Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems E-Book

Yang Shi

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Wiley-ASME Press Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 299

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art CCHP modeling, optimization, and operation theory and practice

This book was written by an international author team at the forefront of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems R&D. It offers systematic coverage of state-of-the-art mathematical modeling, structure optimization, and CCHP system operation, supplemented with numerous illustrative case studies and examples.

CCHP systems are an exciting emerging energy technology offering significant economic and environmental benefits. Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems: Modelling, Optimization, and Operation is a timely response to ongoing efforts to maximize the efficiency of that technology. It begins with a survey of CCHP systems from the technological and societal perspectives, offering readers a broad and stimulating overview of the field. It then digs down into topics crucial for optimal CCHP operation. Discussions of each topic are carefully structured, walking readers from introduction and background to technical details. A set of new methodologies for the modeling, optimization and control of CCHP systems are presented within a unified framework. And the authors demonstrate innovative solutions to a variety of CCHP systems problems using new approaches to optimal power flow, load forecasting, and system operation design.

• Provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art of CCHP system development
• Presents new methodologies for mathematical modeling, optimization, and advanced control
• Combines theoretical rigor with real-world application perspectives
• Features numerous examples demonstrating an array of new design strategies
• Reflects the combined experience of veteran researchers in the field whose contributions are well recognized within the energy community
• Offers excellent background reading for students currently enrolled in the growing number of courses on energy systems at universities worldwide

Timely, authoritative, and offering a balanced presentation of theory and practice, Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems: Modelling, Optimization, and Operation is a valuable resource forresearchers, design practitioners, and graduate students in the areas of control theory, energy management, and energy systems design. 

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

List of Figures

List of Tables

Series Preface

Preface

Acknowledgment

Acronyms

Symbols

Introduction

Chapter 1: State-of-the-Art of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) Systems

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Prime Movers

1.3 Thermally Activated Technologies

1.4 System Configuration

1.5 System Management, Optimization, and Sizing

1.6 Development and Barriers of CHP/CCHP Systems in Representative Countries

1.7 Summary

References

Chapter 2: An Optimal Switching Strategy for Operating CCHP Systems

2.1 Introduction and Related Work

2.2 Conventional Operation Strategies of CCHP Systems

2.3 EC Function and the Optimal Switching Operation Strategy

2.4 Analysis and Discussion

2.5 Case Study

2.6 Summary

References

Chapter 3: A Balance-Space-Based Operation Strategy for CCHP Systems

3.1 Introduction and Related Work

3.2 Optimal Operation Strategy

3.3 EC Function Construction

3.4 Case Study

3.5 Summary

References

Chapter 4: Energy Hub Modeling and Optimization-Based Operation Strategy for CCHP Systems

4.1 Introduction and Related Work

4.2 System Matrix Modeling

4.3 Optimal Control Design

4.4 Case Study

4.5 Summary

References

Chapter 5: Short-Term Load Forecasting and Post-Strategy Design for CCHP Systems

5.1 Introduction and Related Work

5.2 Estimation Model and Load Forecasting

5.3 Operation Strategy Design

5.4 Case Study

5.5 Summary

References

Chapter 6: Complementary Configuration and Operation of a CCHP-ORC System

6.1 Introduction and Related Work

6.2 System Configuration and Formulation

6.3 Optimal Operation Strategy for Normal Load Cases

6.4 Operation Strategy for Overload Cases

6.5 EC Function of the CCHP-ORC System

6.6 Case Study

6.7 Summary

References

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Introduction

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1: State-of-the-Art of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) Systems

Figure 1.1 A typical CCHP system

Figure 1.2 Capstone C200 micro-turbine with power output of 190 kW

Figure 1.3 Absorption process

Figure 1.4 Separation process

Figure 1.5 Existing CHP/CCHP sites classified by prime movers

Figure 1.6 US CHP/CCHP development from 1970 [220]

Figure 1.7 The installed capacity of CHP/CCHP plants classified by applications in the US

Figure 1.9 The CHP/CCHP installed capacity in the UK [223]

Figure 1.9 The installed capacity of CHP plants classified by applications in the UK [223]

Figure 1.10 The installed capacity of CHP in China [225]

Figure 1.11 Share of CHP capacity in thermal power generation [225]

Chapter 2: An Optimal Switching Strategy for Operating CCHP Systems

Figure 2.1 Schematic of a typical SP system

Figure 2.2 Schematic of a typical CCHP system

Figure 2.3 Flow chart of the decision-making process of the proposed optimal switching operation strategy for the CCHP system based on two operating modes

Figure 2.4 Hourly cooling, heating and power loads of the hypothetical hotel in representative days of spring/autumn, summer and winter

Figure 2.5 Space division of operating modes for the hypothetical CCHP system: (a) Equal-Loads Interface; and (b) Equal-Modes Interface

Figure 2.6 Scheduled status of operating modes and energy supply for representative days' energy requirements of the hypothetical CCHP system: (a) scheduled by the proposed strategy; and (b) scheduled by the HETS

Figure 2.7 Relative values of PEC, COST, and CDE, and daily EC values

Chapter 3: A Balance-Space-Based Operation Strategy for CCHP Systems

Figure 3.1 The CCHP system with hybrid chillers implemented

Figure 3.2 Space of , , and

Figure 3.3 One year energy consumption of a hypothetical hotel in Victoria, BC, Canada

Figure 3.4 function value of CCHP system without capacity limit

Figure 3.5 function value of different PGU capacities from 1 to 500 kW

Figure 3.6 function value with 96 kW PGU

Figure 3.7 Variation of electric cooling to cool load ratio in a whole year

Chapter 4: Energy Hub Modeling and Optimization-Based Operation Strategy for CCHP Systems

Figure 4.1 Comparison of three strategies in a summer day

Figure 4.2 Comparison of three strategies in a winter day

Figure 4.3 Comparison of three strategies in a spring day

Figure 4.4 of PGU capacity from 0 to 200 kW

Figure 4.5 of PGU capacity from 0 to 200 kW

Figure 4.6 Variation of the electric cooling to cool load ratio

Chapter 5: Short-Term Load Forecasting and Post-Strategy Design for CCHP Systems

Figure 5.1 OLS-TSRLS algorithm flowchart

Figure 5.2 Heating loads correlogram

Figure 5.3 Electrical loads correlogram

Figure 5.4 Cooling loads correlogram

Figure 5.5 Comparison between forecasted and actual heating loads

Figure 5.6 Error between forecasted and actual heating loads

Figure 5.7 Comparison between forecasted and actual electric loads

Figure 5.8 Error between forecasted and actual electrical loads

Figure 5.9 Comparison between forecasted and actual cooling loads

Figure 5.10 Error between forecasted and actual cooling loads

Figure 5.11 Comparison of PES

Figure 5.12 Comparison of ATC

Figure 5.13 Comparison of CDE

Figure 5.14 Case distribution

Chapter 6: Complementary Configuration and Operation of a CCHP-ORC System

Figure 6.1 Structure diagram of a CCHP-ORC system

Figure 6.2 Schematic of a basic ORC system

Figure 6.3 Decision-making process of optimal operation strategy for normal load cases

Figure 6.4 Hourly cooling, heating and power loads of the hypothetical hotel in representative days of spring, summer, autumn, and winter

Figure 6.5 Hourly outputs of the electric chiller and ORC in representative days of spring, summer, autumn, and winter

Figure 6.6 Radar charts of three criteria for the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system in representative days of spring, summer, autumn, and winter

List of Tables

Chapter 1: State-of-the-Art of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power (CCHP) Systems

Table 1.1 Comparisons among different prime movers

Table 1.2 Comparisons among different thermally activated technologies

Table 1.3 Comparisons among different system configurations

Chapter 2: An Optimal Switching Strategy for Operating CCHP Systems

Table 2.1 Primary parameters of the hypothetical hotel using EnergyPlus

Table 2.2 System coefficients

Table 2.3 Performance criteria of the whole heating season with different systems and optimal operation strategies

Chapter 3: A Balance-Space-Based Operation Strategy for CCHP Systems

Table 3.1 Construction parameters of the hypothetical hotel

Table 3.2 System coefficients

Table 3.3 EC values of SP and CCHP systems

Chapter 4: Energy Hub Modeling and Optimization-Based Operation Strategy for CCHP Systems

Table 4.1 System coefficients

Chapter 5: Short-Term Load Forecasting and Post-Strategy Design for CCHP Systems

Table 5.1 Average normed error of different models using six sets of , , and

Table 5.2 Performance of different systems using forecasted data obtained from the proposed prediction method

Table 5.3 Performance of different systems using 1-lag forecasted data

Table 5.4 Performance of different systems using TSLS forecasted data

Chapter 6: Complementary Configuration and Operation of a CCHP-ORC System

Table 6.1 Technical parameters of the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system for the hypothetical hotel

Table 6.2 Equipment capacities and unit prices of the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system

Table 6.3 Daily values of performance criteria for the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system in representative days

Wiley-ASME Press Series List

Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems: Modeling, Optimization, and Operation

Shi

August 2017

Applications of Mathematical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Models in Engineering and Medicine

Dorfman

February 2017

Bioprocessing Piping and Equipment Design: A Companion Guide for the ASME BPE Standard

Huitt

December 2016

Nonlinear Regression Modeling for Engineering Applications

Rhinehart

September 2016

Fundamentals of Mechanical Vibrations

Cai

May 2016

Introduction to Dynamics and Control of Mechanical Engineering Systems

To

March 2016

Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems

Modeling, Optimization, and Operation

Yang Shi

University of Victoria, Canada

Mingxi Liu

University of Victoria, Canada

Fang Fang

North China Electric Power University, China

This edition first published 2017

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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The right of Yang Shi, Mingxi Liu and Fang Fang to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Shi, Yang, 1972- author. | Liu, Mingxi, 1988- author. | Fang, Fang, 1976- author.

Title: Combined cooling, heating, and power systems : modeling, optimization, and operation / Yang Shi, Mingxi Liu, Fang Fang.

Description: Singapore ; Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017004053 (print) | LCCN 2017012538 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119283379 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119283423 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119283355 (cloth)

Subjects: LCSH: Cogeneration of electric power and heat. | Cooling systems. | Heating.

Classification: LCC TK1041 (ebook) | LCC TK1041 .S55 2017 (print) | DDC 621.1/99-dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004053

Cover image: © artJazz/Gettyimages

Cover design by Wiley

To my beloved parents and family

–Yang Shi

To my beloved parents and Jingwen

–Mingxi Liu

To my beloved parents and family

–Fang Fang

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 A typical CCHP system

Figure 1.2 Capstone C200 micro-turbine with power output of 190 kW

Figure 1.3 Absorption process

Figure 1.4 Separation process

Figure 1.5 Existing CHP/CCHP sites classified by prime movers

Figure 1.6 US CHP/CCHP development from 1970 [220]

Figure 1.7 The installed capacity of CHP/CCHP plants classified by applications in the US

Figure 1.9 The CHP/CCHP installed capacity in the UK [223]

Figure 1.9 The installed capacity of CHP plants classified by applications in the UK [223]

Figure 1.10 The installed capacity of CHP in China [225]

Figure 1.11 Share of CHP capacity in thermal power generation [225]

Figure 2.1 Schematic of a typical SP system

Figure 2.2 Schematic of a typical CCHP system

Figure 2.3 Flow chart of the decision-making process of the proposed optimal switching operation strategy for the CCHP system based on two operating modes

Figure 2.4 Hourly cooling, heating and power loads of the hypothetical hotel in representative days of spring/autumn, summer and winter

Figure 2.5 Space division of operating modes for the hypothetical CCHP system: (a) Equal-Loads Interface; and (b) Equal-Modes Interface

Figure 2.6 Scheduled status of operating modes and energy supply for representative days' energy requirements of the hypothetical CCHP system: (a) scheduled by the proposed strategy; and (b) scheduled by the HETS

Figure 2.7 Relative values of PEC, COST, and CDE, and daily EC values

Figure 3.1 The CCHP system with hybrid chillers implemented

Figure 3.2 Space of , , and

Figure 3.3 One year energy consumption of a hypothetical hotel in Victoria, BC, Canada

Figure 3.4 function value of CCHP system without capacity limit

Figure 3.5 function value of different PGU capacities from 1 to 500 kW

Figure 3.6 function value with 96 kW PGU

Figure 3.7 Variation of electric cooling to cool load ratio in a whole year

Figure 4.1 Comparison of three strategies in a summer day

Figure 4.2 Comparison of three strategies in a winter day

Figure 4.3 Comparison of three strategies in a spring day

Figure 4.4 of PGU capacity from 0 to 200 kW

Figure 4.5 of PGU capacity from 0 to 200 kW

Figure 4.6 Variation of the electric cooling to cool load ratio

Figure 5.1 OLS-TSRLS algorithm flowchart

Figure 5.2 Heating loads correlogram

Figure 5.3 Electrical loads correlogram

Figure 5.4 Cooling loads correlogram

Figure 5.5 Comparison between forecasted and actual heating loads

Figure 5.6 Error between forecasted and actual heating loads

Figure 5.7 Comparison between forecasted and actual electric loads

Figure 5.8 Error between forecasted and actual electrical loads

Figure 5.9 Comparison between forecasted and actual cooling loads

Figure 5.10 Error between forecasted and actual cooling loads

Figure 5.11 Comparison of PES

Figure 5.12 Comparison of ATC

Figure 5.13 Comparison of CDE

Figure 5.14 Case distribution

Figure 6.1 Structure diagram of a CCHP-ORC system

Figure 6.2 Schematic of a basic ORC system

Figure 6.3 Decision-making process of optimal operation strategy for normal load cases

Figure 6.4 Hourly cooling, heating and power loads of the hypothetical hotel in representative days of spring, summer, autumn, and winter

Figure 6.5 Hourly outputs of the electric chiller and ORC in representative days of spring, summer, autumn, and winter

Figure 6.6 Radar charts of three criteria for the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system in representative days of spring, summer, autumn, and winter

List of Tables

Table 1.1 Comparisons among different prime movers

Table 1.2 Comparisons among different thermally activated technologies

Table 1.3 Comparisons among different system configurations

Table 2.1 Primary parameters of the hypothetical hotel using EnergyPlus

Table 2.2 System coefficients

Table 2.3 Performance criteria of the whole heating season with different systems and optimal operation strategies

Table 3.1 Construction parameters of the hypothetical hotel

Table 3.2 System coefficients

Table 3.3 EC values of SP and CCHP systems

Table 4.1 System coefficients

Table 5.1 Average normed error of different models using six sets of , , and

Table 5.2 Performance of different systems using forecasted data obtained from the proposed prediction method

Table 5.3 Performance of different systems using 1-lag forecasted data

Table 5.4 Performance of different systems using TSLS forecasted data

Table 6.1 Technical parameters of the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system for the hypothetical hotel

Table 6.2 Equipment capacities and unit prices of the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system

Table 6.3 Daily values of performance criteria for the CCHP-ORC system and the CCHP system in representative days

Series Preface

The Wiley-ASME Press Series in Mechanical Engineering brings together two established leaders in mechanical engineering publishing to deliver high-quality, peer-reviewed books covering topics of current interest to engineers and researchers worldwide. The series publishes across the breadth of mechanical engineering, comprising research, design and development, and manufacturing. It includes monographs, references and course texts.

Prospective topics include emerging and advanced technologies in Engineering Design; Computer-Aided Design; Energy Conversion & Resources; Heat Transfer; Manufacturing & Processing; Systems & Devices; Renewable Energy; Robotics; and Biotechnology.

Preface

Combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) is a feature of trigeneration systems able to supply cooling, heating, and electricity simultaneously. CCHP systems can be employed to provide buildings with cooling, heating, electricity, hot water and other uses of thermal energy. CCHP features with the great potential of dramatically increasing resource energy efficiency and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Our intention through this book is to provide a timely account as well as an introductory exposure to the main developments in modeling, optimization, and operation of CCHP systems. At the time of conceiving this project, we believed that the development of a systematic framework on modeling and optimal operation design of CCHP systems was of paramount importance. A concise overview of the research area is presented in Chapter 1. We hope it will help readers arrive at a broader and more balanced view of CCHP systems. The remainder of the book presents the core contents, which are divided into five chapters. In Chapter 2, based on two conventional operation strategies, that is, following electric load (FEL) and following thermal load (FTL), a novel optimal switching operation strategy is presented. Chapter 3 presents a configuration with hybrid chillers and design of the optimal operation strategy. In Chapter 4, based on the concept of energy hub, a system matrix-based model is proposed to systematically facilitate the design of optimal operation strategies. Chapter 5 discusses the load prediction problem which plays an instrumental role in designing CCHP operation schemes. In Chapter 6, a complementary CCHP-organic Rankine cycle (CCHP-ORC) system is introduced.

The writing of this monograph has benefitted greatly from discussions with many colleagues. We wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to Professor Jizhen Liu who shared many of his ideas and visions with us. Others who contributed directly by means of joint research on the subject include Le Wei, Qinghua Wang, Hui Zhang, and Huiping Li, with whom we have enjoyed many collaborations. We have also benefitted from constructive and enlightening discussions with Jianhua Zhang, Guolian Hou, Jian Wu, Ji Huang, Xiaotao Liu, Chao Shen, Yuanye Chen, Bingxian Mu, Jicheng Chen, and Kunwu Zhang, among others. Support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (under grant 61473116 and 51676068) has been very helpful and is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, as a way of expressing our deep gratitude and indebtedness, the first author dedicates this book to his wife Jing, and Eric and Adam, the second author to his wife Jingwen, and the third author to his wife Le, and Bowen and Yihe, for their great support and encouragement on this project.

Yang Shi, Mingxi Liu, Fang FangVictoria, BC, Canada

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank all those who have helped in accomplishing this book.

Acronyms

AFC

Alkaline Fuel Cell

ANN

Artificial Neural Network

AR

AutoRegressive

ARIMA

AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average

ARMA

AutoRegressive Moving Average

ARMAX

AutoRegressive Moving Average with eXogenous inputs

ATC

Annual Total Cost

ATCS

Annual Total Cost Saving

ATD

Aggregate Thermal Demand

BFGS

Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno

CCHP

Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power

CDE

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

CDER

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reductions

CHP

Combined Heating and Power

CITHR

Cooling-side Incremental Trigeneration Heat Rate

COP

Coefficient of Performance

DHC

District Heating and Cooling

DOE

Department of Energy

EA

Evolutionary-Algorithmic

EBMUD

East Bay Municipal Utility District

EC

Evaluation Criteria

EDM

Electric Demand Management

EITHR

Electrical-side Incremental Trigeneration Heat Rate

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

EUETS

European Union Emissions Trading Scheme

ec

Electric Chiller

FCL

Following Constant Load

FEL

Following the Electric Load

FTL

Following the Thermal Load

GA

Genetic Algorithm

GHG

GreenHouse Gas

GRG

Generalized Reduced Gradient

GRU

Gainsville Regional Utilities

HETL

Hybrid Electric-Thermal Load

hrc

Recovered Heat for Cooling

hrh

Recovered Heat for Heating

HRSG

Heat Recovery Steam Generator

hrs

Heat Recovery System

HTC

Hourly Total Cost

HTCS

Hourly Total Cost Savings

HVAC

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

IC

Internal Combustion

IV

Instrument Variable

KKT

Karush–Kuhn–Tucker

LP

Linear Programming

LS

Least Squares

MA

Moving Average

MAE

Mean Absolute Error

MAFC

Magnesium-Air Fuel Cell

MAPE

Mean Absolute Percentage Error

MCFC

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell

MILP

Mixed Integer Linear Programming

MINLP

Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming

MSPE

Mean Square Prediction Error

MPC

Model Predictive Control

OLS

Ordinary Least Squares

ORC

Organic Rankine Cycle

PAFC

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell

PEMFC

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

PEC

Primary Energy Consumption

PES

Primary Energy Savings

PGU

Power Generation Unit

PURPA

Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act

PV

PhotoVoltaic

QP

Quadratic Programming

SNPV

System Net Present Value

SOFC

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

SP

Separation Production

SQP

Sequential Quadratic Programming

TDM

Thermal Demand Management

TITHR

Thermal-side Incremental Trigeneration Heat Rate

TPES

Trigeneration Primary Energy Saving

TRR

Total Revenue Requirement

TSLS

Two-Stage Least Squares

TSRLS

Two-Stage Recursive Least Squares

WADE

World Alliance for Decentralized Energy

Symbols

The

th equality constraint of variable

ATC

Annual total cost

ATCS

Annual total cost savings

Unit price of the absorption chiller

Unit price of the boiler

Carbon tax rate

Electricity rate

Unit price of the electric chiller

Natural gas rate

Unit price of the heating unit

The

th inequality constraint of variable

Unit price of the PGU

Electricity sold-back rates

CDE

Carbon dioxide emissions

Carbon dioxide emissions of the CCHP system

Carbon dioxide emissions of the CCHP system under FEL

Carbon dioxide emissions of the CCHP system under FTL

Carbon dioxide emissions of the SP system

CDER

Carbon dioxide emissions reductions

Coefficient of performance of the absorption chiller

Coefficient of performance of the electric chiller

COST

Operational cost

Operational cost of the CCHP system under FEL

Operational cost of the CCHP system under FTL

Operational cost of the SP system

Covariance of variables • and

Expectation of variable

Electricity consumed by the electric chiller in the CCHP system

Electricity consumed by the electric chiller in the SP system

Excess electricity

Purchased electricity from the grid by the CCHP system

Purchased electricity for compensating for the cooling gap

Purchased electricity from the grid by the SP system

Standard basis vector with the

th element being 1

Electricity input of component

Electricity output of component

Maximum electricity generated by the PGU

Electricity output of the ORC

Parasitic electricity

Electricity generated from the PGU

Maximum electricity generated by the PGU

Electricity generated from the PGU under FEL

Electricity generated from the PGU under FTL

Electricity generated by the PGU

Electricity required by building users and the electric chiller

Electricity required by building users

Lower bound of electricity required by building users

Upper bound of electricity required by building users

EC

Evaluation criteria function value

Annual evaluation criteria function value

Evaluation criteria function value of the CCHP system under FEL

Evaluation criteria function value of the CCHP system under FTL

Hourly evaluation criteria function value

Hourly evaluation criteria function value of day

, hour

Fuel consumed by the boiler in the CCHP system

Fuel consumed by the boiler in the SP system

Fuel consumed by the boiler in the CCHP system under FEL

Fuel consumed by the boiler in the CCHP system under FTL

Fuel consumed by the CCHP system

Fuel input ofcomponent

Total fuel consumption

Additionally purchased fuel

Total fuel consumption of the CCHP system under FEL

Total fuel consumption of the CCHP system under FTL

Fuel output of component

Fuel consumed by the PGU

Fuel consumed by the PGU in the CCHP system under FEL

Fuel consumed by the PGU in the CCHP system under FTL

Maximum fuel consumption of the PGU

Optimal PGU capacity

Reduced fuel consumption

Fuel consumed by the SP system

Energy conversion matrix of component

Enthalpy of organic fluid at the inlet of pump

Enthalpy of organic fluid at the outlet of pump

Enthalpy at the outlet of pump for the isentropic case

Enthalpy of organic fluid at the outlet of the evaporator

Enthalpy of organic fluid at the outlet of the pump

Enthalpy of organic fluid at the outlet of the turbine for the isentropic case

HTC

Hourly total cost

Hourly total cost of the CCHP system

Hourly total cost of the SP system

HTCS

Hourly total cost savings

K

Power to heat ratio

Site-to-primary energy conversion factor for electricity

Site-to-primary energy conversion factor for natural gas

L

Facility's life

Maximize the function value of

Minimize the function value of

Maximum value between • and

Minimum value between • and

Organic fluid mass flow rate

PEC

Primary energy consumption

Primary energy consumption of the CCHP system

Primary energy consumption of the CCHP system under FEL

Primary energy consumption of the CCHP system under FTL

Primary energy consumption of the SP system

PES

Primary energy savings

Cooling energy provided by the absorption chiller

Total cooling demand

Heat exchange of the condenser

Cooling energy provided by the electric chiller

Obtained heat by evaporator

Equivalent total thermal requirement at the output of the heat recovery system

Thermal energy provided by the boiler in the CCHP system

Thermal energy provided by the boiler in the SP system

Thermal energy gap

Total heating demand

Heating input of component

Heating output of component

Thermal energy from the heat recovery system for the use of cooling

Thermal energy from the heat recovery system for the use of heating

Thermal energy provided by the PGU

Introduction

Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems are known as trigeneration systems. They are designed to supply cooling, heating, and electricity simultaneously. The CCHP system has become a hot topic for its high system efficiency, high economic efficiency, and low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in recent years. The efficiency of the CCHP system depends on the appropriate system configuration, operation strategy, and facility selection. Due to the inherent and inevitable energy waste of traditional operation strategies, high-efficiency operation strategies are urged. To achieve the highest system efficiency, facilities in the system should be appropriately sized to match with the corresponding operation strategy.

In Chapter 1, the state-of-the-art of CCHP research is surveyed. First, the development and working scheme of the CCHP system is presented. Some analyses of the advantages of this system and a brief introduction to the related components are then given. In the second part of Chapter 1, we elaborately introduce various types of prime movers and thermally activated facilities. Recent research progress on the management, control, system optimization, and facility selection is summarized in the third part. The development of the CCHP system in representative countries and the development barriers are also discussed in Chapter 1.

The operation strategy has a direct impact on the CCHP system performance. To improve the operational performance, in Chapter 2, based on two conventional operation strategies, that is, following electric load (FEL) and following thermal load (FTL), a novel optimal switching operation strategy is proposed. Using this strategy, the whole operating space of the CCHP system is divided into several regions by one to three border surfaces determined by energy requirements and the evaluation criteria (EC). Then the operating point of the CCHP system is located in a corresponding operating mode region to achieve improved EC. The EC simultaneously considers the primary energy consumption, the operational cost, and the carbon dioxide emissions. The proposed strategy can reflect and balance the influences of energy requirements, energy prices, and emissions effectively.

Most of the improved operation strategies in the literature are based on the “balance” plane, matching of the electric demands with the thermal demands. However, in more than 95% energy demand patterns, the demands cannot match with each other on this exact “balance” plane. To continuously use the “balance” concept, in Chapter 3, the system configuration is modified from the one with a single absorption chiller to be the one with hybrid chillers, thus expanding the “balance” plane to a “balance” space by tuning the electric cooling to cool load ratio. With this new “balance” space, an operation strategy is designed and the power generation unit (PGU) capacity is optimized according to the proposed operation strategy to reduce the energy waste and improve the system efficiency. A case study is conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed operation strategy.

In Chapter 4, a more mathematical approach to scheduling the energy input and power flow is proposed. By using the concept of energy hub