BrazilPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Médicas (PPGCM), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Saswata GoswamiCenter of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, Punjab, India
Chung‐Yu GuanDepartment of Environmental Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan
Prabuddha GuptaDepartment of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Prakash M. HalamiMicrobiology & Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR‐Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Ayerim Hernández‐AlmanzaSchool of Biological Science, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, México
M. IndiraDepartment of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, India
Gabrielle Guimarães IzaguirresLaboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
Jyoti Singh JadaunDepartment of Botany, Dayanand Girls Postgraduate College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Daniel KuhnPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Prashant KumarDepartment of Civil Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Pradeep KumarDepartment of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India
S. KrupanidhiDepartment of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, India
Araceli Loredo‐TreviñoBioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
Gloria A. Martínez‐MedinaBioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
Pragati MisraDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Geetanjali MishraLadybird Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Juliana Botelho MoreiraLaboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
Tejas OzaDepartment of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Arun Kumar PalDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ratih PangestutiResearch and Development Division of Marine Bio Industry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), West Nusa Tenggara, Republic of Indonesia
Lorena Pedraza‐SeguraDepartment of Chemical, Industrial and Food Engineering, Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
K. Abraham PeeleDepartment of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, India
Yanuariska PutraResearch and Development Division of Marine Bio Industry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), West Nusa Tenggara, Republic of Indonesia
Puji RahmadiResearch Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia
Amit K. RaiInstitute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (DBT‐IBSD), Sikkim Centre, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
Mahendrapalsingh RajputDepartment of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Nathiely Ramírez‐GuzmanCenter for Interdisciplinary Studies and Research, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, México
Keyur RavalDepartment of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Luis V. Rodríguez‐DuránMultidisciplinary Academic Unit Mante, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas, México
Gaurav SanghviDepartment of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Suman SanjuDepartment of Botany, M.C.M.D.A.V. College, Kangra, Himanchal Pradesh, India
Gerardo Saucedo‐CastañedaBiotechnology Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana‐Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
Karishma SeemDivision of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
Manisha SharmaCenter of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT‐CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
Tomoya ShintaniDepartment of Nutritional Representative ‐ Supplement Adviser, The Japanese Clinical Nutrition Association, Tokyo, Japan
Pradeep Kumar ShuklaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Evi Amelia SiahaanResearch and Development Division of Marine Bio Industry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), West Nusa Tenggara, Republic of Indonesia
Sudhir P. SinghCenter of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT‐CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
Liliane Martins TeixeiraLaboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
Himani ThakkarDepartment of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
Aditi ThakurDepartment of Biotechnology, Harlal institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Luís F. Saraiva Macedo TimmersPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, BrazilPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Médicas (PPGCM), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Vijay TripathiDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ujwalkumar TrivediDepartment of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Santosh Kumar UpadhyayDepartment of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
T. C. VenkateswaruluDepartment of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, India
Deepak Kumar VermaAgricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Vinnyfred VincentDepartment of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
Camile WünschPrograma de Pós‐Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Tripti YadavLadybird Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Chang‐Ping YuGraduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Preface
Microorganisms are the most abundant and diverse unicellular organisms on the earth, equipped with distinguishable characteristics and functionality. Bioprospecting offers exploitation of microbial resource for societal benefits. The useful applications of microbial diversity have been established in medical, food, textile, and agro‐industrial sectors. Microorganisms are source of biomolecules of health significance, antibiotic, anti‐insecticidal compounds, biosurfactants, biofilm, etc. Microbial resources for production of bio‐hydrogen, biomethane, biodiesel, and microorganisms have been reported. Microorganisms also contribute to the aspects of food security and bioremediation. Many microbial enzymes have been employed for executing a wide range of chemical interconversions, producing diverse biomolecules of functional properties, and for other industrial bioprocessing aspects such as agri‐biomass hydrolysis, and so on. Microbial strains have been identified with crucial implications for the bioremediation of polluted niches. The microbial gums of useful applications in medical, food, cosmetics, and agricultural sectors are produced by a range of microorganisms, e.g. bacteria, fungi, and algae. A wide range of microbial compounds with antioxidant, antiaging, and skin lightening effects have been identified. Microbial bioprocesses have been developed for production of organic acids, which are building blocks of many valuable products such as degradable polymers, polyesters, and bioplastics. Microbes have been demonstrated to be cell factories for production of bioactive compounds and recombinant proteins of biomedical relevance. Many microbial molecules of antimicrobial, antiviral, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancerous, etc., properties have been reported. A diverse types of functional microbial molecules of ultra‐reduced calorie, prebiotic, and anti‐oxidative effects have been identified. Some phenolic compounds and mycosporine‐like amino acids of microbial origin have been reported to be sunscreen and antiaging effects. Several intriguing efforts have been made for developing bioprocesses for the economically viable production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and related copolymers, helpful in addressing the issues related with plastic uses.
This book represents a distinguished repository of knowledge around microbial bioprospecting. The book is useful to academicians and researchers in augmenting their understandings on the aspects mentioned above.
Acknowledgments
We are thankful to the Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing and Panjab University, Chandigarh, for providing facility to complete this book. We are grateful to all the esteemed authors for their exceptional contributions and reviewers for their critical evaluation and suggestions for the quality improvement of the book.
We would like to thank Miss Rebecca Ralf (Commissioning Editor), Miss Kerry Powell (Managing Editor), and Nivetha Udayakumar (Content Refinement Specialist) from John Wiley & Sons, Ltd for their excellent management of this project and anonymous reviewers for their positive recommendations about the book.
We also appreciate the support of our friends and research students, whose discussion and comments were beneficial to shape this book. We thank our numerous colleagues for direct or indirect help in shaping this project.
SPS is grateful to his parents and family for consistent moral support. SPS acknowledges the support from CIAB and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT). SKU wishes to express gratitude to his parents, wife, and daughter for their endless support, patience, and inspiration.
We would like to warmly thank faculties and staffs of the department and university for providing a great working environment.
1An Introduction to Microbial Biodiversity and Bioprospection
Tomoya Shintani1, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay2, and Sudhir P. Singh3
1 Department of Nutritional Representative – Supplement Adviser, The Japanese Clinical Nutrition Association, Tokyo, Japan
2 Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
3 Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (DBT-CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Microorganisms
The term “microorganisms” refer to organisms that are so minute that the human eye cannot discern their structure. Almost all the unicellular organisms are included in the category of microorganisms. However, many multicellular organisms are microscopic. The microbes may also exist as cell clusters. Microbes are not limited to only eubacteria and archaea but also includes members from fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Ribosomal RNA is considered a crucial molecule to draw an authentic classification of the life forms. On the basis of comparative rRNA sequence analysis, a basal universal phylogenetic tree had been inferred by Carl Woese [1], representing the overview of organismal history. This phylogenetic tree hypothesized the common origin of all forms of life, emphasizing the importance of microorganisms in the biological diversity at the Earth.
The global compilation of microbiological data has estimated the existence of about 1 trillion microbial species at the Earth [2]. The Earth Microbiome Project had been established in the year 2020, with the main objective to document the uncultured microbial diversity and the functional potential thereof [3]. In the project, sampling of the Earth's microbial communities is being done on an unprecedented scale. Recently, a total of 27 751 samples had been collected from 43 countries to characterize the microbial communities of diverse physicochemical properties and exposed to a wide range of biotic and abiotic factors [4].
1.1.2 Bioprospecting
Bioprospecting is the excavation of useful genetic or biochemical materials from natural resources [5]. The word “bio‐” refers to “organism” and “prospecting” refers to the search for precious material. Bioprospecting of the microbial population, residing in diverse ecological niches, is gaining more and more attention with the increasing demand for bioactive molecules and nutraceuticals of pharmaceutical, food, and agro‐industrial significance. Microorganisms exist in every corner of this planet, and many of them may not be cultivated. Bioprospecting of biologicals, including microbes, requires interdisciplinary knowledge to exploit the natural resource for societal benefits in a sustainable manner.
A major proportion of Earth contains extreme environmental, where most of the life forms cannot survive. However, extremophiles, which evolve a natural mechanism to thrive the harsh condition, are considered a rich biological resource for extremophiles [6]. The bioactive compounds and the extremozymes have great industrial importance [7]. There is an enormous genetic pool of microbes co‐evolved with the higher organisms, including plants and animals. They have manifold promising biomolecules of industrial importance [5]. There are boundless opportunities to explore the treasure box to meet the growing demand for novel bioactive molecules, e.g., food ingredients, agrochemicals, functional biomolecules, antibiotics, enzymes, and so on. Omics is a compelling approach for the exploration of various niches of diverse environmental conditions and the discovery of unusual novel enzymes and other metabolites of human use [8].
1.1.3 Bioprospection of Microorganisms
The microbial resources have potential in the generation of a wide range of high‐value compounds. This section has explained a few specific examples, the detail of which can be found in the subsequent chapters.
Biosurfactants are used in many fields, such as water treatment, food processing, health, disinfectants, cosmetics, and medicines [9]. Most biosurfactants are produced employing different strains of bacteria, yeast, and molds [10]. The uses of biosurfactants of microbial origin have been demonstrated in various purposes, for example in food processing, water treatment, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, and bioremediation.
Microbial gum is a polysaccharide molecule mostly produced by bacteria and fungi [11]. These molecules protect the microbes from harsh environmental conditions [12]. These compounds are of widespread use in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The microbial gums are of prebiotic nature. Its uses have also been demonstrated in wound healing and carrier for drug delivery [13]. The demand for microbial gums is steadily increasing in various industries.
The practicality and potential of microbes in cosmetics have been well established. The use of antiaging products is in the spotlight. A variety of cosmetic compounds are produced from cultured microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and algae [14]. Many compounds, including antioxidants, peptides, and proteins, hold a promising future in the cosmetic skincare sector. Natural compounds not only have the ability to attract the attention of the market but also have valuable properties of potential medical benefits. In this regard, it is necessary to mine a variety of natural resources for novel compounds. The demand for antiaging and whitening products is expected to steadily increase annually [15].
The microbial population is also useful in cleaning of the environment via bioremediation approach. The metabolic activities of many microorganisms have been found to convert unwanted pollutants into harmless compounds [16]. Many fungal strains have been identified that have nonspecific ability to break down various pollutants. Intensive researches have been conducted to highlight the enzymatic systems involved in bioremediation in order to develop and optimize the bioremediation processes [17]. Microbial interference in addressing the issues related to environmental pollution could offer economically viable and socially acceptable solution. An integration of microorganisms and electrochemical systems has led to developing green technologies that could generate power from wastewater or polluted soils [18, 19]. Microbial strains have been characterized for the development of bioplastic. For example, poly(lactic acid), a bioplastic molecule, can be produced by the microbial fermentation of starch biomass [20]. Development of microbial biotechnology for the production of bioplastic could prevent pollution at a greater extent. Furthermore, microbial communities play critical roles in transforming the abundant agri‐biomass into energy products such as biohydrogen, biogas, bio‐oil, bioethanol, biodiesel, biofuels, and so on [21, 22]. There is a rapid increase in the interest in using biomethane as a fuel for a variety of applications such as boilers, engines, gas turbines, and fuel cells.
Carbohydrates are one of the most critical nutrients in food. However, in recent years, excessive consumption of glucose and fructose has been linked to obesity and diabetes across the world. Many microbial metabolites of sweet nature and reduced calorie are being explored for their use as a substitute of sugar as food ingredients, e.g. rare sugars – D‐allulose, tagatose, turanose, kojibiose, erythritol, and so on [23–25]. These are rare sugars, the monosaccharides that are found in nature only in minute quantities. The microbial resource can be explored for the biotechnological production of more than 50 different rare sugars [26]. Furthermore, microorganisms are a rich bioresource for production of various kinds of oligosaccharide molecules of reduced calorie and prebiotic function [27].
Agriculture today relies on the extensive use of pesticides and fungicides. There is currently a consumer preference to reduce the use of synthetic organic chemicals used in the agricultural treatments. Microbe‐derived organic compounds have been experienced very effective and environment friendly. Such compounds have been reported to protect plants from pathogens and provide a better environment for crop growth [28].
Apart from the above, many microbial compounds of medicinal importance have gained attention in the industrial market. Penicillin is a traditional example of microbial importance for the development of therapeutic drug molecules. One of the brilliant examples of bioprospection is the study that received the Nobel Prize in the year 2015. The research was a series of studies by Dr. Omura team, who developed Avermectin and Ivermectin, which are now utilized as drugs and pesticides against parasitic worms, insect pests, and other pathogens [29, 30]. Many microbial proteins, peptides, and metabolites of anticancerous ability have been reported in many studies [31, 32].
1.2 Conclusions and Perspectives
Microbial diversity is a very crucial resource for the execution of exploitable biology. Bioprospection of microbial resource facilitates the identification and isolation of high‐value molecules of desirable activity. Researches are being conducted to exploit the microbial diversity, obtaining the biomolecules of pharmaceutical, bioceutical, agricultural, bioremediation, etc., significance. Microorganisms should be exploited as cell factories for the production of biomolecules of health significance, antibiotic, anti‐insecticidal compounds, biosurfactants, biofilm, etc. The use of microorganisms should be validated for their meaningful contribution toward food security and bioremediation. Microbial prospecting is required to be intensified with systematic and sustainable approaches.
Acknowledgment
The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt. of India is acknowledged for all support. SKU is grateful to Panjab University, Chandigarh for facility and other support.
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