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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Presents an up-to-date description of current and new hydraulic fracturing processes
- Details Emerging Technologies such as Fracture Treatment Design, Open Hole Fracturing, Screenless Completions, Sand Control, Fracturing Completions and Productivity
- Covers Environmental Impact issues including Geological Disturbance; Chemicals used in Fracturing; General Chemicals; Toxic Chemicals; and Air, Water, Land, and Health impacts
- Provides many process diagrams as well as tables of feedstocks and their respective products
Das E-Book können Sie in Legimi-Apps oder einer beliebigen App lesen, die das folgende Format unterstützen:
Seitenzahl: 683
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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Table of Contents
COVER
TITLE PAGE
PREFACE
1 DEFINITIONS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 DEFINITIONS
1.3 UNCONVENTIONAL OIL
REFERENCES
2 RESERVOIRS AND RESERVOIR FLUIDS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
2.3 RESERVOIR EVALUATION
2.4 TIGHT FORMATIONS
2.5 EVALUATION OF RESERVOIR FLUIDS
REFERENCES
3 OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 WELL COMPLETION AND PRODUCTION
3.3 BITUMEN RECOVERY FROM TAR SAND DEPOSITS
3.4 SAND CONTROL
REFERENCES
4 ANALYSIS AND PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 CRUDE OIL
4.3 NATURAL GAS
REFERENCES
5 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 FORMATION EVALUATION
5.3 THE FRACTURING PROCESS
5.4 FRACTURES
5.5 FRACTURE MONITORING
REFERENCES
6 FRACTURING FLUIDS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 PROPERTIES
6.3 TYPES OF FLUIDS
6.4 ADDITIVES
6.5 ACIDIZING
REFERENCES
7 PROPPANTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 TYPES
7.3 PROPERTIES
7.4 PROPPANT SELECTION AND TRANSPORT
REFERENCES
8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 GEOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE
8.3 CHEMICALS USED IN FRACTURING
8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
8.5 THE FUTURE
REFERENCES
GLOSSARY
CONVERSION FACTORS
INDEX
END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
List of Tables
Chapter 01
Table 1.1 Simplified Differentiation between Conventional Crude Oil, Heavy Oil, Extra Heavy Oil, Tar Sand Bitumen, Oil Shale Kerogen, Tight Oil, and Coal
Table 1.2 Constituents of Natural Gas
Chapter 02
Table 2.1 Constituents of Natural Gas
Table 2.2 The Geologic Timescale
Chapter 03
TABLE 3.1 Fluids Available as Completion Fluids or Workover Fluids
Chapter 04
Table 4.1 Typical Properties of Fluids Occurring in Tight Formations and Shale Formations
Table 4.2 Hypothetical Structures for Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Petroleum
Table 4.3 Hypothetical Structures for Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Petroleum
Table 4.4 Composition of Associated Natural Gas from a Petroleum Well
Table 4.5 Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Natural Gas Hydrocarbons Relative to Air
Chapter 05
Table 5.1 Highlights in the Development of Hydraulic Fracturing
Table 5.2 Reservoir Types Based on Permeability and Production Methods
Chapter 06
Table 6.1 Different Fluids Used for Hydraulic Fracturing
Table 6.2 Fracturing Fluid Additives
Table 6.3 Examples of Chemicals Used in Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids
Chapter 08
Table 8.1 Examples of Chemicals Used in Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids
Table 8.2 The Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle and Potential Impacts on Drinking Water Resources
Table 8.3 Types of Additives Used in Fracturing Fluids
List of Illustrations
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1 Properties of different crude oils.
Figure 1.2 Schematic representation of petroleum composition.
Figure 1.3 Schematic comparison of the (a) composition of light crude oil with the (b) composition of heavy crude oil.
Figure 1.4 Schematic of a petroleum refinery.
Figure 1.5 Basins with the potential for tight oil production.
Figure 1.6 Tight Gas Plays of the United States.
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 Anticline trap (fold trap).
Figure 2.2 Fault trap.
Figure 2.3 Representation of (a) porosity and (b) permeability.
Figure 2.4 Representation of rock grains, pore space, and permeability.
Figure 2.5 Representation of differences in permeability of shale reservoirs, tight reservoirs, and conventional reservoirs.
Figure 2.6 Representation of the zones in a reservoir.
Figure 2.7 A field separation tank.
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 Illustration of reservoir site specificity.
Figure 3.2 The Christmas tree: a collection of control valves at the wellhead.
Figure 3.3 Types of nonvertical drilling: (a) slant-hole well and (b) horizontal well.
Figure 3.4 Methods for oil recovery.
Figure 3.5 Illustration of a steam-based recovery process.
Figure 3.6 Modified
in situ
extraction.
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1 Representation of the instability of asphaltene constituents as the composition of the fluid becomes more paraffinic. For wax deposition, the unstable region would be more prone to temperature effects and flow regimes rather than composition.
Figure 4.2 Relationship of pour point and reservoir temperature.
Figure 4.3 Schematic of the separation of crude oil into various bulk fractions—the fractions designated as carbenes and carboids are generally considered to be products of thermal reactions.
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 Shale plays in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Figure 5.2 The various facets of reservoir management.
Chapter 08
Figure 8.1 Basins with the potential for tight oil production.
Figure 8.2 Tight Gas Plays of the United States
Figure 8.3 Various aspects of reservoir management.
Figure 8.4 Schematic of a water treatment process.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
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HANDBOOK OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
JAMES G. SPEIGHT
CD&W Inc.,Laramie, WY, USA
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Names: Speight, James G.Title: Handbook of hydraulic fracturing / James G. Speight.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2015045701 | ISBN 9781118672990 (cloth)Subjects: LCSH: Hydraulic fracturing. | Gas wells–Hydraulic fracturing. | Oil wells–Hydraulic fracturing. | Hydraulic fracturing–Environmental aspects.Classification: LCC TD195.G3 S745 2016 | DDC 622/.3381–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015045701
Cover image courtesy of Getty Images/Robert Ingelhart.
PREFACE
Hydraulic fracturing is an extractive method used by crude oil and natural gas companies to open pathways in tight (low-permeability) geologic formations so that the oil or gas trapped within can be recovered at a higher flow rate. When used in combination with horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing has allowed industry to access natural gas reserves previously considered uneconomical, particularly in shale formations.
Although hydraulic fracturing creates access to more natural gas supplies, the process requires the use of large quantities of water and fracturing fluids, which are injected underground at high volumes and pressure. Oil and gas service companies design fracturing fluids to create fractures and transport sand or other granular substances to prop open the fractures. The composition of these fluids varies by formation, ranging from a simple mixture of water and sand to more complex mixtures with a multitude of chemical additives.
Hydraulic fracturing has opened access to vast domestic reserves of natural gas that could provide an important stepping stone to a clean energy future. Yet questions about the safety of hydraulic fracturing persist, and the technology has been the subject of both enthusiasm and increasing environmental and health concerns in recent years, especially in relation to the possibility (some would say reality) of contaminated drinking water because of the chemicals used in the process and the disturbance of the geological formations.
It is not the purpose of this book to advocate the use or the termination of hydraulic fracturing practices. It is the purpose of this book to alleviate much of the confusion that exists in regard to hydraulic fracturing. It is also the purpose of the book to present the facts as they are currently available and understood. The book will present an up-to-date description of current and new hydraulic fracturing. The process descriptions describe how hydraulic fracturing is performed and consequences of those actions. As always, but not always mentioned in this text, in favor of presenting the technical aspects of hydraulic fracturing, economics is also a major consideration.
The book is written in an easy-to-read style, using a language that is understandable by scientists, engineers, and nontechnical persons. It will give the reader a full understanding of the concept and practice of hydraulic fracturing as well as the various environmental aspects of the process.
Dr. James G. SpeightLaramie, WY, USAJuly 2015
