Ecosystem Services Come To Town E-Book

Gary Grant

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 264

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

The need to find new approaches to the development of cities is becoming increasingly urgent in this age of continuing population growth, demographic transition, climate change, fossil fuel peak and biodiversity losses. Restoring ecosystem services and promoting biodiversity is essential to sustainable development – even in the built environment.

Ecosystem Services come to Town: greening cities by working with nature demonstrates how to make urban environments greener. It starts by explaining how, by mimicking nature and deliberately creating habitats to provide ecosystem services, cities can become more efficient and more pleasant to live in.  The history of cities and city planning is covered with the impacts of industrial urban development described, as well as the contemporary concerns of biodiversity loss, peak oil and climate change.

The later sections offer solutions to the challenges of sustainable urban development by describing and explaining a whole range of approaches and interventions, beginning at the regional scale with strategic green infrastructure, looking at districts and precincts, with trees, parks and rain gardens and ending with single buildings, including with green roofs and living walls.

Technical enough to be valuable to practitioners but still readable and inspirational, this guide demonstrates to town planners, urban designers, architects, engineers, landscape architects how to make cities more liveable.

Leseprobe

Contents

About the Author

Acknowledgement

1. Introduction

Modern Cities and the Disconnected

Population Spike

Limits to Growth

Global Threats

Ecosystem Services and Stewardship

Greening Cities is Necessary

Hope

2. Origins of Cities

Why Look Back?

Emergence of the Human Species

Great Leap Forward

Agriculture and Permanent Settlements

Agriculture Around the World

Agriculture Intensifies

Empires Rise and Fall in Mesopotamia

Nile Valley

Indus Valley

Ancient China

Ancient Greece

On the Ganges

Rome

The Moche

Mesoamerica

Fortified Centres of Administration

European Renaissance

Early Modern

Squalor

3. Modern Cities

Origins of the Modern City

Industrial Revolution

Railways

Rapid Growth

Ill Health

Distinctive New Districts Emerge

Paris Re-born

Railways and Suburbs

Planning and Zoning

Garden Cities

Motor Vehicles Herald in the Oil Age

A Humane Outlook

Going Up

Continued Rise of the Motor Vehicle

Decline of the Inner City

New Towns

City Plans

An Unfinished Task

4. Issues Facing Contemporary Cities

Impacts of Cities and City Living

Habitat Loss

Habitat Fragmentation

Impacts on Soil

The Water Cycle

Water-borne Pollution

Urban Heat Islands

Air Pollution

Noise

Light Pollution

Agricultural Land Take

Concrete

Steel

Glass

Timber

Waste

Drivers of Population Growth

Peak Oil

Peak Phosphorus

Post Oil

5. Working with Nature

Ecology and Ecosystems

Born Free

Saving the Great Lakes

Earth Summit, Ecosystem Assessment and Ecosystem Services

Cities as Part of the Biosphere

Ecological Restoration

Urban Wildlife

Green Infrastructure

Sustainable Sites Initiative

Advice from Professional Bodies and Others

Mimic Nature

Working with Nature Works

6. Urban Nature

Open Space Preservation

The Naturalists

Nature Leaves the City?

Urban Nature Returns

Wildlife Gardens

Encapsulated Countryside

Bukit Timah

The Urban Forest

Urban Wastelands

Canvey Wick

Emscher Park

Urban Farming

Biodiversity Action Plans

River Corridors

London’s South Bank

Minneapolis Riverfront

7. Water and Cities

Fresh Clean Water – Essential and Increasingly Scarce

Civilisation has Modified the Water Cycle

Water Consumption

Embodied Carbon

Virtual Water

Catchment Management

Rainwater Harvesting

Grey Water

Sustainable Urban Drainage

Water Sensitive Urban Design

Rain Gardens

The Streets are Changing

Ponds

Potsdamer Platz

River Restoration

The Cheonggyecheon River

Singapore

Water and Urban Heat Islands

Towards the Water Sensitive City

8. City-wide Greening

Bioregions

Catchment Management for Clean Water

Catchment Management for Ecosystem Services

Regional Green Infrastructure Plans

Biomass and the Bioregion

Regional Ecological Networks

Community Forests

Green Belts

Green Grids

Transport

Urban Heat Islands

Blue Networks

Masterplanning

Regional Plans, Local Implementation

9. Greening Neighbourhoods and Buildings

Sense of Neighbourhood

Living Streets

Standardising the Neighbourhood

Design Your Own Park

A Phoenix Rises

Growing Their Own

Learning from Squatter Settlements

Rain Gardens

They Paved Paradise

Clapton Park Estate

People of the Trees

Tree Pits

Tree Trenches

No Space?

Energy Efficient Buildings

Water Efficiency

Autonomy

Building-integrated Vegetation

A Coat for Buildings

Value of Shade

Living Walls

Cooling Effect of Green Roofs

Green Roofs, Rainwater Attenuation and Cooling

Green Roofs Need the Right Substrate

Green Roofs for Biodiversity

London’s Black Redstart Roofs

Biodiverse Green Roofs in North America

Roof Gardens for People

Worldwide Applications

Wildlife and Buildings

Rooftop Harvests

10. Conclusion

Interesting Times

The Positives

Cities and Citizens Take the Initiative

Greening Requires Greenery

Appendices

I: award winning projects from IHDC website

Mission Earth

Transforming the Way We Think about the Built Environment

Multifunctional Design

International Inspirations

The IHDC Brief

Unusual Partnerships

Case Studies – Creating a Body of Exemplar Projects

IHDC Case Studies

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

Project Overview

Judges’ Comments

II: useful resources

United Nations Department of Economic Affairs – Population Division

An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus 1798

Club of Rome

Association for the Study of Peak Oil (ASPO)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

UN Convention on Biological Diversity

UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Environmental Literacy Council

Agroforestry Research Trust

Town and Country Planning Association

Becoming Human

Volcanic Eruptions

Jared Diamond

Earth Network

The Neolithic of the Levant (1978) by A.M.T. Moore.

Greenland Ice Core Project

Çatalhöyük

Yangshao Culture

Mesopotamia 6000-1500 BC

Ancient Egypt

The Indus Civilisation

The Shang Dynasty

Ancient Greece

Hippodamus

Ancient Rome

Moche

Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies

Florence

Bastides

Versailles

Staple Inn

Christopher Wren

Robert Hooke

London After the Great Fire

Age of Enlightenment

Industrial Revolution

Exploring 20th Century London

Miasma Theory

Frederick Law Olmstead

History of Building Regulations in the British Isles

Haussmann

American Planning Association

First Garden City Heritage Museum

Lewis Mumford Center

Royal Parks

Central Park

Island Biogeography

International Soil Reference and Information Centre

USGS on the Water Cycle

Sewers

Water

Urban Heat Islands

Air Pollution

Noise

Light Pollution

Bird Strike on Buildings

Agricultural Land Take

Concrete and Cement

Steel

Glass

Timber

Urban Solid Waste

Peak Phosphorus

Resilience

Darwin

Linnaeus

Reductionism and Holism

Born-free Foundation

Great Lakes

UN Convention on Biological Diversity

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Atlas of the Biosphere

Cod Fishery

Urban Wildlife

Green Infrastructure

Town and Country Planning Association

Biomimcry

Octavia Hill

Hampstead Heath

London Natural History Society

Ian McHarg

Natural History Museum Wildlife Garden

Camley Street Natural Park

Urban Bushland Western Australia

Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

i-Tree

Tree Council

Alliance for Community Trees

Canvey Wick

Emsher Park

Urban Farming

UK Biodiversity Action Plan

Water Sensitive Urban Design

Catchment Management

Rainwater Harvesting

Grey Water Recycling

Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)

Low Impact Development

Rain Garden

River Restoration

Chongyecheong

ANC Waters

Bioregions

Biomass as energy

Ecological Networks

Community Forests

Green Belts

All London Green Grid

Green-Blue Networks

Regional Plans

Masterplans

Living Streets

Design Your Own Park

Guerrilla Gardening

Allotments

Stormwater Tree Pits

Passivhaus

Green Roofs

Building Biodiversity

Biodiversity and Planning

Hundertwasser

Alliance for Healthy Cities

Notes and References

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Grant, Gary, 1958–Ecosystem services come to town : greening cities by working with nature / by Gary Grant.pages cmIncludes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4051-9506-5 (pbk. : alk. paper)1. City planning–Environmental aspects. 2. Sustainable urban development. I. Title.NA9053.E58G73 2012711′.4–dc23

2012006681

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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Cover design by Andy MeadenCover image shows Phoenix Garden in London’s West End. Photograph by Gary Grant

About the Author

Gary Grant is a Chartered Environmentalist, Member of the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management, an Academician at the Academy of Urbanism, Member of the All Party Parliamentary Committee on Biodiversity, thesis supervisor at the Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, Chair of the Judges of the Integrated Habitats Design Competition and Director of the Green Roof Consultancy Ltd. After graduating from Nottingham University in 1980 with a degree in Biology, he worked for the London Wildlife Trust (LWT), campaigning for and managing urban wildspace. He conceived the London Wildlife Garden Centre which won a RIBA/Times Award. Later he led the Wildlife in Docklands Project, a joint venture between the Wildfowl and Wetland Trust and LWT, which promoted nature as part of the redevelopment of London’s Docklands. In the early 1990s, he participated in the Royal Fine Art Commission’s River Thames Study and worked on the Natural History Museum’s Wildlife Garden. Since the early 1990s he has designed green roofs, including the CUE Building at the Horniman Museum. Based in Hong Kong for the much of the 1990s, he worked on housing, tourism and infrastructure projects. In 2003, Gary wrote English Nature’s Research Report on green roofs and followed that in 2006 with Green Roofs and Facades published by BRE Press. From 2006 to 2009 he was a Director of EDAW and then AECOM Design + Planning, where he worked on large-scale planning projects including the London 2012 Olympic Park, the Bedford Valley River Park, the Whitehill-Bordon Eco Town, Education City, Qatar and Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi.