Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy E-Book

James G. Speight

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 3912

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Written by a highly respected engineer and prolific author in the energy sector, this is the single most comprehensive, thorough, and up-to-date reference work on renewable energy. The world's energy industry is and has always been volatile, sometimes controversial, with wild swings upward and downward. This has, historically, been mostly because most of our energy has come from fossil fuels, which is a finite source of energy. Every so often, a technology comes along, like hydrofracturing, that is a game-changer. But is it, really? Aren't we just delaying the inevitable with these temporary price fixes The only REAL game-changer is renewable energy. For decades, renewable energy sources have been sought, developed, and studied. Sometimes wind is at the forefront, sometimes solar, and, for the last decade or so, there has been a surge in interest for biofeedstocks and biofuels. There are also the "old standbys" of nuclear and geothermal energy, which have both been around for a very long time. This groundbreaking new volume presents these topics and trends in an encyclopedic format, as a go-to reference for the engineer, scientist, student, or even layperson who works in the industry or is simply interested in the topic. Compiled by one of the world's best-known and respected energy engineers, this is the most comprehensive and up-to-date encyclopedia of renewable energy ever written, a must-have for any library. Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy: * Is written in an encyclopedic style, covering every aspect of renewable energy, including wind, solar, and many other topics * Offers a comprehensive coverage of the industry, from the chemical processes of biofeedstocks and biofuels to the machinery and equipment used in the production of fuel and power generation * Is filled with workable examples and designs that are helpful for practical applications * Covers the state of the art, an invaluable resource for any engineer Audience Engineers across a variety of industries, including wind, solar, process engineering, waste utilization for fuels, and many others, such as process engineers, chemical engineers, electrical engineers, petroleum engineers, civil engineers, and the technicians and other scientists who work in this field

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Introduction

A

Absorption

Absorption Cleaning

Absorption Dehydration

Absorption Oil

Absorption Process

Absorption Tower

Accuracy and Precision in Analysis

Acetogenesis

Acid Catalyst

Acid Deposition

Acid Gas

Acid Gas Removal

Acid Gas Removal Processes

Acid Gas Scrubbing – Basic Solid or Solution

Acid Gas Scrubbing – Wet Scrubbers

Acid Hydrolysis

Acidity and Alkalinity

Acid Number

Acidogenesis

Acidogenic Digestate

Acid Rain

Acid Rain – Formation

Acid Rain – Mitigation

Acid Treating

Acid Value

Activated Sludge Process

Additives – Catalysts in Combustion Systems

Additives – Fuels

Add-On Environmental Control Methods

Adip Process

Adsorption

Adsorption Isotherm

Adsorption Process

Advanced Cycloning

Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization

Aerobic Digestion

Aerosols

Agave Bagasse

Agricultural Residue

Agricultural Residue – Types

Agricultural Waste

Agrofuel

Air Emissions

Air Emissions – Biomass Plant

Air Flotation Processes

Air Pollution

Alcohol Blended Fuel

Alcohol-Diesel Emulsion

Alcohol Fuels

Alcohol Fuels – Ethanol

Alcohol Fuels - Methanol

Alcohol Fuels – Propanol and Butanol

Alcohols

Alcohols – Combustion

Alcohols – Corrosivity

Alcohols – From Waste

Alcohols – Production

Algaculture

Algae

Algae Fuels

Algae Fuels – Extraction

Algal Blooms

Alkali Washing Process

Alicyclic Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Alkalinity

Alkaloids

Alkanes

Alkanolamines

Alkazid Process

Alkenes

Alpha Decay

Alpha Particle

Alternate Fuels

Alternate Fuels – Gaseous Fuels

Alternate Fuels – Liquid Fuels

Alternate Fuels - Production

Alternate Fuels – Solid Fuels

Alternative Energy

Amine Washing

Ammonia

Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic Digestion – Gas Production

Animal Waste

Annual Removal

Apparent Density

Aquaculture

Aquasphere

Aquatic Organisms

Aquatic Plants

Aquiclude, Aquitard, Aquifuge

Aquifer

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Arsenic and Selenium

Asabe Standard X593

Ash

Ash Analysis

Ash Composition

Ash Content

Ash Content – Biomass

As-Received Moisture

Atmosphere

Atmospheric Equivalent Boiling Point

Atomic Energy

Attapulgus Clay

Attrition Catalyst

Azeotrope

Azeotropic Distillation

B

Bacteria

Bacterial Mining

Bagasse

Bagasse Briquettes

Baghouse

Baghouse Filter

Barrel

Barrel of Oil Equivalent

Basic Nitrogen

Basic Sediment and Water

Batch-Type Processes

Baumé Gravity

Bauxite

Bauxite Treating Process

Beavon Process

Benchmark Crude Oil

Beta Decay

Beta Particle

Bioalcohol

Biocatalysts

Biochar

Biochemical Conversion

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Biochemicals

Biochemicals - Production

Bioconversion

Bioconversion Platform

Biodegradation

Biodegradation – In Situ

Biodegradation Processes

Biodegradation – Slurry Phase

Biodegradation – Solid Phase

BioDeNOx Process

Biodesulfurization

Biodiesel

Biodiesel Feedstocks

Biodiesel – Production and Properties

Biodiesel – Technical Standards

Biodiesel – Transesterification

Biodiesel – Transesterification, Catalytic

Biodiesel – Transesterification, Supercritical Methanol

Biodiesel – Transesterification, Reaction Parameters

Bioenergy

Bioenergy Crops

Bioenergy System

Bioethanol

Bioethanol Production

Bioethers

Biofiltration

Biofuels

Biofuels - Classification

Biofuels - Feedstocks

Biofuels – First Generation

Biofuels – From Synthesis Gas

Biofuels – Liquid

Biofuels – Platforms

Biofuels – Production

Biofuels – Properties, Variations with Source

Biofuels – Second Generation

Biofuels – Specifications and Performance

Biofuels – Third Generation

Biofuels – Use

Biogas

Biogas – Upgrading

Biogenic Coal Bed Methane

Biogeochemical Cycles

Biohydrogen

Biohydrogen – Production

Biological Action

Biological Alcohol

Biological Conversion

Biological Conversion – Aerobic Digestion

Biological Conversion – Anaerobic Digestion

Biological Hydrogen Production

Biomass

Biomass Ash

Biomass Chemistry

Biomass Combustion

Biomass Composition and Properties

Biomass – Conversion Technologies

Biomass-Derived Carbon

Biomass – Direct Combustion

Biomass – Drying

Biomass Energy

Biomass Energy Systems

Biomass – Extraction

Biomass Feedstocks

Biomass – Fermentation

Biomass Fuel

Biomass Fuel – Characteristics

Biomass – Gasification

Biomass – Gasification Principles

Biomass – Gasification Process

Biomass – Gasification Reactors

Biomass – Herbaceous

Biomass – Land Requirements

Biomass – Liquefaction

Biomass Power

Biomass – Power Facility

Biomass Properties

Biomass – Pyrolysis

Biomass – Synthesis Gas Production

Biomass to Energy

Biomass to Liquids

Biomass Waste

Bio-oil

Bio-oil – Upgrading

Bio-oxidation

Biophotolysis

Biopower

Bioprocess

Bioreactor

Biorefinery

Bio-SCOT Process

Bioscrubbing

Bitumen

Black Liquor

Blended Fuels

Blending

Blue Gas

Blue Water Gas

Boiler Slag

Boiling Water Reactor

Bone Dry

Boson

Bottom Ash

Bottoming Cycle

Bottom Sediment and Water

Boudouard Reaction

Breeder Reactor

BRI Process

Briquette

Briquette Binder

Briquette Manufacture

Briquette Properties

Briquetting Processes

Bromine Number

BTEX

BTU

BTX

Bubble Point

Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier

Bulk Density

Bunker

Bunker Fuel Oil

Butane

Butane Dehydrogenation

Butane Vapor-Phase Isomerization

Butanol

Butene

Butene Dehydrogenation

C

C

1

, C

2

, C

3

, C

4

, C

5

Fractions

Calorific Value

Camelina

Canola Oil

Capillary Forces

Capillary Number

Capillary Pressure

Carbohydrates

Carbonate Washing and Water Washing

Carbonate Washing Process

Carbon Cycle

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide Balance

Carbon Dioxide Gasification

Carbon Dioxide Recovery

Carbonization

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Residue

Carbon Sink

Carbo-V Process

Carbureted Blue Gas

Carbureted Water Gas

Catalysts

Catalysts – Activity

Catalyst – Deactivation

Catalyst Fouling

Catalysts – Hydrogen Production

Catalysts – Methanation

Catalyst Poisoning

Catalyst Regeneration

Catalysts – Selectivity and Conversion

Catalyst Sintering

Catalysts – Solid Acid

Catalyst Stripping

Catalytic Cracking

Catalytic Cracking Chemistry

Catalytic Cracking Processes

Catalytic Cracking – Process Parameters

Catalytic Gas Conversion Process

Catalytic Gasification

Catalytic Oxidation Processes

Catalytic Reforming

Catalytic Reforming - Catalysts

Catalytic Reforming – Processes

Catalytic Three-Phase Reactors

Catalytic Transesterification

Caustic Scrubbing

Caustic Treating

Cellulose

Cellulosic Biomass

Cellulosic Ethanol

Cellulosic Materials

Centrifugal Separation

Cetane Index

Cetane Number

Char

Charcoal and Charcoal Briquettes

Chemical Composition of Biomass

Chemical Precipitation

Chemical Reaction Rates

Chemicals Reactive with Water

Chemical Treating

Chemical Waste

Chemicals from Biomass

Chemisorption

Chemistry in the Aquasphere

Chemistry in the Atmosphere

Chemistry in the Geosphere

Chemsweet Process

Chinese Tallow Tree

Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier

Claus Process

Clay Minerals

Clay Treating Process

Climate Change

Closed-Loop Biomass

Coagulation

Coarse Materials

Co-Combustion

COED/COGAS Process

Co-Firing

Cogeneration

Cohesive Energy Density

Cold Pelletizing

Combustion

Combustion - Chemistry

Combustion – Direct

Combustion – Effect of Additives and Catalysts

Combustion – Environmental Aspects

Combustion – Fluidized Bed

Combustion – Fouling

Combustion – Heat Balance

Combustion – Ignition

Combustion – Influence of Feedstock Quality

Combustion – Mechanism

Combustion – Soot Formation

Combustion – Surface Effects

Combustion Technologies

Combustion – Types of Combustors

Combustion Zone

Combustion Plants

Complete Mix Digester

Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis

Condensation

Coniferyl Alcohol

Conservation

Conservation Reserve Program

Contaminant

Contingent Resources

Conventional Fuel Sources

Conversion Pathways

Conversion Processes – Biochemical

Conversion Processes – Biomass Properties

Conversion Processes – Combustion

Conversion Processes – Gasification

Conversion Processes - Pyrolysis

Conversion Processes – Thermal

Copper Sweetening Process

Cord

Cordgrass

Coriolis Force

Corn

Corn Ethanol

Corn Oil

Corn Stalks and Wheat Straw

Corn-to-Ethanol Process

Corrosion

Corrosion by Fuel Ash

p-Coumaryl Alcohol

Counter-Current Fixed Bed Gasifier

Covered Lagoon Digester

Cracking

Cropland

Crops

Crops – Residues

Cross Draft Gasifier

Crude Oil

Cryogenic Dehydration

Cryogenic Equipment

Cryogenic Expander Process

Cryogenic Separation

Cryosphere

Crystallization

CTSL Process

Cull Tree

Cultivated Summer Fallow

Current Reserves

Cyclone Separation

Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbons

D

Darcy’s Law

DEA

Dehydration

Dehydration – Glycol Process

Dehydration – Solid Desiccant

Dehydrator Systems

Delignification

Densification

Deposition

Descending Bed Reactor

Desiccant Dehydrators

Desorption

Deuterium

Devolatilization

Dewatering

Diesel-Alcohol Emulsion

Diesel Cycle

Diesel Engine

Diesel Fuel

Diesel Index

Digester

Digestion

Dimethyl Ether

Direct Biofuels

Direct Combustion

Direct-Fired Biomass

Dispersion

Dissolution

Distillation

Distribution in the Environment

Domestic Waste

Downdraft Combustion

Downdraft Gasifier

Downflow Fixed Bed Reactor

Drizo Process

Drop Tube Furnace

Dry-Ash-Free Basis

Dry Deposition

Drying

Dry Point

Dry Sorption Processes

Dust Collectors

Dust Control

Dustiness Index

Dutch Oven Furnace

E

E85

Earth System

Ebullated Bed Reactor

Ecological Cycles

Ecosystem

E-Gas Process

Electrical Energy

Electricity Generation – Equipment

Electricity Generation from Conventional Fuels

Electricity Generation from Crops

Electricity Generation from Waste

Electricity Generation from Wood

Electricity Generator

Electrochemical Processes

Electrolysis

Electron

Electronic Waste

Electrostatic Precipitator

Emissions and Effluents

Emission Control

Emulsification

Emulsifying Agents

Endothermic Reaction

Energy

Energy Balance

Energy Conservation

Energy Content

Energy Crops

Energy Crops – Grasses

Energy Crops – Oilseed Crops

Energy Crops – Residual Herbaceous Biomass

Energy Crops – Short Rotation Woody Crops

Energy Crops – Sugar Crops

Energy Density

Energy-Efficiency Ratio

Energy Production from Crops

Energy Production from Wood

Energy Sources

Enersludge Process

Enrichment

Entrained-Bed Combustion

Entrained-Bed Gasifier

Entrained-Flow Process

Entrained Flow Reactor

Environment

Environmental Ethics

Environmental Issues

Environmental Issues – Biomass Use

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Enzymes

Esterification

Ethanol

Ethanol Production

Ethanol Production – Feedstocks

Ethanol Production – From Corn

Ethanol Production – From Lignocellulosic Feedstocks

Ethanol Production – From Wood

Ethanol Production - Yields

Ethyl Alcohol

Evaporation

Evaporation Processes

Exosphere

Exothermic Reaction

Explosive Limits

Extraction

Extractive Distillation

Explosive Limits

Extra Heavy Crude Oil

Extraneous Mineral Matter

ExxonMobil AGC-21 Process

F

Fabric Filter

Fast-Neutron Reactor

Fast Pyrolysis

Fat Oil

Fats And Greases

Fatty Acids

Feedstock

Fermentation

Fermentation Chemistry

Fermentation Plants

Ferrel Cell

Ferrox Process

Fibers

Filters

Filter Tubes

Filtration

Fire Point and Flash Point

Firewood

Fischer-Tropsch Process

Fischer-Tropsch Process – Catalysts

Fischer-Tropsch Chemicals

Fischer-Tropsch Process

Fischer-Tropsch Process – Chemistry

Fischer-Tropsch Process – Commercial Processes

Fischer-Tropsch Process – Products

Fischer-Tropsch Process – Product Separation and Upgrading

Fischer-Tropsch Process – Reactors

Fixed-Bed Incinerator or Moving-Grate Incinerator

Fish Oil

Fixed-Bed Process

Fixed-Bed Reactor or Moving-Bed Reactor

Fixed Carbon

Flammability

Flammability Range

Flash Point

Flash Pyrolysis

Flash Vaporization

Flax and Flaxseed Oil

Flexible-Fuel Vehicle

Flexsorb Process

Flocculation

Flue Gas

Flue Gas Cleaning

Flue Gas Desulfurization

Fluid Bed

Fluid-Bed Boiler

Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking

Fluid-Bed Catalytic Cracking Unit

Fluid-Bed Combustion

Fluid-Bed Gasifier

Fluid-Bed Incinerator

Fluid-Bed Processes

Fluid-Bed Reactor

Fluid-Bed Thermal Cracking

Fly Ash

Forage Crop

Forest Health

Forest Land

Forest Residues

Fossil Fuel Resources

Fouling

Fouling Tendency

Fractional Composition

Fractionation

Fractionation – Absorption Methods

Fractionation – Adsorption Methods

Fractionation – Chemical Methods

Fractionation – Distillation Methods

Fractionation – Solvent Methods

Fuel Cell

Fuel Oil

Fuels

Fuels from Biomass

Fuels from Crops

Fuels from Waste

Fuels from Wood

Fuel Wood

Fuel Wood – Selection and Preparation

Fuel Wood – Use

Functional Group

Fungi

Fusion Energy

G

Gamma Decay

Gas Analysis

Gas Cleaning

Gas Cleaning – Alkali Washing Processes

Gas Cleaning – Biological Methods

Gas Cleaning – Chemisorption

Gas Cleaning – Effects of Gas Composition

Gas Cleaning – Membrane Processes

Gas Cleaning – Metal Oxide Processes

Gas Cleaning – Methanol Based Processes

Gas Cleaning – Molecular Sieve Processes

Gas Cleaning – Physical Solvent Processes

Gas Cleaning – Process Selection

Gas Cleaning – Process Types

Gas Cleaning – Removal of Acid Gases

Gas Cleaning – Removal of Alkali Metal Salts

Gas Cleaning – Removal of Ammonia

Gas Cleaning – Removal of Condensable Hydrocarbons

Gas Cleaning – Removal of Nitrogen

Gas Cleaning – Removal of Particulate Matter

Gas Cleaning – Removal of Siloxane Derivatives

Gas Cleaning – Removal of Tar

Gas Cleaning – Sulfur Recovery Processes

Gas Cleaning – Water Removal

Gas Compression

Gas Condensate

Gas-Cooled Reactor

Gaseous Effluents

Gaseous Fuels

Gaseous Fuels from Waste

Gaseous Fuels from Waste – Reactors

Gaseous Fuels from Wood

Gaseous Fuels – High Btu Gas

Gas Fuels – Low Btu Gas

Gaseous Fuels – Medium Btu Gas

Gases and Naphtha

Gaseous Hydrocarbons – General Properties

Gaseous Pollutants

Gaseous Pollutants – Control

Gasification

Gasification Chemistry

Gasification of Biomass

Gasification of Biomass – Feedstock Preparation

Gasification Reactors

Gasifiers

Gasifiers – Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier

Gasifiers – Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier

Gasifiers – Cross Draft Gasifier

Gasifiers – Downdraft Gasifier

Gasifiers – Entrained Bed Gasifier

Gasifiers – Fluidized Bed Gasifier

Gasifiers – Moving Bed Gasifier

Gasifiers – Updraft Gasifier

Gas Laws

Gas Liquids

Gas Liquids – Fractionation

Gasohol

Gas Oil

Gasoline

Gas Processing

Gas Processing – Chemical Activators

Gas Processing – Process Selection

Gas Purification

Gas Streams

Gas-to-Commodity

Gas-to-Liquids

Gas-to-Power

Gas-to-Solid

Gas Treating

Geochemical Cycles

Geohydrology

Geological Age

Geosphere

Geothermal Energy

Geothermal Energy – Electricity Generation

Geothermal Energy – Environmental Effects

Geothermal Gradient

Geothermal Heat Pumps

Geothermal Power Plants

Geothermal Sources

Giant Reed Grass

Girbotol Process

Girdler Process

Global Climate Change

Glycol-Amine Gas Treating

Glycol-Based Processes

Glycol Degradation

Glycol Dehydration

Gober Gas

Grain Crops

Grasses

Grassland Pasture and Range

Grease Car

Grease Trap

Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse Gas Production

Gross Sample

Groundwater

Groundwater Aquifer

Growing Stock

Guard Bed

Guard Bed Reactor

Gum

Gum Formation

H

Hadley Cell

Halite

Hardwood

Hazardous Air Pollutant

Hazardous Chemicals

Hazardous Waste

H-Coal Process

Heat Balance

Heat Capacity

Heat Content

Heat Exchangers

Heating Value

Heat of Combustion

Heavy Metals

Heavy Oil

Heavy Water Reactor

Helium-3

Hemicellulose

Hemp

Herbaceous Biomass

Herbaceous Crops

Heteroatom Compounds

Heterogeneous Catalyst

Heterosphere

High-Btu Gas

Higher Heating Value

High-Temperature Water Splitting

Homosphere

Horizontal and Vertical Axis Turbines

Hot Filtration Test

Hot Gas Cleaning

Hot Potassium Carbonate Process

Humidity

Hybrid Poplars

Hydrane Process

Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Controls

Hydrocarbon Fuels

Hydrocarbon Gases – Physical Constants

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocracking

Hydrocracking Catalysts

Hydrocracking Chemistry

Hydrocracking Processes

Hydrodenitrogenation

Hydrodesulfurization

Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts

Hydroelectric Dams

Hydroelectric Energy

Hydroelectric Power

Hydroelectric Power Generation

Hydroelectric Power – Turbines

Hydrogasification

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Economy

Hydrogen – Environmental Impact

Hydrogen Fuel

Hydrogen – Production

Hydrogen – Production By Pyrolysis

Hydrogen Production Chemistry

Hydrogen Production Processes

Hydrogen Properties

Hydrogen Purification

Hydrogenation and Hydrolysis Processes

Hydrogen Energy

Hydrogen Sulfide

Hydrogen Sulfide – Control

Hydrogen Sulfide Conversion

Hydrogen Sulfide Removal

Hydrogeology

Hydrokinetic Energy

Hydrokinetic Power Generation

Hydrologic Cycle

Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Sugar

Hydrolysis – Anaerobic Digestion

Hydrolysis – Lignocellulosic Materials

Hydropower

Hydroprocessing

Hydroshear Emulsification

Hydrothermal Upgrading

Hydrotreating

Hydrotreating Catalysts

Hydrotreating Processes

Hydrotreating – Process Parameters

Hydrous Pyrolysis

Hydroxylation

Hygas Gasifier

Hypro Process

I

Ideal Gas

Ideal Gas Law

IFPEXOL Process

IFP Spent Tire Depolymerization Process

Ignifluid Combustion System

Ignitability

Ignitable Liquid

Immiscibility

Immiscibility – Test Methods

Impulse Turbines

Incinerator

Inclined Grate Furnace

Incompatibility

Indirect Liquefaction

Indirect Liquefaction Processes

Indirectly Heated Gasifiers

Industrial Chemicals

Industrial Waste

Inertial Separator

Inferred Reserves

Inherent Mineral Matter

Inorganic Chemicals

Inorganic Chemical Transformation Reactions

Inorganic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Hydrolysis Reactions

Inorganic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Photolysis Reactions

Inorganic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Radioactive Decay

Inorganic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Rearrangement Reactions

Inorganic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Redox Reactions

Inorganic Matter

Instability and Incompatibility

Instability and Incompatibility – Methods For Determining

Iodine Number

Ionic Liquids

Iogen Process

Iron Oxide Process

Iron Oxide Slurry Process

Iron Oxide Suspension Process

Iron Sponge Process

Isotopes

ITSL Process

J

Jatropha

Jatropha Oil

Jerusalem Artichoke

K

Kerosene

Kinematic Viscosity

Koppers-Totzek Gasifier

Koppers-Totzek Gasifier – Biomass Gasification

Koppers-Totzek Process

Kopp’s Law

Kraft Process

L

Landfill Classification

Landfill Gas

Landfilling

Landfill Leachate

Landfill Leachate Management

Landfill Mining

Landfill Sites

Landfill Sites – Bioreactor

Landfill Sites – Construction and Debris

Landfill Sites – Hazardous Waste

Landfill Sites – Manual

Landfill Sites – Municipal Solid Waste

Landfill Sites – Sanitary

Landfill Sites – Surface Impoundment

Landfill Waste – Gasification

Landfill Waste – Power Generation

Leaching

Lean Gas and Rich Gas

Life Cycle Impacts

Light Ends

Light Hydrocarbons

Lightning

Lignans

Lignin

Lignocellulose

Limnology

Linseed oil

Lipids

Liquefaction

Liquid Absorption Processes

Liquid Biofuels

Liquid Fuels

Liquid Fuels from Biomass

Liquid Fuels From Waste

Liquid Fuels from Wood

Liquid Fuels – Biodiesel

Liquid Fuels – Ethanol

Liquid Fuels – Methanol

Liquid Fuels – Propanol and Butanol

Liquid-Liquid Extraction

Lithosphere

Logging Residue

Logs and Woodchips

Low-Btu Gas

Lower Explosive Limit

Lower Flammability Limit

Lower Heating Value

Low-Heat Content Gas

Low-Temperature Char

Lurgi Combined Reforming Process

Lurgi Dry Ash Gasifier

Lurgi Process

Lurgi Slagging Gasifier

Lye Treating Process

M

M85

Macroalgae

Maize

Manufactured Gas

Material Balance

MDEA

MEA

Mechanical Energy

Medium-Btu Gas

Medium Heat Content Gas

Membrane

Membrane Permeation

Membrane Processes

Mercaptans

Mercury

Meson

Mesosphere

Metal Oxide Processes

Methanation

Methanation Catalysts

Methane

Methane Number

Methanogenesis

Methanogens

Methanol

Methanol – Production

Methanol – Properties

Methanol – Reactions

Methanol-Based Processes

Methanol-to-Gasoline Process

Methanol-to-Olefins Process

Methanol-to-Olefins-to-Gasoline Process

Methyl Alcohol

Microalgae

Microchannel Reactor

Mill Residue

Minerals

Miscanthus

Miscibility

Mixalco Process

Mixing

Mobile Bed Scrubber

Mobil-M Process

Moisture in Biomass

Molten Bath Gasifiers

Molten Salts

Municipal By-Products

Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste – Energy From

Municipal Waste

Muon

Mustard Seed

N

Naft

Naphtha

Naphthalene and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Naphthenes

Natural Gas

Neem Oil

Neutralization Number

Neutron

Neutron Moderator

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Oxides

Nitrogen Oxides Control

Noise Control

Non-Hydrocarbon Components

Non-Methane Hydrocarbons

Non-Conventional Fuel Sources

NOx

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Energy – Environmental Impact

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fusion

Nuclear Power

Nuclear Power Plant

Nuclear Reactor

Nuclear Reactor – Boiling Water Reactor

Nuclear Reactor – Breeder Reactor

Nuclear Reactor - Decommissioning

Nuclear Reactor – Fast Neutron Reactor

Nuclear Reactor – Gas-Cooled Reactor

Nuclear Reactor – Heavy Water Reactor

Nuclear Reactor – Pressurized Water Reactor

Nuclear Safety

Nuclear Waste Management

O

Occidental Flash Pyrolysis Process

Ocean Currents

Ocean Energy

Octane Number

Octane Rating

Oil-Bearing Plants

Oils, Fats, and Waxes

Okra

Olamine

Olamine Processes

Olefin Hydrocarbons

Open Core Gasifier

Open-Loop Biomass

Organic Chemicals

Organic Chemical Transformation Reactions

Organic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Addition and Elimination Reactions

Organic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Hydrolysis Reactions

Organic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Photolysis Reactions

Organic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Rearrangement Reactions

Organic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Redox Reactions

Organic Chemical Transformation Reactions – Substitution Reactions

Organic Matter

Organic Solvents

Other Energy Resources

Oxidation

Oxygen

Oxygenated Gasoline

Oxygenates

Oxygen Compounds

Oxygen Cycle

Oxygen Delignification

Ozone Layer

P

Packed Bed

Packed Bed Reactor

Packed-Bed Scrubber

Paraffin Hydrocarbons

Paracoumaryl Alcohol

Partial Oxidation

Particulate Matter

Particulate Matter Control

Particulate Matter Removal

Peanut Oil

Peat

Peat Swamp and Peat Swamp Forest

Pelletization

Pellets and Briquettes

Percolation Filtration Process

Perennial Systems for Biofuel Production

Peri-Condensed Aromatic Compounds

Periodic Table of the Elements

Permeability

Petrochemicals

pH

Phenol

Phosphate Desulfurization

Photolytic Oxidation Process

Photon

Photosynthesis

Photovoltaics

Photovoltaic Cells

Physical Solvent Processes

Physical Transformation Reactions

Physical Transformation Reactions – Absorption

Physical Transformation Reactions – Adsorption

Physical Transformation Reactions – Dilution

Physisorption

Pile Burners

Pipeline Corrosion

Pipeline – Protective Coating

Pipeline Transportation

Pitch

Plant Fibers

Plasma

Platform Chemicals

Plug Flow Digester

Plutonium

Polar Cell

Pollutant

Pollution

Pollution Control

Polychlorobiphenyls

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic Compounds

Polymer Waste

Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds

Pongamia Oil

Porosity

Porphyrins

Positron

Possible Reserves

Post-Combustion Cleaning

Potatoes

Potential Reserves

Pour Point

Precipitation

Pressure Swing Adsorption

Pressurized Water Reactor

Primary Biomass Feedstock

Primary Gasification

Primary Wood-Using Mill

Probable Reserves

Process Gas

Process Selection – Gas Treating

Process Selectivity

Process Wastes

Producer Gas

Product Analysis

Product Analysis – Chromatographic Methods

Product Analysis – Spectroscopic Methods

Product Blending

Product Improvement

Production of Organic Matter in Aqueous Environments

Product Treating

Propane

Propanol

Propanol and Butanol

Proteins

Protium

Proton

Proven Reserves

Proximate Analysis

P-Series Fuels

Pullman-Kellogg Process

Pulping

Pulpwood

Puraspec Process

Purisol Process

Purox Process

Pyridine Bases

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis – Biomass

Pyrolysis Processes

Pyrolysis Oil

Q

Quality

Quench

R

Radiation

Radiation – Types

Radioactive Decay

Radioactive Isotopes

Radioactive Metals

Radioactive Waste

Radioactivity

Radionuclides

Rankine Cycle

Rapeseed

Rapeseed Methyl Ester

Rate of Reaction

Reactor Types

Reburning

Recoverable Reserves

Recovery Boiler

Recovery Processes

Rectisol Process

Redox Processes

Reed Canary Grass

Reed Plants

Refinery Gas

Refinery Waste

Refining

Refining – Fischer-Tropsch Products

Refuse-Derived Fuel

Refuse Gas

Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Gas Cleaning Processes

Removal of Nitrogen-Containing Gases

Removal of Sulfur-Containing Gases

Renewability

Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy – Sources

Renewable Natural Gas

Research Octane Method

Reserves

Residual Herbaceous Biomass

Residual Woody Biomass

Residues

Resources and Reserves

Reverse Osmosis

Reversible Chemical Reactions

Rhizosphere

Rice Straw

Rotary Kiln Incinerator

Rotation

Round Wood Products

RTP Process

S

Saponification Value

Sasol Slurry Phase Reactor

Sawdust Briquettes

SCOT Process

Scrap Tires

Screening

Scrubbers

Scrubbing

Scrubbing Reagent

Seashore Mallow

Secondary Biomass Feedstocks

Secondary Gasification

Sedimentation

Sedimentary Strata

Selectox Process

Selexol Process

Separation Processes – Definition and Characteristics

Separation Processes – Separation of Solids

Settling and Flotation

Shell Gasification Process

Shell Gasifier

Shell-Paques Process

Shell-Paques/Thiopaq Process

Shell SGP Process

Shell SMDS Process

Shift Conversion

Shift Conversion Catalysts

Short Rotation Coppice

Short Rotational Coppicing

Short Rotation Forestry

Sinapyl Alcohol

Sizing

Slagging, Fouling, and Clinkering

Slagging Lurgi Gasifier

Sludge

Slurry Phase Reactor

Smog

Smog Formation

Sodasol Process

Sofnolime RG Process

Softwood

Softwood Residues

Soil

Solar Collectors

Solar Energy

Solar Energy – Active

Solar Energy – Passive

Solar Furnace

Solar Furnace – The Sun

Solar Pond

Solar Power

Solar Tower

Solid Bed Adsorption

Solid Desiccant Dehydration

Solid Emissions

Solid Fuels

Solid Fuels from Waste

Solid Fuels from Wood

Solid Waste

Solvent Extraction

Solvent Precipitation

Sorghum

Sour Gas

Soybeans

SO

X

Specific Gravity

Specific Heat

Spontaneous Combustion

Spontaneous Ignition

Spray Tower

Spreading

Stability and Instability

Stabilization

Stack Gas

Stack Gas Scrubbing

Starch Crops

Starches

Steam-Air Gasifier

Steam Explosion

Steam Gasification

Steam-Methane Reforming

Steam-Naphtha Reforming

Steam Reforming

Steam Regenerative Caustic Treating Process

Steam Turbine

Sterols

Stoker Combustors

Straight Vegetable Oil

Stratosphere

Straw

Stretford Process

Stripping

Sublimation

Sugar Beets

Sugar Cane

Sugar Crops

Sugars and Starch

Sulfa-Check Process

SulfaClean HC Liquid Sweetening Process

Sulfatreat Process

SulFerox Process

Sulfinol Process

Sulfur-Containing Gas Removal

Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfuric Acid Treating Process

Sun

Sunflowers

Supercritical Fluid

Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Super-Slagging Combustor

Surface Tension

Suspended Particulate Matter

Sustainability

Sweetening Processes

Sweet Potatoes

Switchgrass

Synthesis Gas

Synthesis Gas – Fermentation

Synthesis Gas – Fischer-Tropsch Process

Synthesis Gas – Production

Synthesis Gas – Products

Synthesis Gas – Quality

Synthetic Fuels

Synthetic Fuels – Production

Synthetic Gas

Synthetic Gas – Biogas

Synthetic Gas – Blue Water Gas

Synthetic Gas – Carbureted Water Gas

Synthetic Gas – High Btu Gas

Synthetic Gas – Hydrogen

Synthetic Gas – Landfill Gas

Synthetic Gas – Low-Btu Gas

Synthetic Gas – Medium Btu Gas

Synthetic Gas – Producer Gas

Synthetic Gas – Refuse Gas

Synthetic Gas – Synthesis Gas

Synthetic Gas – Water Gas

Synthetic Gas – Wood Gas

Synthol Process

Syntroleum Process

T

Tail Gas

Tail Gas Cleaning

Tail Gas Cleaning – Beavon Process

Tail Gas Cleaning – Claus Process

Tail Gas Cleaning – SCOT Process

Tall Oil

Tallow

Tar Removal from Gas Streams

Tar Removal from Gas Streams – Physical Methods

Tar Removal from Gas Streams – Thermal Methods

Tar Sand

TEA

Tertiary Biomass Feedstocks

Texaco Gasification Process

Texaco Gasifier

Thermal Conversion

Thermal Cracking

Thermal Decomposition

Thermochemical Platform

Thermosphere

Thiolex/Regen Process

Thiopaq DeSOx Process

Thiopaq Hydrogen Sulfide Removal

Thorium

Tidal Barrage

Tidal Energy

Tidal Stream Generator

Timber Belts

Timberland

Tires – Devulcanization

Tires - Dry Distillation

Tires – Hydrogenation

Tires – Pyrolysis

Tires – Scrap

Ton, Tonne

Torrefaction

Town Gas

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure

Trace Element

Transesterification

Transformation in the Environment

Transuranium Elements

Traveling Grate Furnace

Tritium

Troposphere

Tumbling-Bed Gasifier

Turbine

Turbine - Condensing

Turbine – Horizontal and Vertical Axis

Turbine – Impulse

Turbine – Reaction

Turbine – Steam

Turbopause

Two-Stage Gasification

U

U-Gas Process

Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration

Unconventional Gas

Undiscovered Reserves

Unit Process

Unisol Process

Unit Collector

Unproven Reserves

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Updraft Combustion

Updraft Gasifier

Upflow Expanded-Bed Reactor

Upper Explosive Limit

Upper Flammability Limit

Uranium

Urban Waste

Urban Waste Briquettes

V

Vapor Density

Vapor Pressure

Vegetable Oils

Volatile Matter

Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatility, Flammability, and Explosive Properties

W

Walker Circulation

Waste

Waste Biomass

Waste – Domestic and Industrial

Waste – Effects of

Waste – Fuels From

Waste – Hazardous

Waste to Energy

Waste – Toxicity

Waste – Types

Waste Disposal

Waste Disposal – Acid Hydrolysis

Waste Disposal – Anaerobic Digestion

Waste Disposal – Briquetting

Waste Disposal – Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Waste Disposal – Gasification

Waste Disposal – Incineration

Waste Disposal – Pyrolysis

Waste Management

Waste Management – Biological Methods

Waste Management – Chemical Methods

Waste Management – Physical Methods

Waste Management – Pretreatment

Waste Management – Thermal Methods

Waste Management – Waste Exchange

Waste Minimization and Separation

Waste Streams

Waste Tires

Waste Vegetable Oil

Water

Water-Cooled Vibrating Grate Boiler

Water Cycle

Water Cycle

Water Gas

Water-Gas Shift Reaction

Water Pollutants

Water Pollution

Water Removal from Gas Streams

Water Removal from Gas Streams – Absorption

Water Removal from Gas Streams – Adsorption

Water Removal from Gas Streams – Cryogenics

Water Removal from Gas Streams – Methanol-Based Processes

Water System

Water Washing

Wave Energy

Weibull Distribution

Wellman-Galusha Process

Wellman-Lord Process

Wet Air Oxidation

Wet Gas

Wet Milling Process

Wet Oxidation Processes

Wet Scrubbers

Wet Scrubbing Systems

Wet Sulfuric Acid Process

Wheat Straw

Willow

Wind Energy

Wind Power

Wind Speed and Wind Gusts

Wind Turbines

Wind Turbines – Classification

Wind Turbines – Environmental Impact

Winkler Gasifier

Winkler Process

Wobbe index

Wood

Wood – Biomass

Wood Chips

Wood – Combustion

Wood – Composition and Properties

Wood – Fuels from

Wood Gasification

Wood – Hardwood

Wood Pellets

Wood Powder and Sawdust

Wood – Softwood

Wood – Solvent Extractable Material

Wood – Thermal Treatment

Wood – Uses

Woodall-Duckham Process

Wood Gas

Wood Smoke

Woody Feedstock

X

Xylan

Xylene

Xylose

Xylose Fermentation

Y

Yeast

Yellow Cake

Yellow Flax

Yellow Grease

Z

Zeolite

Zinc Oxide Process

Zinc Oxide Slurry Process

Conversion Factors

Further Reading

About the Author

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure A-1 Simplified distinction between solid waste, sludge, and liquid waste.

Figure A-2 The hydrocarbon framework of the steroid system (ring lettering and a...

Figure A-3 Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons showing the alternating double bond...

Chapter 2

Figure B-1 Biodiesel Production Path.

Figure B-2 Structure of xylan from hardwood.

Figure B-3 Constituents of the BTEX Mixture.

Chapter 5

Figure E-1 Representation of an endothermic reaction in which the heat content o...

Figure E-2 Ethanol production for lignocellulosic biomass.

Figure E-3 Representation of an exothermic reaction in which the heat content of...

Chapter 8

Figure H-1 Single-stage and double-stage hydrocracking.

Figure H-2 Two-stage hydrotreating.

Chapter 12

Figure L-1 Chemical structures of lignans.

Figure L-2 Example of a complex triglycerides of the type found in linseed oil.

Chapter 14

Figure N-1 Examples of naphthene derivatives.

Chapter 15

Figure O-1 Isomers of butene.

Chapter 19

Figure S-1 Simplified distinction between solid waste, sludge, and liquid waste.

Figure S-2 The reactions that convert hydrogen to helium in the sun.

Figure S-3 A dream turbine generator system.

Figure S-4 Types of turbine blades.

Figure S-5 Representations of the naturally occurring form of glucose.

Figure S-6 Representation of the starch molecule.

Chapter 24

Figure X-1 Structure of xylan from hardwood

Figure X-2 The three isomers of xylene.

Figure X-3 Simple formula for xylose.

Figure X-4 Reduction of xylose.

Figure X-5 Alternate representations of xylose.

List of Tables

Introduction

Table 1 Simplified categorization and nomenclature of the various energy sources...

Chapter 3

Table A-1 Examples of the types of absorption.

Table A-2 Comparison of adsorption and absorption.

Table A-3 Simplified steps that represent the conversion of polysaccharide deriv...

Table A-4 Common reactions in anaerobic digestion process.

Table A-5 Examples of the Types and Bulk Composition of Agricultural Residues.

Table A-6 Examples of crops and crop wastes.

Table A-7 Properties of various agricultural residues.

Table A-8 Types of renewable fuel sources and products.

Table A-9 Octane number (motor method).

Table A-10 Selected physical and chemical properties of methanol, ethanol, and g...

Table A-11 Fuel properties of methanol and ethanol compared to the properties of...

Table A-12 Properties of selected alicyclic hydrocarbon derivatives.

Table A-13 Physical properties of n-paraffins.

Table A-14 Physical properties of selected branched paraffins.

Table A-15 Physical properties of selected olefins.

Table A-16 Physical properties of n-paraffins.

Table A-17 Physical properties of selected branched paraffins.

Table A-18 Physical properties of selected olefins.

Table A-19 Amines (olamines) used for gas processing.

Table A-20 Schematic of the anaerobic digestion process.

Table A-21 Summary of most common chemical reactions in the anaerobic digestion ...

Table A-22 Measurement of the apparent density of materials.

Table A-23 Sources of non-oceanic water and water systems.

Table A-24 Common constituents of fly ash (% w/w).

Table A-25 Properties of biomass and other fuel sources.

Table A-26 Approximate Composition of the Atmosphere.

Chapter 2

Table B-1 Non-basic and basic nitrogen types.

Table B-2 Explanation of the baumé gravity scale.

Table B-3 Biomass conversion processes.

Table B-4 Composition of various oils and fats used for biodiesel production.

Table B-5 Comparison of properties of biodiesel from various sources.

Table B-6 Specifications for diesel and biodiesel (ASTM).

Table B-7 Schematic of the catalytic transesterification process for biodiesel p...

Table B-8 Examples of bioether derivatives used in fuels.

Table B-9 Example of sources and use of biomass for energy products.

Table B-10 General classification of biofuels.

Table B-11 The composition of gas from various carbonaceous fuels.

Table B-12 Energy content of various gases.

Table B-13 Comparison of different biogas feedstocks.

Table B-14 Major categories of biomass feedstocks.

Table B-15 Sources, processing options, and uses of biomass-derived products*.

Table B-16 Selected properties of representative biomass materials.

Table B-17 Bulk composition of different biomass type (% w/w, dry basis).

Table B-18 Elemental composition, ash production, and heat content of biomass ty...

Table B-19 Composition of black liquor.

Table B-20 Composition of synthesis gas from biomass gasification.

Table B-21 Approximate composition of herbaceous biomass gas from different sour...

Table B-22 A general flow scheme for biomass conversion by pyrolysis.

Table B-23 Conversion of biomass to fuels.

Table B-24 Routes to liquid fuels from biomass.

Table B-25 Examples of the yield of bio-oil by pyrolysis from agricultural resid...

Table B-26 Representation of the conversion of biomass into fuels.

Table B-27 Typical properties and composition of bio-oil*.

Table B-28 Simplified illustration of bio-oil upgrading.

Table B-29 Simplified representation of a biorefinery.

Table B-30 Simplified representation of a biorefinery.

Table B-31 The defend isomers of butene (C

4

H

8

).

Chapter 3

Table C-1 Amount (% w/w) of cellulose and hemicellulose in various sources *.

Table C-2 The ultimate and proximate analysis of cellulose, lignin, and lignocel...

Table C-3 Characteristics of charcoal briquettes.

Table C-4 Examples of the chemicals that can be obtained from lignocellulosic bi...

Table C-5 Routes for the production of chemicals in a biorefinery.

Table C-6 Approximate composition of the atmosphere.

Table C-7: General groups of clay minerals.

Table C-8 Approximate sizes of the various rock types.

Table C-9 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table C-10 The main components of the Earth system.

Table C-11 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table C-12 Types of cycloalkanes.

Chapter 4

Table D-1 Examples of glycol derivatives used for dehydration of gas streams.

Table D-2 Examples of phase transformations.

Table D-3 The Isotopes of Hydrgoen.

Table D-4 Examples of the types of organic chemical waste.

Chapter 5

Table E-1 Examples of the selected properties of E85 and crude oil-based gasolin...

Figure E-1 Representation of an endothermic reaction in which the heat content o...

Table E-2 Examples of the properties of straw and energy crops.

Table E-3 General sub-divisions of energy sources.

Table E-4 Selected properties of ethanol compared to methanol.

Figure E-2 Ethanol production for lignocellulosic biomass.

Table E-5 Examples of phase transformations.

Figure E-3 Representation of an exothermic reaction in which the heat content of...

Chapter 6

Table F-1 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Table F-2 Percentage of fatty acid types for different oils.

Table F-3 Examples of the structural characteristics of selected fatty acids.

Table F-4 Range of Potential Fischer-Tropsch Products.

Table F-5 The NFPA system for flammability rating.

Table F-6 US DOT classification of flammable materials.

Table F-7 General description of fuel types.

Table F-1 General properties of functional group compounds.

Chapter 7

Table G-1 Summary of processes used for gas cleaning.

Table G-2 Common methods for the removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide ...

Table G-3 General properties and description of gaseous fuels.

Table G-4 Common terminology used to describe gases fuels.

Table G-5 Properties of gaseous (C

1

-C

4

) paraffin hydrocarbons.

Table G-6 General guidelines for fuel requirements for different gasifier types.

Table G-7 Empirically determined values for the constants

a

and

b

.

Table G-8 Nomenclature of relevant properties of the various gas streams*.

Table G-9 Illustration of the age of the earth and the subdivision of the years.

Chapter 8

Table H-1 Heat content (calorific value, btu/lb) of selected hydrocarbons and fu...

Table H-2 Various types of gas-liquid heat exchangers.

Table H-3 The Periodic Table of the Elements.

Table H-4 Properties of gaseous (C

1

-C

4

) paraffin hydrocarbons.

Table H-5 General properties of hydrogen sulfide.

Table H-6 Feedstocks and products for the hydrothermal upgrading process.

Chapter 9

Table I-1 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table I-2 General properties of ionic liquids.

Table I-3 Examples of the uses of ionic liquids in the alternative energy field.

Chapter 12

Table L-1 General classification of landfill sites.

Table L-2 Typical constituents of landfill gas.*

Table L-3 Examples of the hydrocarbon constituents of light ends*.

Table L-4 Amount (% w/w) of lignin common in various sources*.

Table L-5 Examples of the lower and upper explosive limits of selected chemicals...

Chapter 13

Table M-1 Boiling point and density of methane relative to air and water.

Table M-2 Selected properties of methanol compared to ethanol.

Table M-3 Examples of toxic constituents in municipal solid waste.

Table M-4 Comparison of heating values of various waste-derived fuels.

Table M-5 Sources of municipal waste

Chapter 14

Table N-1 Naphtha production by various crude oil refining processes.

Table N-2 Range of composition of natural gas.

Table N-3 Simple non-methane hydrocarbons.

Table N-4 Types of nuclear reactors.

Chapter 15

Table O-1 Octane ratings of various hydrocarbon derivatives in order of increasi...

Table O-2 Olamines used for gas processing.

Table O-3 Reactions of olefin derivatives (alkenes).

Chapter 16

Table P-1 Size ranges for particulate matter.

Table P-2 The Periodic Table of the Elements.

Table P-3 Production of petrochemicals during refining.

Table P-4 Properties of selected petrochemicals.

Table P-5 Selected properties of phenol.

Table P-6 Typical environmental pollutants.*

Table P-7 Examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Table P-8 Examples of polycyclic aromatic compounds.

Table P-9 Porosity of different rock types.

Table P-10 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table P-11 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table P-12 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table P-13 Typical composition of producer gas.

Table P-14 The isotopes of hydrgoen.

Table P-15 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table P-16 Examples of the chemical constituents of pulpwood.

Table P-17 Products of pyrolysis and potential uses.

Chapter 18

Table R-1 The uranium-radium series.

Table R-2 Examples of the half-life of several elements and isotopes.

Table R-3 List of radioactive elements*.

Table R-4 Various reactor-types.

Table R-5 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table R-6 Processes for the recovery of gases from gas streams.

Table R-7 Processes for the recovery of liquids from gas streams.

Table R-8 Processes for the recovery of solids from gas streams.

Table R-9 Processes for the recovery of liquids from liquid streams.

Table R-10 Processes for the recovery of solids from liquid streams.

Table R-11 Processes for the recovery of liquids from solid streams.

Table R-12 Processes for the recovery of solids from solid streams.

Table R-13 General rules for process selection.

Table R-14 General categories of refuse-derived fuel.

Table R-15 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table R-16 An example of the general categorization of natural resources.

Table R-17 Simplified descriptions of conventional crude oil, tight oil, heavy c...

Table R-18 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table R-19 Yields and quality of pyrolysis oil from various feedstocks.

Chapter 19

Table S-1 Types of soils based on composition.

Table S-2 Types of soils based on properties.

Table S-3 Characteristics of sugar crops.

Table S-4 Summary of the natural gas sweetening processes.

Table S-5 Examples of products from synthesis gas.

Chapter 20

Table T-1 Scrap tire pyrolysis.

Table T-2 The Periodic Table of the Elements.

Table T-3 The isotopes of hydrogen.

Chapter 21

Table U-1 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table U-2 Categorization of resources and reserves.

Table U-3 Examples of the lower and upper explosive limits of selected chemicals...

Chapter 22

Table V-1 Density and vapor density of the lower-boiling hydrocarbon derivatives...

Table V-2 Fatty acid content of some vegetable oils (%)

Chapter 23

Table W-1 Types of waste.

Table W-2 Sources of municipal waste.

Table W-3 General properties of water.

Table W-4 General types of lakes.

Table W-5 Examples of water pollutants and the effects.

Table W-6 Wobbe index (kcal/m

3

) of natural gas and its common constituents.

Table W-7 Examples of the properties of different types of wood.

Table W-8 Interrelationships of the various constituents of wood.

Chapter 24

Table X-1 The general properties of the xylene isomers.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title page

Copyright

Introduction

Begin Reading

Conversion Factors

Further Reading

About the Author

End User License Agreement

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