Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis E-Book

James G. Speight

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1327

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Introduces the reader to the production of the products in a refinery * Introduces the reader to the types of test methods applied to petroleum products, including the need for specifications * Provides detailed explanations for accurately analyzing and characterizing modern petroleum products * Rewritten to include new and evolving test methods * Updates on the evolving test methods and new test methods as well as the various environmental regulations are presented

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

COVER

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT PAGE

PREFACE

1 PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 PERSPECTIVES

1.3 DEFINITIONS

1.4 PETROLEUM REFINING

1.5 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

REFERENCES

2 ANALYTICAL METHODS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ANALYSES

2.3 CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSES

2.4 SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSES

2.5 MOLECULAR WEIGHT

2.6 INSTABILITY AND INCOMPATIBILITY

2.7 THE FUTURE

REFERENCES

3 SAMPLING AND MEASUREMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 SAMPLING

3.3 VOLUME MEASUREMENT

3.4 METHOD VALIDATION

3.5 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE

3.6 ASSAY AND SPECIFICATIONS

REFERENCES

4 GASES

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 TYPES OF GASES

4.3 SAMPLING

4.4 STORAGE

4.5 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

5 NAPHTHA AND SOLVENTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

5.3 TEST METHODS

5.4 STORAGE

REFERENCES

6 GASOLINE

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

6.3 VOLATILITY REQUIREMENTS AND OTHER PROPERTIES

6.4 OCTANE RATING

6.5 ADDITIVES

6.6 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

7 AVIATION AND MARINE FUELS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

7.3 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

8 KEROSENE

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

8.3 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

9 DIESEL FUEL

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

9.3 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

10 DISTILLATE FUEL OIL

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

10.3 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

11 RESIDUAL FUEL OIL

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

11.3 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

12 WHITE OIL

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

12.3 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

13 LUBRICATING OIL

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

13.3 USED LUBRICATING OIL

13.4 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

14 GREASE

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

14.3 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

15 WAX

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

15.3 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

16 RESIDUA AND ASPHALT

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

16.3 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

17 COKE, CARBON BLACK, AND GRAPHITE

17.1 INTRODUCTION

17.2 PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES

17.3 TEST METHODS

REFERENCES

18 USE OF THE DATA

18.1 INTRODUCTION

18.2 FEEDSTOCK AND PRODUCT EVALUATION

18.3 FEEDSTOCK AND PRODUCT MAPPING

18.4 STRUCTURAL GROUP ANALYSES

18.5 EPILOGUE

REFERENCES

APPENDIX: TABLES OF ASTM STANDARD TEST METHODS FOR PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

CONVERSION FACTORS

GLOSSARY

INDEX

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Tables

Chapter 01

Table 1.1 Illustration of the variation in petroleum properties—specific gravity/API gravity) and the amount of residuum

Table 1.2 Subdivision of fossil fuels into various subgroups

Table 1.3 Separation processes and conversion processes

Table 1.4 Distillation profile of petroleum (Leduc, Woodbend, Upper Devonian, Alberta, Canada) and selected properties of the fractions

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 Analytical inspections for petroleum, heavy oil, extra heavy oil, tar sand bitumen (oil sand bitumen), residua

Chapter 04

Table 4.1 Composition of associated natural gas from a petroleum well

Table 4.2 Possible constituents of natural gas and refinery gas

Table 4.3 General summary of product types and distillation range

Table 4.4 Number of isomers for the selected hydrocarbons

Table 4.5 Relative density (specific gravity) of natural gas hydrocarbons, relative to air

Chapter 05

Table 5.1 General summary of product types and distillation range

Table 5.2 Increase in the number of isomers with carbon number

Table 5.3 Refractive index of selected hydrocarbons

Table 5.4 Physical properties of selected petroleum products

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 General summary of product types and distillation range

Table 6.2 Increase in the number of isomers with carbon number

Table 6.3 Component streams and processes for gasoline production

Table 6.4 Additives for gasoline

Table 6.5 Octane numbers of selected hydrocarbons

Chapter 07

Table 7.1 General summary of product types and distillation range

Chapter 08

Table 8.1 General summary of product types and distillation range

Table 8.2 Increase in the number of isomers with carbon number

Table 8.3 Refractive indices of selected hydrocarbons

Table 8.4 Specific gravity and API gravity of crude oil and selected products

Chapter 09

Table 9.1 Various grades of distillate fuel oil (ASTM D975)

Table 9.2 General summary of product types and distillation range

Table 9.3 Increase in the number of isomers with carbon number

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 General summary of product types and distillation range

Table 10.2 Properties of the various fuel oils

Table 10.3 Increase in the number of isomers with carbon number

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Potential elements in residual fuel oil

Table 11.2 Comparison of the various viscosity scales

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 General summary of product types and distillation range

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 General summary of product types and distillation range

Table 13.2 Increase in the number of isomers with carbon number

Table 13.3 Common additives found in used lubricating oil

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Standard test methods for determining the properties of waxes

Table 15.2 Melting points of pure

n

-hydrocarbons

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Properties of different petroleum residua

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Composition of coke from a delayed coker

Table 17.2 Description of delayed coke carbon forms

Table 17.3 Description of fluid coke carbon forms

Table 17.4 Types of carbon black

Appendix

Table A01 Test Methods for the Terminology of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Table A02 Test Methods for Sampling Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Table A03 Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Absorption Spectroscopy

Table A04 Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Mass Spectroscopy

Table A05 Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Chromatographic Methods

Table A06 Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Gas Chromatography

Table A07 Test Methods for Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Liquid Chromatography

Table A08 Test Methods for the Analysis of Additives and Electrical Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Table A09 Test Methods for the Determination of the Contaminants in Fuels

Table A10 Test Methods for the Analysis of the Reactivity and Thermal Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Table A11 Test Methods for Analysis by Correlative Methods of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Table A12 Test for the Elemental Analysis of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Table A13 Test Methods for the Analysis of Hydrocarbons and Contaminants in Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Table A14 Test Methods for the Determination of the Flow Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Table A15 Test Methods for the Determination of the Chemical and Physical Properties of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Table A16 Test Methods for the Determination of Instability and Contaminants in Liquid Fuels

Table A17 Test Methods for the Determination of the Volatility of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

Table A18 Test Methods for the Analysis of Gaseous (C

4

) Hydrocarbons

Table A19 Test Methods for the Analysis of Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Table A20 Test Methods for the Analysis of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends

Table A21 Test Methods for the Analysis of Oxygenated Fuels

Table A22 Test Methods for the Analysis of Aviation Fuels

Table A23 Test Methods for the Analysis of Jet Fuel

Table A24 Test Methods for the Analysis of Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels

Table A25 Test Methods for the Analysis of Lubricants

Table A26 Test Methods for the Environmental Analysis of Lubricants

Table A27 Test Methods for the Analysis of the Oxidation of Grease and Lubricants

Table A28 Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum Coke, Carbon, and Graphite

Table A29 Test Methods for the Physical Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke, and Carbonaceous Materials (Tar and Pitch)

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01

Figure 1.1 General boiling point–carbon number profile for petroleum.

Figure 1.2 Feedstock fractionation.

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1 Adsorption chromatography using a standard column.

Figure 2.2 Adsorption chromatography using a recycle column.

Figure 2.3 Fractionation scheme for petroleum and high-boiling petroleum products showing carbenes and carboids.

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Crude oil analysis scheme for the strategic petroleum reserve.

Figure 3.2 Inter-property relationships of various samples.

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 Boiling point and carbon number for various hydrocarbons and petroleum products.

Figure 5.2 Freezing point apparatus for use in the depression of the freezing point of benzene test.

Figure 5.3 Apparatus for the determination of cloud point and pour point.

Figure 5.4 Density-weighing bottle.

Figure 5.5 The Pensky–Marten flash point apparatus (ASTM D56).

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Boiling point and carbon number for various hydrocarbons and petroleum products.

Figure 6.2 Effect of increasing length of the alkyl chain on the boiling point.

Figure 6.3 Steam distillation.

Figure 6.4 Dean and Stark adaptor on the bottom of a condenser.

Chapter 08

Figure 8.1 Boiling point and carbon number for various hydrocarbons and petroleum products.

Figure 8.2 Effect of size of the alkyl chain on the boiling point of benzene.

Figure 8.3 A Dean and Stark adaptor on the bottom of a condenser.

Chapter 09

Figure 9.1 Apparatus for the determination of the Conradson carbon residue (ASTM D189, IP 13).

Figure 9.2 Apparatus for adsorption chromatography.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Boiling point and carbon number for various hydrocarbons and petroleum products.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Separation of feedstock into four major fractions.

Figure 11.2 Representation of feedstock fractionation.

Figure 11.3 Representation of petroleum as a three-phase system showing a region of instability.

Figure 11.4 The spinning band equipment.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Boiling point and carbon number for various hydrocarbons and petroleum products.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Boiling point and carbon number for various hydrocarbons and petroleum products.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Schematic of a petroleum refinery.

Figure 16.2 The distillation section of a refinery.

Figure 16.3 Propane deasphalting.

Figure 16.4 Asphalt manufacture including air blowing.

Figure 16.5 Feedstock fractionation.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Carbon residue data showing overlap of the fractions (for clarity, any horizontal overlap is not shown).

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM PRODUCT ANALYSIS

2nd Edition

JAMES G. SPEIGHT, PhD, DSc

CD & W Inc.,Laramie, WY, USA

Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Speight, James G. Handbook of petroleum product analysis / James G. Speight, PhD, DSc. – 2nd edition.  pages cm Includes index.

 ISBN 978-1-118-36926-5 (cloth)1. Petroleum products–Analysis. I. Title.  TP691.S689 2015 665.5′38–dc23    2014020571

PREFACE

The success of the first edition of this text has been the primary factor in the decision to publish a second edition. During the period (2002–2014) between editions, petroleum products have continued to be produced and used for many different purposes with widely differing requirements leading to criteria for quality which are numerous and complex.

In addition, the demand for petroleum products, particularly liquid fuels (gasoline and diesel fuel) and petrochemical feedstocks (such as aromatics and olefins), is increasing throughout the world. Traditional markets such as North America and Europe are experiencing a steady increase in demand whereas emerging Asian markets, such as India and China, are witnessing a rapid surge in demand for liquid fuels. This has resulted in a tendency for the evolution in product specifications caused by various environmental regulations. In many countries, especially in the United States and Europe, gasoline and diesel fuel specifications have changed radically in the past decade (since the publication of the first edition of this book) and will continue to do so in the future. Currently, reducing the sulfur levels of liquid fuels is the dominant objective of many refiners. This is enhancing the need for accurate analysis of petroleum.

Refineries must, and indeed are eager to, adapt to changing circumstances and are amenable to trying new technologies that are radically different in character. Currently, refineries are also looking to exploit heavy (more viscous) crude oils and tar sand bitumen (sometimes referred to as extra heavy crude oil) provided they have the refinery technology capable of handling such feedstocks. Transforming the higher boiling constituents of these feedstocks components into liquid fuels is becoming a necessity. It is no longer a simple issue of mixing the heavy feedstock with conventional petroleum to make up a blended refinery feedstock. Incompatibility issues arise that can, if not anticipated, close down a refinery or, at best, a major section of the refinery. Therefore handling such feedstocks requires technological change, including more effective and innovative use of hydrogen within the refinery. Heavier crude oil could also be contaminated with sulfur and metal particles that must be detected and removed to meet quality standards.

Thus, this book will deal with the various aspects of petroleum product analysis and will provide a detailed explanation of the necessary standard tests and procedures that are applicable to products in order to help predefine predictability of petroleum behavior during refining. In addition, the application of new methods for determining instability and incompatibility as well as analytical methods related to environmental regulations will be described.

Each chapter is written as a stand-alone chapter that has necessitated some repetition. Repetition is considered necessary for the reader to have all of the relevant information at hand especially where there are tests that can be applied to several products. Where this was not possible, cross-references to the pertinent chapter are included. Several general references are listed for the reader to consult and obtain a more detailed description of petroleum products. No attempt has been made to be exhaustive in the citations of such works. Thereafter, the focus is to cite the relevant test methods that are applied to petroleum products.

The reader might also be surprised at the number of older references that are included. The purpose of this is to remind the reader that there is much valuable work cited in the older literature. Work which is still of value and, even though in some cases, there has been similar work performed with advanced equipment, the older work has stood the test of time. However, the text still maintains its initial premise that is to introduce the reader to the analytical science of petroleum and petroleum products—the standard test methods are up to date and any test methods abandoned or declared obsolete since the publication of the first edition are no longer included. In addition, throughout the chapters, no preference is given to any particular tests. To this end, all lists of tests are ordered alphabetically in the References Section and a newly created Appendix (Tables A01–A029 that are organized by function) contains a more comprehensive list of the various standard test methods.

Thus, it is the purpose of this book to identify quality criteria appropriate analysis and testing. In addition, the book has been adjusted, polished, and improved for the benefit of new readers as well as for the benefit of readers of the first edition.

Dr. James G. Speight

Laramie, Wyoming, USA

1PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Petroleum (also called crude oil) is the term used to describe a wide variety of naturally occurring hydrocarbon-rich fluids that has accumulated in subterranean reservoirs and which exhibits considerably simple properties such as specific gravity/API gravity) and the amount of residuum (Table 1.1). More detailed inspections show considerable variations in color, odor, and flow properties that reflect the diversity of the origin of petroleum. From further inspections, variations also occur in the molecular types present in crude oil, which include compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, metals (particularly nickel and vanadium), as well as other elements (ASTM D4175) (Speight, 2012a). Consequently, it is not surprising that petroleum can exhibit wide variations in refining behavior, product yields, and product properties (Speight, 2014a).

Table 1.1Illustration of the variation in petroleum properties—specific gravity/API gravity) and the amount of residuum

Petroleum

Specific gravity

API gravity

Residuum >1050°F (% w/w)

Agbami (Africa)

0.790

48.1

2.5

Alaska North Slope (US)

0.869

31.4

18.3

Alba (North Sea)

0.936

19.5

32.7

Alvheim Blend (North Sea)

0.850

34.9

13.1

Azeri BTC (Asia)

0.843

36.4

13.2

Badak (Indonesia)

0.830

38.9

2.0

Bahrain (Bahrain)

0.861

32.8

26.4

California (US)

0.858

33.4

23.0

Calypso (Trinidad and Tobago)

0.971

30.8

11.6

Dalia (Africa)

0.915

23.1

27.7

Dansk Underground Consortium (DUC) (Denmark)

0.860

33.5

18.2

Draugen (Europe)

0.826

39.9

6.4

Gimboa (Africa)

0.912

25.3

24.0

Grane (North Sea)

0.940

19.0

30.3

Hibernia Blend (Canada)

0.850

35.0

17.2

Iranian Light (Iran)

0.836

37.8

20.8

Iraq Light (Iraq)

0.844

36.2

23.8

Kearl (Canada)

0.918

22.6

31.9

Kutubu Bland (New Guinea)

0.802

44.8

12.0

Kuwaiti Light (Kuwait)

0.860

33.0

31.9

Marib Light (Yemen)

0.809

43.3

7.7

Medanito (Argentina)

0.860

33.0

20.6

Mondo (Africa)

0.877

29.9

22.1

Oklahoma (US)

0.816

41.9

20.0

Oman (Oman)

0.873

30.5

30.5

Pennsylvania (US)

0.800

45.4

2.0

Peregrino (Brazil)

0.974

13.7

40.5

Saudi Arabia

0.840

37.0

27.5

Saxi Batuque Blend (Africa)

0.856

33.9

14.6

Terra Nova (Canada)

0.859

0.9

16.0

Texas (US)

0.827

39.6

15.0