Chess E-Book

Jonathan Arnott

• Herausgeber: Crowood
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Chess - Crowood Sports Guides is the perfect tool for anyone wanting to improve their performance, from beginners learning the basic skills to more experienced participants working on advanced techniques. Standard chess rules and basic notation is covered as well as how to use each piece effectively; tactics and strategy; how to plan for success; the three phases - openings, middlegames and endgames; advanced techniques - analysing a position, opening repertoires, when to sacrifice, key endgame principles; hints and tips for developing chess further and finally using computers for analysis and preparation.

Leseprobe

Jonathan Arnott

THE CROWOOD PRESS

First published in 2014 byThe Crowood Press LtdRamsbury, MarlboroughWiltshire SN8 2HR

www.crowood.com

This e-book first published in 2014

© Jonathan Arnott 2014

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978 1 84797 706 9

Photographs by Dreamstime

Dedication

To John Fryer, who taught me my first steps in chess over twenty-five years ago and has been teaching children and adults to play chess for much longer. His passion for the game has been inspirational to generations of new chess players in Sheffield.

Acknowledgements

To Shaun Procter-Green and Jennifer Ruchat – for invaluable feedback about the sequencing of material and the difficulty levels from the perspective of adult chess beginners. To International Master Richard Palliser – for technical advice and the correction of a number of errors.

CONTENTS

Introduction

Part 1: Rules of the Game

  1

Chess Notation

  2

The Pieces

The Bishop

The Rook

The Queen

The Knight

The Pawn

The King

  3

Simple Checkmates

  4

How Games Are Drawn

  5

The Starting Position and Special Rules

Part 2: Tactics and Strategy

  6

Counting

  7

Pins, Forks, Skewers and Discovered Attacks

  8

Removing the Guard, Deflection and Overloading

  9

Pawn Structure

10

Outposts, Open Files and Space Advantage

Part 3: The Three Phases of the Game

11

Openings: General Principles

12

The Middlegame: Coming up with a Plan

13

Basic Endgame Technique

Part 4: Advanced Techniques

14

How to Analyze a Position

15

Developing Your Opening Repertoire

16

Sacrifices: What, Why and When?

17

Key Endgame Principles

Part 5: Developing Your Chess Further

18

Test Positions

19

The Chess Clock

20

Competitions, Computer Programs and Other Information

Index

INTRODUCTION

Chess can be many things. At its most basic level it is a struggle between two competitors, engaged in a battle of wits. It is a great equalizer: I learned the game at the age of four, and it was not long before I was beating adults. At the other end of the scale, I had the privilege a couple of years ago to watch the great Viktor Korchnoi in action. I was competing in the Gibraltar International chess festival in 2011, and one of the top board games saw Korchnoi – coming up to his eightieth birthday – drawn to face the up-andcoming Italian Grandmaster Caruana, still a teenager at the time but ranked No.10 in the world then (and at the time of writing has moved up to No.3). In chess White always starts first, and Korchnoi had the disadvantage of the Black pieces; few would have given this frail old man any chance of defeating the world No.10. Yet Korchnoi’s brilliance was still there: his casual demolition of one of the best players in the world was simply breathtaking. Other players have achieved remarkable success while young. Years earlier, Bobby Fischer qualified for the Candidates’ tournament for the world title at the age of just fifteen. And Judit Polgar, the strongest ever female chess player, peaked at No.8 in the world aged 15. Man or woman, old or young, everyone starts from the same sixty-four squares. Which other sport can claim that?

But chess is more than just a game, more than just a gladiatorial fight between two contestants determined to achieve supremacy. It is an art form: the patterns made by the pieces can become a thing of beauty. Or perhaps, it is better compared to a musical symphony where each instrument plays its own part. In chess, each individual piece has its own unique attributes. The art of chess lies in learning to co-ordinate the disparate moves in a harmonious way. Sometimes a strong chessplayer will call a move ‘ugly’: a quick glance at the position is enough to see that something is amiss.

PLAYER PROFILE: VIKTOR KORCHNOI

Viktor Korchnoi was born in Russia in 1931. In 1978 and 1981 Korchnoi challenged for the world title, losing to Anatoly Karpov both times. In 1976, at the height of the Cold War, Korchnoi defected to the West – after asking British Grandmaster Tony Miles how to spell ‘political asylum’.

The matches were particularly tense affairs due to the fallout from his defection.

At the age of seventy-five, Korchnoi was still ranked No.87 in the world, and he became Swiss champion at the age of seventy-eight.

Everyone has their own style in chess. Some players are brutal, going for all-out attack. Others play in a technical, correct manner. My own style lies somewhere between the two: I wait for my opponent to commit, then counter-attack hard. In this, chess is no different to any sport; personal style matters. Cricket fans will instantly recognize the difference between Kevin Pietersen’s batting and that of Geoffrey Boycott some years ago. But where chess is different is that in many positions there is a single, objective ‘best move’.

There have been literally thousands of books written on chess. One of the first books I ever read on the game was Tony Kosten’s Winning Endgames, also published by Crowood. Almost all of them either assume a lot of basic knowledge, or are aimed predominantly at teaching children the game.

This book on the other hand is aimed at the ‘average person on the street’. Some will already know the rules of the game, others will know nothing. Maybe you played a few games of chess at school. Maybe your child has taken up the game and you want to be able to catch up, to understand what he/she is talking about. Maybe you would like to join a chess club. Or maybe you just want to know what the fuss is all about. This book is aimed at people like you. In a short book like this, there is a limit to how much it is possible to include. I will unashamedly ignore some basic material which is unlikely to occur in real games, and focus only on what is needed for you to improve ‘from beginner to winner’.

The content of this book is quite intensive. When young junior players are coached, it takes months – or even years – to for them cover all of it. Few people will be able to read it from cover to cover in one go. It is much better to read and absorb each section, then put the ideas into practice in your own games, whether that is over the board against a friend of similar chess-playing ability or on the internet. If you put in plenty of practice as well as reading this guide, the material contained in it should be enough for you to play to a reasonable standard for a club in your local league – or compete in one of the many weekend competitions which take place around the country.

Good luck!

CHAPTER 1

CHESS NOTATION

One of the great things about chess is that it is very easy to record a game using the standard chess notation. You can play through the game again afterwards, show it to your friends and gloat or ask a stronger player to look through it and find your mistakes. My database has well over four and a half million games, so if I know who I will be playing I can look up my opponent and find their strengths and weaknesses as well as their opening moves.

Understanding notation is necessary to read any chess book, and also to compete: in league matches and standard-play competitions, competitors are obliged to write down their moves. Apart from anything else, having a record of the game enables disputes to be settled easily.

It makes sense to use this notation – once you are used to it, it is far easier to say ‘20. Bb6’ than to say ‘On the twentieth move of the game, white moves his bishop to the square b6’. We will deal with the most basic notation very quickly, and learn the rest later as it is needed in the book.

The Board

Chess is played on sixty-four squares on an eight-by-eight square board. Thirty-two of the squares are black; thirty-two are white. We arrange the board with a white square on the right-hand side (this does not make any technical difference to the game but is a convention that cannot be ignored). Each square has its own name, given by a co-ordinate system. To find the name of a given square, read down from the square and you get a letter from a to h. Read across, and you will get a number from 1 to 8. Important: squares are always named from White’s perspective.

Fig. 1.1

The square marked with the cross is called c6 and the square marked with the dot is called d3.

Notating a chess move

To write down a chess move, follow three basic steps:

Step 1: Write the name of the piece, as follows:

(When a pawn moves, we do not write anything for the name of the piece.)

We use capital letters to denote a piece and lower-case letters when representing a square, so there is no way of getting confused between the piece and the square.

Step 2: Write the letter x if a piece is being taken.Step 3: Write the name of the square that the piece is moving to.

The White piece shown here is called a rook. How would we write the move shown by the arrow?

Fig. 1.2

Answer: The rook is shown by the letter R, and it is moving to d6. We write this as Rd6.

ALGEBRAIC VS DESCRIPTIVE NOTATION

The type of notation used today is called algebraic. Many years ago, moves were written differently. The move above used to be written as R-Q6, with Q meaning the same as d because the Queen starts life on d1.

The old ‘descriptive’ notation died out because algebraic notation is shorter and more logical. Descriptive notation has not been recognized by the world governing body of chess, FIDE, since 1981 but you may see some players still using it or you may stumble across it in old books.

CHAPTER 2

THE PIECES

The Bishop

Fig. 2.1

The bishop always moves in diagonal lines. So from the position of the bishop in Fig. 2.1 it can move to any of the squares marked with an x. It may move as far as it wants provided that it is not blocked: a move of a single square is possible, or it may travel several squares at once. Two diagonals are longer than any other on the board: the diagonal going from to , and the diagonal going from to . It follows that a will often be an effective place to put a bishop.