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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment provides a multi-facetted introduction to how a wide range of risk reduction options can be mainstreamed into formal and informal construction decision making processes, so that Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) can become part of the ‘developmental DNA’. The contents highlight the positive roles that practitioners such as civil and structural engineers, urban planners and designers, and architects (to name just a few) can undertake to ensure that disaster risk is addressed when (re)developing the built environment. The book does not set out prescriptive (‘context blind’) solutions to complex problems because such solutions can invariably generate new problems. Instead it raises awareness, and in doing so, inspires a broad range of people to consider DRR in their work or everyday practices.
This highly-illustrated text book provides a broad range of examples, case studies and thinking points that can help the reader to consider how DRR approaches might be adapted for differing contexts.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
List of Figures
List of Tables
Note on the Authors
Foreword
Acknowledgements
List of Acronyms
List of Case Studies
List of Thinking Points
Section I: Introduction to Book and Concepts
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 So what is a Disaster?
1.2 What are the Hazards and Threats?
1.5 Trends in the Occurrence of Disasters
1.6 Economic Losses
1.7 The Potential Roles of the Construction Sector in DRR
1.8 Scope of the Book
1.9 Structure of the Book
References and Suggested Reading
Chapter 2: Disaster Risk Reduction
2.1 Learning Objectives
2.2 Key DRR Concepts and Terms
2.3 International Approaches to DRR
2.4 Community Resilience
2.5 Risk Management
2.6 Summary
Further Reading
Section II: Hydro-Meteorological Hazards
Chapter 3: Flooding
3.1 Learning Objectives
3.2 Living with Water
3.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Floods
3.4 Causes of Flooding
3.5 Riverine Floods
3.6 Coastal Floods
3.7 Flash Floods
3.8 Urban (Pluvial) Floods
3.9 Risk Management
3.10 Hazard Identification
3.11 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities
3.12 Determination of the Risk
3.13 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options
3.14 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 4: Windstorms
4.1 Learning Objectives
4.2 Living with Windstorms
4.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Windstorms
4.4 Causes of Windstorms
4.5 Tropical Windstorms
4.6 Tornadoes
4.7 Risk Management
4.8 Hazard Identification
4.9 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities
4.10 Determination of the Risk
4.11 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options
4.12 Summary
Further Reading
Section IV: Key Considerations and Ways Forward
Chapter 5: Earthquakes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
5.1 Living with Earthquakes
5.1 Causes of Earthquakes
5.3 Seismic Activity
5.4 Risk Management
5.5 Hazard Identification
5.6 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities
5.7 Determination of the Risk
5.8 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options
5.9 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 6: Volcanoes
6.1 Learning Objectives
6.2 Living with Volcanoes
6.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Volcanoes
6.4 Causes of Volcanoes
6.5 Volcanic Activity
6.6 Risk Management
6.7 Risk Management
6.8 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options
6.9 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 7: Landslides
7.1 Learning Objectives
7.2 What are Landslides?
7.3 Statistics on Landslides
7.4 Causes and Impacts of Landslides
7.4 Risk Management
7.4 Summary
Further Reading
Section III: Geological Hazards
Chapter 8: Key Principles
8.1 Learning Objectives
8.2 Integrating DRR Measures into Construction Practice
8.3 Seven Key Principles
8.4 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 9: DRR and Sustainability: An Integrated Approach
9.1 Learning Objectives
9.2 Integrating Resilience and Sustainability: Why is it Important?
9.3 What is Sustainability?
9.4 Can the Built Environment Be Sustainable and Resilient?
9.4 Summary
Further Reading
Chapter 10: Conclusions and Recommendations
10.1 Dynamic Factors (and Root Causes)
10.2 Moving away from Disaster Risk Creation
10.3 Moving towards a New Developmental DNA
10.4 Future Research and Educational Challenges
10.5 Final Thoughts for Construction Practitioners
Further Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Foreword
Begin Reading
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
Table 1.1 Typology of Hazards and Threats.
Table 1.2 Global Disaster Events and Impacts Between 2010 and 2015.
Chapter 2: Disaster Risk Reduction
Table 2.1 Overview of the Risk Reduction Measures.
Table 2.2 Overview of the Disaster Risk Reduction Process.
Chapter 3: Flooding
Table 3.1 List of the 10 Most Disastrous Floods in the Last Century.
Table 3.2 Flood Averages Per Year Between 1964 and 2013.
Table 3.4 Examples of the Primary and Secondary Effects of Flooding.
Table 3.3 Overview of Typical Flood-Related Hazard Identification Methods.
Table 3.5 Summary of the Viability of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Flood Risk.
Table 3.6 Indicative Examples of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Flood Risk.
Table 3.7 SUDS Options Table.
Table 3.8 What to Do and What Not to Do Before, During and After a Flood (adapted and modified from FEMA and EA Flood line).
Chapter 4: Windstorms
Table 4.1 The 10 Most Deadly Windstorms in the Last Century.
Table 4.2 The 10 Most Damaging (in Economic Terms) Windstorms in the Last Century.
Table 4.3 Windstorm Averages Per Year Between 1964 and 2013.
Table 4.4 Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.
Table 4.5 Enhanced Fujita Scale.
Table 4.6 Overview of Typical Hazard Identification Methods for Windstorms.
Table 4.7 Examples of the Primary and Secondary Effects of Windstorms.
Table 4.8 Summary of the Viability of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Windstorms.
Table 4.9 Indicative Examples of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Windstorms.
Table 4.10 What To Do and What Not To Do Before, During and After a Windstorm (adapted and modified from FEMA guidance).
Chapter 5: Earthquakes
Table 5.1 The 10 Most Deadly Earthquakes in the Last 50 Years.
Table 5.2 Earthquake Averages Per Year Between 1964 and 2013.
Table 5.3 Overview of Typical Earthquake Hazard Identification Methods.
Table 5.4 Examples of the Primary and Secondary Effects of Earthquakes (Excluding Tsunamis).
Table 5.5 Summary of the Viability of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Earthquake (and Associated Tsunami) Risks.
Table 5.6 Indicative Examples of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Earthquake Risk.
Table 5.7 Overview of Most Prominent Construction Types That Can Incorporate Earthquake Engineering Features.
Chapter 6: Volcanoes
Table 6.1 The 10 Most Deadly Volcanoes.
Table 6.2 Volcano Averages Per Year Between 1964 and 2013.
Table 6.3 Summary of Different Types of Volcanoes and Their Key Features.
Table 6.4 The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI).
Table 6.5 Overview of Typical Volcanic Hazard Identification Methods.
Table 6.6 Overview of Typical Volcanic Hazard Identification Methods.
Table 6.7 Generic Examples of the Primary and Secondary Effects of Volcanos.
Table 6.8 Summary of the Main Vulnerabilities and Considerations for Selective Infrastructure From Key Volcanic Hazards (after Wilson
et al.
2014).
Table 6.9 Summary of the Viability of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Volcanic Risks.
Table 6.10 Indicative Examples of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Volcanic Risk.
Chapter 7: Landslides
Table 7.1 Landslide Averages Per Year Between 1964 and 2013.
Table 7.2 List of 10 of the Most Devastating Landslides in the Last Century.
Table 7.3 Sources of Information for Landslide Hazard Identification.
Table 7.4 Vulnerabilities Associated with Landslides.
Table 7.5 Summary of the Viability of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Landslide Risk.
Table 7.6 Indicative Examples of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Landslide Risk.
Chapter 8: Key Principles
Table 8.1 Organisations (‘Responders’) Involved with ‘Civil Contingencies’ in the UK.
Chapter 9: DRR and Sustainability: An Integrated Approach
Table 9.1 Comparing green and sustainable buildings.
Chapter 10: Conclusions and Recommendations
Table 10.1 Overview of Some of the Main Factors Contributing Towards Disasters.
Table 10.2 A Non-Exhaustive List of Some of the Key Professional Institutions that Could Support the Integration of DRR Training Into Courses for a Range of Construction Professionals.
Table 10.3 Overview of the Key Operational Issues and Relevant Research and Educational Challenges (adapted from Bosher, 2014).
Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment
Lee Bosher
Loughborough University, UK
Ksenia Chmutina
Loughborough University, UK
This edition first published 2017
© 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law.Advice on how to obtain permision to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Lee Bosher and Ksenia Chmutina to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office
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For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied For
ISBN: 9781118921494
Cover image: Detail of a 1:50 scale-model of the city of Jerusalem during the late Second Temple Period.
Photograph taken by Lee Bosher in January 2012 at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem.
Cover design by Wiley
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
Table 1.1 Typology of Hazards and Threats.
1
Table 1.2 Global Disaster Events and Impacts Between 2010 and 2015.
Chapter 2: Disaster Risk Reduction
Table 2.1 Overview of the Risk Reduction Measures.
Table 2.2 Overview of the Disaster Risk Reduction Process.
Chapter 3: Flooding
Table 3.1 List of the 10 Most Disastrous Floods in the Last Century.
Table 3.2 Flood Averages Per Year Between 1964 and 2013.
Table 3.4 Examples of the Primary and Secondary Effects of Flooding.
Table 3.3 Overview of Typical Flood-Related Hazard Identification Methods.
Table 3.5 Summary of the Viability of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Flood Risk.
Table 3.6 Indicative Examples of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Flood Risk.
Table 3.7 SUDS Options Table.
Table 3.8 What to Do and What Not to Do Before, During and After a Flood (adapted and modified from FEMA and EA Flood line).
Chapter 4: Windstorms
Table 4.1 The 10 Most Deadly Windstorms in the Last Century.
Table 4.2 The 10 Most Damaging (in Economic Terms) Windstorms in the Last Century.
Table 4.3 Windstorm Averages Per Year Between 1964 and 2013.
Table 4.4 Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.
Table 4.5 Enhanced Fujita Scale.
Table 4.6 Overview of Typical Hazard Identification Methods for Windstorms.
Table 4.7 Examples of the Primary and Secondary Effects of Windstorms.
Table 4.8 Summary of the Viability of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Windstorms.
Table 4.9 Indicative Examples of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Windstorms.
Table 4.10 What To Do and What Not To Do Before, During and After a Windstorm (adapted and modified from FEMA guidance).
Chapter 5: Earthquakes
Table 5.1 The 10 Most Deadly Earthquakes in the Last 50 Years.
Table 5.2 Earthquake Averages Per Year Between 1964 and 2013.
Table 5.3 Overview of Typical Earthquake Hazard Identification Methods.
Table 5.4 Examples of the Primary and Secondary Effects of Earthquakes (Excluding Tsunamis).
Table 5.5 Summary of the Viability of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Earthquake (and Associated Tsunami) Risks.
Table 5.6 Indicative Examples of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Earthquake Risk.
Table 5.7 Overview of Most Prominent Construction Types That Can Incorporate Earthquake Engineering Features.
Chapter 6: Volcanoes
Table 6.1 The 10 Most Deadly Volcanoes.
Table 6.2 Volcano Averages Per Year Between 1964 and 2013.
Table 6.3 Summary of Different Types of Volcanoes and Their Key Features.
Table 6.4 The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI).
Table 6.5 Overview of Typical Volcanic Hazard Identification Methods.
Table 6.6 Overview of Typical Volcanic Hazard Identification Methods.
Table 6.7 Generic Examples of the Primary and Secondary Effects of Volcanos.
Table 6.8 Summary of the Main Vulnerabilities and Considerations for Selective Infrastructure From Key Volcanic Hazards (after Wilson
et al.
2014).
Table 6.9 Summary of the Viability of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Volcanic Risks.
Table 6.10 Indicative Examples of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Volcanic Risk.
Chapter 7: Landslides
Table 7.1 Landslide Averages Per Year Between 1964 and 2013.
Table 7.2 List of 10 of the Most Devastating Landslides in the Last Century.
Table 7.3 Sources of Information for Landslide Hazard Identification.
Table 7.4 Vulnerabilities Associated with Landslides.
Table 7.5 Summary of the Viability of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Landslide Risk.
Table 7.6 Indicative Examples of Risk Reduction Options for Addressing Landslide Risk.
Chapter 8: Key Principles
Table 8.1 Organisations (‘Responders’) Involved with ‘Civil Contingencies’ in the UK.
Chapter 9: DRR and Sustainability: An Integrated Approach
Table 9.1 Comparing green and sustainable buildings.
Chapter 10: Conclusions and Recommendations
Table 10.1 Overview of Some of the Main Factors Contributing Towards Disasters.
Table 10.2 A Non-Exhaustive List of Some of the Key Professional Institutions that Could Support the Integration of DRR Training Into Courses for a Range of Construction Professionals.
Table 10.3 Overview of the Key Operational Issues and Relevant Research and Educational Challenges (adapted from Bosher, 2014).
Note on the Authors
Dr Lee Bosher is a Senior Lecturer in Disaster Risk Reduction in the Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) at Loughborough University, England. He has a background in disaster risk management and his research and teaching includes disaster risk reduction and the multi-disciplinary integration of proactive hazard mitigation strategies into the decision-making processes of key stakeholders, involved with the planning, design, construction and operation of the built environment. Lee is coordinator of the International Council for Building’s Working Commission W120 on ‘Disasters and the Built Environment’, a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and he has been involved in research projects that investigated how urban resilience can be increased in the UK, Haiti, India, Nigeria and across parts of Europe. Lee’s previous books include ‘Hazards and the Built Environment’ (2008) and ‘Social and Institutional Elements of Disaster Vulnerability’ (2007).
Dr Ksenia Chmutina is a Lecturer in sustainable and resilient urbanism in the School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University. Her main research interest is in synergies of resilience and sustainability in the built environment, including holistic approaches to enhancing resilience to natural hazards and human-induced threats, and a better understanding of the systemic implications of sustainability and resilience under the pressures of urbanisation and climate change. She has extensive experience of working on RCUK and EU-funded projects that have focused on resilience and sustainability of urban spaces in Europe, China and the Caribbean.
Also many thanks to Dr Alister Smith for authoring the important chapter on Landslides (Chapter 7). Alister is a Lecturer in Infrastructure in the School of Civil and Building Engineering at Loughborough University. He is a Civil Engineer specialising in Geotechnical Engineering and Intelligent Infrastructure.
Foreword
Disasters are an existential threat to the long-term sustainable development of humanity on this planet. Between 2010 and 2015 the world experienced 530 disaster events that affected 140 million people, killed 78 thousand people and caused US$151bn in damages; figures that are testament to the massive (and increasingly) negative impacts of disasters globally.
During the last few decades, documented increases of disastrous events have combined with theoretical developments that have required a fresh approach to the way in which disasters are managed. Emphasis has moved away from disaster relief and emergency preparedness, towards a more sustainable approach incorporating hazard mitigation and effective risk management. Central to this is the need for developmental practises to be more sensitive so that the impacts of a wide range of hazards and threats can be mitigated. This needs to be achieved through proactive measures. These proactive measures are likely to have a bearing on the professional training (formal and informal) and day-to-day activities of a vast range of construction practitioners and other key stakeholders; these broad ‘activities’ are the central focus of this book.
This textbook provides a multi-facetted introduction to how a wide range of risk reduction options can be mainstreamed into formal and informal construction decision making processes, so that Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) becomes a core component of what could be termed the ‘developmental DNA’. The contents highlight the positive roles that practitioners such as civil and structural engineers, urban planners and designers, and architects (to name just a few) can undertake to ensure that disaster risk is addressed when (re)developing the built environment. Risk management principles will be presented and illustrated with examples in the context of a range of the most prominent natural hazards in two sections focused on a) Hydro-meteorological hazards (floods, hurricanes, tornadoes) and b) Geological hazards (earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis).
The book does not set out prescriptive (‘context blind’) solutions to complex problems because such solutions invariably generate new problems. Instead this book raises awareness, and in doing so, the intention is to inspire a broad range of people to consider DRR in their work or everyday practices. This highly illustrated text book provides an interesting range of examples, case studies and thinking points that will help the reader to consider how DRR approaches might be adapted for differing contexts. Ultimately, it is hoped that the contents of the book will convince an expansive range of construction practitioners to incorporate DRR thinking and innovations into their everyday practice.
Acknowledgements
As one might expect from the multi-disciplinary nature of the subject matter, the authors wish to thank the myriad academics, practitioners and members of the public that have inspired us to write this textbook. We are particularly grateful to the artists, photographers, businesses and governmental and non-governmental institutions that have kindly granted us permission to use photographs and other images in this publication.
This textbook has been a labour of love for both authors but it has involved numerous long days in the office and spending far too much time away from family members. Therefore we are eternally grateful for all the support, patience and humour that our families have given us during the last two years.
The book, and the sentiments contained within, are dedicated to all people globally that strive in the face of everyday hardships and inequalities to exist, and endeavour not to be the victims of future disasters. Thus as a small token of support, any royalties obtained from this book will be donated to the Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) at Loughborough University. WEDC has been chosen because it is committed to the provision of effective, evidence-based and appropriate solutions for the improvement of basic infrastructure and essential services for people living in low- and middle-income countries. These are the critical services that provide the essential foundations for a decent life as well as for effective grass roots based disaster risk reduction.
List of Acronyms
AISC
American Institute of Steel Construction (USA)
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers
ASEE
American Society for Engineering Education
ASSE
American Society of Safety Engineers
BGS
British Geological Survey
BRE
Building Research Establishment
BREEAM
Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method
CABE
Chartered Association of Building Engineers
CARRI
Community and Regional Resilience Institute
CIAT
Chartered Institute of Architectural Technology
CIBSE
Chartered Institute of Building Service Engineers
CIHT
Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation
CIOB
Chartered Institute of Building
CIRIA
Construction Industry Research and Information Association (UK)
CIWEM
Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management
CROSS
Confidential Reporting on Structural Safety
DEM
Department of Emergency Management (Barbados)
DRM
Disaster Risk Management
DRR
Disaster Risk Reduction
DTM
Digital Terrain Model
EA
Environment Agency (UK)
EF
Enhanced Fujita (scale)
EM-DAT
International Disaster Database
ENAEE
European Network for Accreditation of Engineering Education
EWS
Early Warning System
FEMA
Federal Emergency Management Agency
FLAG
Flood Liaison and Advice Group (UK)
GAR
Global Assessment Report (on DRR)
GHG
Green House Gas
GIS
Geographical Information System
GSJ
Geological Survey of Japan
HFA
Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015)
HSE
Health & Safety Executive (UK)
ICE
Institution of Civil Engineers
IDNDR
International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction
IHE
Institute of Highway Engineers
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPENZ
Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand
ISDR
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
IStructE
Institution of Structural Engineers
JMA
Japan Meteorological Agency
JNURM
Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission (India)
JSCE
Japan Society of Civil Engineers
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LRF
Local Resilience Forum (UK)
MMS
Moment Magnitude Scale
Mw
Moment Magnitude Scale
NGO
Non-Governmental Organisation
NHC
National Hurricane Centre (NOAA)
NHS
National Health Service (UK)
NIMTOO
Not In My Term of Office
NN
Normal Null (sea level)
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USA)
PDCs
Pyroclastic Density Currents
PIRA
Provisional Irish Republican Army
RIBA
Royal Institute of British Architects
RICS
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
RTPI
Royal Town Planning Institute
SCOSS
Standing Committee on Structural Safety
SDGs
Sustainable Development Goals
SFA
Sendai Framework for Action (2015-2030)
SME
Small to Medium Sized Enterprise
SUDS
Sustainable urban drainage systems
UCLG
United Cities and Local Governments
UKSPEC
UK Standard for Professional Engineering Competence
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
UNDRO
United Nations Disaster Relief Office
UNEP
UN Environmental Programme
UNISDR
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
USGS
U.S. Geological Survey
VEI
Volcanic Explosivity Index
List of Case Studies
Case study
Case Study 2.1
The Role of UN in DRR
Case Study 2.2
