Electrical Equipment E-Book

B. Koti Reddy

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 452

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT A FIELD GUIDE A comprehensive guide for all the electrical equipment in plants to understand their basic theories, relevant standards, operation and maintenance, challenges, and scope for future research. This valuable new volume is a must-have for any engineer. Covering almost all electrical equipment, such as generators, motors, transformers, cables, batteries, meters, relays, fuses, lamps, lightning arresters, circuit breakers, and so much more, it -covers not only the basic theory, but also mathematical equations, selection guidelines, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance, and many other practical applications. Equally as importantly, also covered here are all the applicable international standards, such as IEC and IEEE. This book is written in a simple language for easy understanding by field engineers. The rating plate of all the equipment is described in detail. The relevant details of the equipment have been taken from the reputed manufacturers' brochures and their operation manuals. This book serves as a guide for researchers to know the gaps in existing technologies and gives direction for future research. Academics can refer to this book to understand the field requirements and to prepare their curriculum accordingly. This groundbreaking new volume presents these topics and trends, bridging the research gap, and enables wide-scale implementation of efficient and effective operations. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library. This outstanding new volume: * Is a comprehensive, "one stop shop" guidebook for electrical engineers * Covers all the electrical machines, switchgear, meters and relays, cables, batteries, and many other types of equipment found on the shop or plant floor * Includes all the applicable international standards such as IEEE, IEC, NEMA, NFPA, and others * Lists out the gaps in the existing technology and opportunities for future research Audience Electrical engineers, technicians, and other designers, engineers, and scientists who work with electrical equipment.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Foreword

Preface

1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Electrical Power Supply

1.3 Classification of Voltages or Voltage Bands

1.4 Standards Agencies

1.5 Electrical Standards

1.6 Abbreviations

1.7 Constants

1.8 Types of Maintenance

1.9 Useful Life of Equipment

2 Transformers

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Types of Transformers

2.3 Transformer on No Load

2.4 Transformer on Load

2.5 Total Equivalent Circuit of Transformer (Referred to Primary Side)

2.6 Losses in a Transformer

2.7 Efficiency of Transformer

2.8 Parallel Operation of Transformers

2.9 Rating Plate of Transformer

2.10 Information to Be Given to Purchase a Transformer

2.11 Tests on Transformer

2.12 Maintenance of Transformers

2.13 Troubleshooting Chart for Transformers

2.14 Latest Trends Opportunities in Transformer Technology

3 Generators

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Alternator

3.3 Field Poles

3.4 Construction of Field Poles

3.5 EMF Equation of Alternator

3.6 Capability Curve

3.7 Design of Alternator

3.8 Rating Plates

3.9 Voltage Regulation of Synchronous Generator

3.10 Excitation

3.11 Connections

3.12 Neutral Grounding

3.13 Cooling

3.14 Short-Circuit Ratio (SCR)

3.15 Pitch Factor (Kp) or Chording Factor (Kc)

3.16 Distribution Factor (Kd)

3.17 Leakage Reactance (X

l

)

3.18 Armature Reaction

3.19 Operation of Generator When Connected to an Infinite Bus

3.20 Load Sharing of Grid-Connected Alternator

3.21 Typical Values of Various Reactances and Time-Constants

3.22 Load Characteristics of Alternators

3.23 Salient Pole Machine with Two Reaction Theory

3.24 Hunting

3.25 Stability and Swing Equation

3.26 Prime-Mover Rating Plates

3.27 Effect of Unbalanced Loads and External Faults

3.28 Voltage Regulators

3.29 Parallel Operation of Alternators Under Different Conditions

3.30 Induction Generator

3.31 Doubly Fed Induction Generator

3.32 Latest Trends in TG Technology

3.33 Maintenance

3.34 Fault Finding

3.35 Generator Failure Modes

3.36 Tests on a Turbo-Generator

3.37 Tests on Engine-Driven Generator

3.38 Gaps and Research Opportunities

4 Induction Motors

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Comparison Between Various Types of Motors

4.3 Working Principle of 3-Phase Induction Motor

4.4 Construction of SCIM

4.5 Equivalent Circuit of SCIM

4.6 Torque-Speed Curve of SCIM

4.7 T-S Curve for SRIM

4.8 Torque-Speed Curve of Single-Phase Motor (Split Phase)

4.9 Name Plate or Rating Plate of SCIM

4.10 Power Stages of Induction Motor

4.11 Abnormal Conditions

4.12 Starting of Induction Motors

4.13 Speed Control of Induction Motors

4.14 Deep Cage Induction Motor

4.15 Double Cage SCIM

4.16 Selection of Motor Power for an Application

4.17 Design of Induction Motors

4.18 Characteristics of Loads

4.19 Circle Diagram

4.20 Alignment of Motor with Driven Equipment

4.21 Shaft and Bearing Currents in Large Motors

4.22 Special Motors for Hazardous/Explosive Areas

4.23 Identification of 3-Phase Winding Leads

4.24 Tests on Induction Motor

4.25 Maintenance

4.26 Trouble-Shooting

4.27 Heating and Cooling Curves of Induction Motor

4.28 Smart Motors

4.29 Single-Phase Induction Motors

4.30 Information to Be Given to Purchase a 3-Phase Induction Motor

4.31 Protection Against Faults

4.32 Motors for Electrical Vehicles

4.33 Future Scope

5 Circuit Breakers and Contactors

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Arcing Phenomenon

5.3 Types of Circuit Breakers

5.4 AC and DC CBs

5.5 DCCB

5.6 CB Contacts

5.7 Selection of CB

5.8 Operation of CBs

5.9 Name Plate of CBs

5.10 Tests on CB

5.11 Information to Be Given to Purchase a CB

5.12 Maintenance of CB

5.13 Contactors

5.14 MCB, MCCB and RCCB

6 Protection and Measurement Systems

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Desirable Characteristics of Protective Device

6.3 Current Transformer

6.4 Voltage Transformer

6.5 Measuring Instruments

6.6 Multi-Function Meter

6.7 Desirable Characteristics of Meters

6.8 Meter Symbols and Codes

6.9 AVO or Multimeter

6.10 Meter Calibration Reports

7 Earthing and Lightning

7.1 Earthing

7.2 Earthing, Grounding and Bonding

7.3 System Neutral Grounding

7.4 LV Neutral Earthing

7.5 Types of Earth Electrodes

7.6 Measurement of Earth Resistance

7.7 General Guidelines on Earthing

7.8 Lightning Arrester

7.9 Protection Against Lightning

7.10 Definitions

7.11 Name Plate of LA

7.12 Protective Devices Against Lightning Surges

7.13 Surge Protective Device (SPD)

7.14 Lightning Conductor Size

7.15 Inspection and Maintenance of Lightning Protection System

7.16 Testing of LA

8 Fuses

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Terms Used in the Fuse Field

8.3 Cut-Off Characteristic of Fuse

8.4 Fuse Law (Prece’s Law)

8.5 Types of Fuses

8.6 Application Categories and TCC of Fuses

8.7 Discrimination between an Over Current Relay and Fuse

8.8 Semi-Conductor Fuse

8.9 Examples of Selection of Fuse

8.10 Symbols of Fuse Letter Code

8.11 Desirable Characteristics of Fuse

8.12 Tests Recommended on Fuses

8.13 Market Models of Fuses

9 Protective Relays

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Terms Used in Relaying

9.3 Types of Protection

9.4 Types of Relays

9.5 Relay Block Diagrams of Three Generations

9.6 IDMT Relay Calculations

9.7 Inverse – Time Over-Current Relays

9.8 Comparison between Three Generation Relays

9.9 Thermal Overload Relays

9.10 Protections of Various Electrical Equipment

9.11 Relay Settings

9.12 Protection System Failure Modes

9.13 Maintenance of Relays

9.14 Field Testing

9.15 Relay Co-Ordination

9.16 Protective Device Numbers

9.17 Challenges and Opportunities

10 Cables and Overhead Conductors

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Conducting Materials

10.3 Cable Insulating Material

10.4 Construction of Cables

10.5 Overhead Conductor versus Cable

10.6 Comparison between PVC and XLPE Cables

10.7 De-Rating Factors

10.8 Special Cables

10.9 FRLS Cable Properties

10.10 Methods of Cable Laying

10.11 Identification Codes of Cables

10.12 Selection of Cable

10.13 Rule of Thumb for Industrial Work

10.14 Fault Location Methods

10.15 Maintenance on Cables

10.16 Cable Jointing

10.17 Tests on PVC Cables

10.18 Tests on XLPE Cables

10.19 Overhead Lines

10.20 FACTS

11 Solar Photovoltaics

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Solar Energy

11.3 Forms of Energy Resources

11.4 Solar Spectrum

11.5 Solar Energy Fundamentals

11.6 I-V and P-V Curves

11.7 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants

11.8 Modelling of PV Modules

11.9 Performance Indicators

11.10 Maximum Power Point Tracking

11.11 Rating Plates of SPP

11.12 Opportunities and Future Scope

12 Storage Batteries

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis

12.3 Types of Batteries

12.4 Dry Cell

12.5 Technical Terms

12.6 Secondary Batteries

12.7 Lead – Acid Battery

12.8 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

12.9 Lithium Batteries

12.10 Latest Trends in Energy Storage Field

12.11 Maintenance

12.12 Some Other Notable Points on Battery

12.13 Batteries for Electric Vehicles

12.14 Smart Battery

12.15 Future Outlook

13 Computer Aided Studies in Power Systems (CASiPS)

13.1 Introduction

13.2 E-TAP

13.3 EDSA

13.4 PV Syst

13.5 Power Factory

13.6 Matlab-Simulink

14 Lighting

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Definitions

14.3 Type of Lighting Technologies

14.4 Estimation of Illumination

14.5 Recommended Illumination Levels

14.6 Lamps Rating Plate

14.7 Fluorescent Lamp Colour Temperatures

15 Electrical Safety

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Hazards and Effects of Electric Current

15.3 Electric Shock

15.4 Permit to Work System and Qualification and Training

15.5 Personnel Protective Equipment and Devices

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 AC voltage bands for electrical installations including preferred volt...

Table 1.2 DC voltage bands for electrical installations.

Table 1.3 Voltage and frequencies used in different countries.

Table 1.4 List of constants.

Table 1.5 Useful life of equipment.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 No-load current of transformers.

Table 2.2 Suggested % impedance values.

Table 2.3 Possible connections.

Table 2.4 Characteristics of new oil.

Table 2.5 Tests on transformer oil in service.

Table 2.6 Range of gas levels (all values in PPM).

Table 2.7 Roger’s method of hydrocarbon gas ratios.

Table 2.8 Range of furan values and condition.

Table 2.9 LA based on DOP and FA.

Table 2.10 Vegetable oils vs. mineral oil.

Table 2.11 Maintenance schedule for transformer of capacities less than 1000 KVA...

Table 2.12 Maintenance schedule for transformer of capacities of 1000 KVA & abov...

Table 2.13 Transformer yearly maintenance report.

Table 2.14 Transformer overhauling report.

Table 2.15 Troubleshooting of transformers.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Types of field poles of AC generators.

Table 3.2 Turbine details.

Table 3.3 Classification of insulating materials.

Table 3.4 Degree of protection.

Table 3.5 Load sharing details.

Table 3.6 Typical reactances & time constants.

Table 3.7 Permissible NPS current and time.

Table 3.8 Troubleshooting of generator.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 SCIM and SRIM.

Table 4.2 Power de-rating with unbalanced voltage.

Table 4.3 First digit of DOP.

Table 4.4 Second digit of DOP.

Table 4.5 Mechanical strength.

Table 4.6 Methods of cooling as per Indian Standards.

Table 4.7 Motor efficiency classes.

Table 4.8 NEMA motor designs.

Table 4.9 Duty types.

Table 4.10 Single phasing current.

Table 4.11 Starting methods of IM.

Table 4.12 Rotor class.

Table 4.13 Load characteristics.

Table 4.14 Hazardous area enclosures.

Table 4.15 Electrical equipment for hazardous area.

Table 4.16 Temperature class.

Table 4.17 Checklist for CM of IM.

Table 4.18 PM-1 (Half yearly).

Table 4.19 PM-2 (Overhaul).

Table 4.20 Troubleshooting chart.

Table 4.21 Single-phase motor applications.

Table 4.22 Motor protection against faults.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Types of circuit breakers.

Table 5.2 AC and DC CBs.

Table 5.3 CB contacts replacement.

Table 5.4 Breaking capacity of CBs.

Table 5.5 Making current of CB.

Table 5.6 BIL of CB.

Table 5.7 Main utilization category of contactors.

Table 5.8 IEC utilization categories.

Table 5.9 NEMA category of contactors.

Table 5.10 Contactors making and breaking categories (make & break duty).

Table 5.11 MCB types based on trip parameter.

Table 5.12 MCB selection table.

Table 5.13 Comparison between MCB and MCCB.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Details of various type CTs.

Table 6.2 Protection CT accuracy class.

Table 6.3 Measuring CT accuracy class.

Table 6.4 Error limits for class PR CTs.

Table 6.5 Burden of equipment.

Table 6.6 Rated Insulation levels of CTs.

Table 6.7 Accuracy class.

Table 6.8 VT types.

Table 6.9 Voltage factors of VT.

Table 6.10 CT and PT comparison.

Table 6.11 Rated Insulation levels ≤ 245 KV.

Table 6.12 Rated insulation tests for U

m

>300KV.

Table 6.13 Secondary instruments.

Table 6.14 Ammeter test report.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Earthing and grounding comparison.

Table 7.2 Characteristics of various grounding methods.

Table 7.3 Comparison between various LV neutral earthing.

Table 7.4 BIL values.

Table 7.5 Discharge energy class of LAs.

Table 7.6 Protective devices for voltage surges.

Table 7.7 Minimum size of ground conductor for lightning protection.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Fuse wire size.

Table 8.2 HRC fuse categories.

Table 8.3 For fuse selection.

Table 8.4 Recommended fuses motors.

Table 8.5 Fuse for LV cable circuits.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Three generation relay comparison.

Table 9.2 NEMA classification of bimetal relays.

Table 9.3 Relay test schedule.

Table 9.4 Relay setting details.

Table 9.5 IEEE standard protective device numbers.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Comparison between aluminum and copper conductors.

Table 10.2 Overhead line vs. underground cable.

Table 10.3 PVC and XLPE cables comparison.

Table 10.4 Cable laying methods

Table 10.5 Categories of cables with improved fire performance.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 SPP production and targets of some countries.

Table 11.2 Albedo values.

Table 11.3 Challenges and opportunities.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Primary cells.

Table 12.2 Battery discharge rate.

Table 12.3 Comparison of various secondary batteries.

Table 12.4 Effect of temperature on lead – acid battery life.

Table 12.5 Temperature correction factor for capacity.

Table 12.6 Lithium-based batteries and their properties.

Table 12.7 Types of capacitors.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 PSA Software tools.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Lamp types and their features.

Table 14.2 Recommended illumination levels.

Table 14.3 Common fluorescent tube ratings.

Table 14.4 Color temperatures of various artificial & natural light sources.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Human resistance values for various skin-contact conditions.

Table 15.2 Current range and effect on a person.

Table 15.3 Thresholds for defining shock hazards.

Table 15.4 Recommended air changes per hour.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Types of maintenance.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Sine wave.

Figure 2.2 No-load vector diagram.

Figure 2.3 Inductively loaded vector diagram.

Figure 2.4 Equivalent circuit of transformer.

Figure 2.5 B-H curve of silicon steel.

Figure 2.6 B-H curve of various core metals.

Figure 2.7 Load vs. efficiency.

Figure 2.8 Rating plate of 100 KVA transformer.

Figure 2.9 Rating Plate of 20 MVA transformer.

Figure 2.10 Three-winding transformer rating plate.

Figure 2.11 Vector symbol Dyn11.

Figure 2.12 Main vector groups.

Figure 2.13 Parts of transformer.

Figure 2.14 Core formation.

Figure 2.15 OLTC.

Figure 2.16 OCTC.

Figure 2.17 DP versus RLA of transformer.

Figure 2.18 SST.

Figure 2.19 Super conducting transformer.

Figure 2.20 Smart Transformer. (Source : http://www.rtccuae.com/transformer-moni...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Types of generators.

Figure 3.2 Salient pole construction.

Figure 3.3 Cylindrical pole construction.

Figure 3.4 Flux waveform.

Figure 3.5 Generator capability curve.

Figure 3.6 Capability curve of a 30 MW TG.

Figure 3.7 570 MW steam turbine generator unit.

Figure 3.8 4000 KW water turbine.

Figure 3.9 Machine design.

Figure 3.10 Turbo generator rating plate.

Figure 3.11 Diesel generator rating plate.

Figure 3.12 Equivalent circuit.

Figure 3.13 Phasor diagram with different load.

Figure 3.14 Generator voltage regulation.

Figure 3.15 Sample field excitation circuit of turbo generator.

Figure 3.16 Sample brushless field excitation circuit of diesel generator.

Figure 3.17 Neutral grounding transformer.

Figure 3.18 OCC and SCC of alternator.

Figure 3.19 Winding pitch.

Figure 3.20 Leakage reactance diagram.

Figure 3.21 Behavior of synchronous machine on infinite bus.

Figure 3.22 Alternator connected to an infinite.

Figure 3.23 Field current vs. phase voltage.

Figure 3.24 Voltage versus current.

Figure 3.25 Field current versus load current.

Figure 3.26 Phasor diagram of salient pole machine.

Figure 3.27 Marine steam turbine.

Figure 3.28 Vector diagram for two alternators working in parallel.

Figure 3.29 Voltage difference operation.

Figure 3.30 Induction generator principle.

Figure 3.31 Schematic diagram of IG.

Figure 3.32 DFIG for WECS.

Figure 3.33 Superconducting Generator. (Source: https://engineering.electrical-e...

Figure 3.34 PM checklist of generator.

Figure 3.35 Types of tests.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Classification of motors.

Figure 4.2 Three-phase induction motor working principle.

Figure 4.3 SRIM Schematic diagram.

Figure 4.4 Exploded view of SCIM.

Figure 4.5 Exploded view of DC motor.

Figure 4.6 Exploded view of 1-phase AC motor.

Figure 4.7 Exploded view of SRIM.

Figure 4.8 Exact equivalent circuit of SCIM.

Figure 4.9 Approximate equivalent circuit.

Figure 4.10 T-N Curve of SCIM.

Figure 4.11 T-N Curve of SRIM.

Figure 4.12 T-N Curve of split-phase induction motor.

Figure 4.13 Rating plates of various SCIMs.

Figure 4.14 Effect of change in voltage.

Figure 4.15 Motor loads versus power factor.

Figure 4.16 Motor loads versus efficiency.

Figure 4.17 Efficiency class for 4-pole motor at different power ratings.

Figure 4.18 Motor mounting arrangements.

Figure 4.19 Bearing designation example.

Figure 4.20 Bearing internal clearances.

Figure 4.21 Power stages of IM.

Figure 4.22 Induction motor crawling.

Figure 4.23 Deep cage rotor.

Figure 4.24 Double cage rotor (a) Slot, (b) Torque-speed characteristic.

Figure 4.25 Circle diagram of induction motor.

Figure 4.26 Radial and axial alignments.

Figure 4.27 Bearing insulation testing model.

Figure 4.28 Winding polarity check.

Figure 4.29 PM cost.

Figure 4.30 PM models of IM.

Figure 4.31 CM flow chart.

Figure 4.32 A typical IR vs. time curve (Spot reading).

Figure 4.33 PI test on insulation.

Figure 4.34 Flux-loop test arrangement.

Figure 4.35 SP tester.

Figure 4.36 dBi Values chart.

Figure 4.37 SP readings.

Figure 4.38 Life extension example.

Figure 4.39 Heating and cooling curves of motor.

Figure 4.40 Smart Industrial pump concept. (Source: seebo.com/smart-industrial-p...

Figure 4.41 Equivalent circuit of 1 phase IM.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 CB before operation.

Figure 5.2 Types of DCCB.

Figure 5.3 CB contacts.

Figure 5.4 Working mechanism of ACB.

Figure 5.5 Cross blast ABCB.

Figure 5.6 Arc quenching duration of ABCB.

Figure 5.7 MOCB operation.

Figure 5.8 VCB working.

Figure 5.9 Puffer type SF

6

CB.

Figure 5.10 Drive energy vs. breaking current.

Figure 5.11 Arc energy versus current.

Figure 5.12 Rating plates of CBs.

Figure 5.13 Fault current wave form.

Figure 5.14 Fuse versus Contactor fault current duty.

Figure 5.15 Contactor schematic diagram.

Figure 5.16 MCB.

Figure 5.17 Trip characteristic curve of MCB.

Figure 5.18 Trip curves of type a, b, c and d.

Figure 5.19 Surge and normal currents.

Figure 5.20 MCCB image.

Figure 5.21 Exploded view of MCCB.

Figure 5.22 Working of single-phase RCCB.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Basic philosophy of protection relay.

Figure 6.2 CT Symbol.

Figure 6.3 Two winding CT.

Figure 6.4 Summation CT.

Figure 6.5 Equivalent circuit of CT.

Figure 6.6 Polarity test of CT.

Figure 6.7 Phasor diagram of CT.

Figure 6.8 Types of CTs.

Figure 6.9 Magnetization curve of CT.

Figure 6.10 Operating zones of measuring and protection CTs.

Figure 6.11 Ammeter selector switch:

Figure 6.12 CT Rating plates.

Figure 6.13 VT wiring diagram and symbol.

Figure 6.14 CVT.

Figure 6.15 CCVT.

Figure 6.16 Voltage selector switch.

Figure 6.17 VT rating plates.

Figure 6.18 Measuring instruments.

Figure 6.19 Multi-function meter.

Figure 6.20 Commonly used meter symbols.

Figure 6.21 Commonly used meter codes.

Figure 6.22 Multimeter.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Ungrounded system.

Figure 7.2 Floating neutral.

Figure 7.3 LV neutral earthing.

Figure 7.4 Schematic diagrams of LV neutral earthing models.

Figure 7.5 Types of earth electrodes.

Figure 7.6 Earth tester.

Figure 7.7 Earth resistance measurement set-up.

Figure 7.8 Resistance vs. distance electrodes.

Figure 7.9 Generalized impulse wave-shape of lightning stroke.

Figure 7.10 Ground wire protection against surge voltages.

Figure 7.11 BIL of electrical equipment.

Figure 7.12 SPD model.

Figure 7.13 SPD internal view.

Figure 7.14 SPD characteristic curve.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 I

2

t characteristic of HRC fuse.

Figure 8.2 Cut-off characteristic of fuse.

Figure 8.3 Cut-off current characteristic of a cartridge fuse.

Figure 8.4 Types of fuses.

Figure 8.5 Rewireble fuse.

Figure 8.6 Expulsion fuse.

Figure 8.7 HG fuse.

Figure 8.8 HRC fuse construction and T-I curve.

Figure 8.9 Cartridge fuse.

Figure 8.10 Back-up protection of fuse.

Figure 8.11 Fuse to fuse coordination.

Figure 8.12 I

2

t of semi-conductor fuse.

Figure 8.13 Fuse selection curves.

Figure 8.14 Power schematic diagram of example.

Figure 8.15 Fuse discrimination example.

Figure 8.16 NH fuse model.

Figure 8.17 High speed fuse.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Basic philosophy of relay.

Figure 9.2 Block diagram of three generation relays.

Figure 9.3 TCC of IDMT Relay.

Figure 9.4 TCC of various IDMT relays.

Figure 9.5 Indirect heated thermal relay.

Figure 9.6 Trip curves of thermal relays.

Figure 9.7 Transformer relay settings.

Figure 9.8 CT primary injection testing check list.

Figure 9.9 Sample calibration checklist of EMR.

Figure 9.10 (a,b,c) Sample celebration checklist of SSR.

Figure 9.10 (d) Sample celebration checklist of SSR.

Figure 9.11 Sample calibration checklist of NR.

Figure 9.12 SLD of example.

Figure 9.13 TCC curves of example.

Figure 9.14 Protective relay summary.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Cross section of PILC cable.

Figure 10.2 Cross section of PVC cable.

Figure 10.3 Cross section of XLPE cable.

Figure 10.4 Cable de-rating factors.

Figure 10.5 Fall of potential method.

Figure 10.6 Murray loop test.

Figure 10.7 Straight through jointing of power cable.

Figure 10.8 ACSR conductor.

Figure 10.9 ACSR conductor codes.

Figure 10.10 132 KV overhead line tower.

Figure 10.11 String insulator.

Figure 10.12 FACTS controllers.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Energy resources.

Figure 11.2 Light spectrum.

Figure 11.3 PV output with different tracking options. (Source: https:ujsolar.we...

Figure 11.4 Latitude.

Figure 11.5 Sun position in sky.

Figure 11.6 Sun path.

Figure 11.7 Cells to string through modules.

Figure 11.8 Solar light paths.

Figure 11.9 Cell temperature effects.

Figure 11.10 Air mass.

Figure 11.11 I-V and P-V curves.

Figure 11.12 Fill factor.

Figure 11.13 Effect of resistance on fill factor.

Figure 11.14 Off-grid SPP.

Figure 11.15 Grid-connected SPP.

Figure 11.16 Hybrid power systems.

Figure 11.17 Equivalent circuit of PV module.

Figure 11.18 MPPT schematic.

Figure 11.19 (a–d) Solar PV power plant component.

Figure 11.19 (e–f) Solar PV power plant component.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Types of batteries.

Figure 12.2 Zn-C cell.

Figure 12.3 Alkaline dry cells.

Figure 12.4 V-Ri curve of alkaline dry cells.

Figure 12.5 Rechargeable alkaline battery.

Figure 12.6 Button cell batteries.

Figure 12.7 Discharge curves of C

10

battery at different C-rates.

Figure 12.8 Lead – acid battery rating plate.

Figure 12.9 Charge and discharge curves of lead – acid battery.

Figure 12.10 VRLA battery.

Figure 12.11 Ni-Cd battery rating plate.

Figure 12.11 Diagram of super capacitor.

Figure 12.12 Fuel cell.

Figure 12.13 BMS.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Light spectrum.

Figure 14.2 Incandescent lamp.

Figure 14.3 Illuminance explanation.

Figure 14.4 Type of lamps.

Figure 14.5 Some lamp rating plates.

Figure 14.6 Some lamp power circuit diagrams.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Foreword

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

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Scrivener Publishing

100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J

Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ([email protected])

Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Electrical Equipment

A Field Guide

B. Koti Reddy

This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

© 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC

For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

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For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119768944

Cover image: Pixabay.com and Wikimedia Commons

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Foreword

At the outset, I wish to congratulate Mr. B. Koti Reddy, the author of the Electrical Equipment: A Field Guide, for writing this high utility book, bringing out many practical aspects of all major equipments we find in power generation and distribution systems. He has put forth in this book all the practical experience he has acquired in the decades of his service at a government of India organization.

The first four chapters of the book deal with the major constituents of a power supply system, generators, transformers and induction motors. These chapters supplement the fundamental theoretical aspects, like development of equivalent circuits, phasor diagrams, etc., of these equipments that are normally dealt with in regular textbooks of our undergraduate programs, with the vital aspects of international standards, testing and maintenance procedures and condition monitoring of these equipments and systems.

In Chapters 4 to 9, the salient protective system components which are employed in power systems are dealt with, including circuit breakers, relay systems, current transformers, and potential transformers. Also covered are the philosophy of protection, schemes, operation and their coordination, three-phase winding connections, etc., including their testing and maintenance procedures.

Chapter 10 deals with the cables and overhead lines, which are part and parcel of any industrial electricity supply system. Due emphasis has been placed on the selection, testing, fault location and type identification procedures.

Nowadays, a lot of importance is being given to generating power from renewable energy sources to counter the challenges of global warming and climate change. In this context, the installation of solar photovoltaic power generation systems has assumed great importance. Also, because most of the renewable energy sources fluctuate and vary according to the time of day and the season, it has become essential to develop, design and install energy storage systems like the battery energy storage systems to reliably operate the integrated systems.

Chapters 11 and 12 deal with all the aspects of photovoltaic systems and battery energy storage systems, respectively.

For installing any new industrial or plant electrical system, the design is first carried out in computer simulations using the software tools like ETAP, PSCAD or MATLAB simulink and only then is the hardware design is done.

Chapter 13 deals with how these software tools are effectively used in the design of the system.

For implementing energy conservation schemes, efficient systems with LED lighting of residential, commercial and industrial complexes have become essential and this is the subject matter of Chapter 14.

Finally, the safety aspects of all electrical installations in the residential, commercial, industrial and distribution utility substations are of paramount importance and these are dealt with in Chapter 15.

In conclusion, I wish to state that there are very few books available addressing all these practical aspects of electrical system design, installation, testing, maintenance and operation of modern electrical power systems. As a professor who has taught in various educational institutes like IITs and state university colleges, I feel a great need exists for introducing a core course like this at the final year undergraduate level for all electrical power engineering programs. This will facilitate the graduating students becoming readily employable in the field. This can also be a very suitable course for outgoing polytechnic students.

Dr. R. Balasubramanian

NTPC Chair Professor (Rtd.)

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

Preface

In the past, too much emphasis has been given to basic theory and analytical problems, both in academic texts and handbooks of electrical engineering. Even the in-depth study of these books cannot bridge the gap between the academic curriculum and the work at the application field. Hence there is a need for a suitable guide to work with various electrical appliances at field that will be useful for electrical engineering graduates.

The author has been practicing electrical power systems for almost three decades, from selection of electrical equipment, to their operation and maintenance through their commissioning and testing with the advancement of technology and percolation of power electronics, digital controllers, computers and information technology. The face of electrical engineering is changing day by day, which necessitates regular updating, retrofits and up gradations by field practitioners. This requires thorough understanding of field equipment or appliances which thus enables the engineer to understand it practically from the operation and maintenance point of view. This is possible once the field engineer understands any equipment thoroughly by reading the technical specifications from the rating plate. This field book guides practitioners to deal with the above concept and the equipment to be dealt with, which are chosen according to present industry requirements.

This book deals with almost all types of electrical appliances in domestic or industrial use. Each chapter deals with one electrical appliance and is arranged in the following order: basic theory, fundamental equations and graphs/curves, description of rating plate, relevant codes and standards, technical specifications and current trends in their technology. This book covers all the topics that are needed for domestic and industry practitioners to apply in their field activities. Tables from relevant International Standards like IEC, BIS, BS, ANSI, NEMA and IEEE are included at required sections of each chapter.

In preparation of the manuscript, the author has received valuable help from several working colleagues, well wishers, and wishes to record sincere thanks to all of them. My special thanks goes to my wife Halini for typing in addition to sparing family time and son Dheeraj, daughter-in-law Sneha and daughter Sreebindu for sacrificing family time in order to bring out this book, and lastly to Prof. R. Balasubramanian for readily accepting and reviewing the book. The author wishes to record his appreciation of valuable guidance given by Mr. Phil Carmical to finalize the title and contents of this book and the excellent work done by Scrivener Publishing to bring out the book in record time. Suggestions are welcome from readers for consideration in future works.

B. Koti Reddy