Handbook of Coal Analysis E-Book

James G. Speight

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 791

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Provides users with everything they need to know about testing and analysis of coal * Includes new coverage on environmental issues and regulations as related to coal * Provides the reader with the necessary information about testing and analyzing coal and relays the advantages and limitations in understanding the quality and performance of coal * Explains the meaning of test results and how these results can predict coal behavior and its corresponding environmental impact during use * Includes a comprehensive Glossary which defines items in straightforward language that enable readers to better understand the terminology related to coal * Treats issues related to sampling, and accuracy and precision of analysis

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1: HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

1.3 PRECURSORS OF COAL

1.4 COAL-FORMING PROCESSES

1.5 HETEROATOMS IN COAL

1.6 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE

1.7 PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY

1.8 COAL AND COAL ANALYSIS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFICATION OF COAL

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

2.3 STANDARD TEST METHODS

2.4 COAL CLASSIFICATION

2.5 USE OF COAL

2.6 THE FUTURE

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3: SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 SAMPLING

3.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION

3.4 WASHABILITY

3.5 ACCURACY AND PRECISION

3.6 REPORTING COAL ANALYSES

3.7 INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF THE DATA

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4: MINERAL MATTER

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE

4.3 MINERAL TYPES

4.4 EVALUATION

4.5 CHEMISTRY OF ASH FORMATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5: PROXIMATE ANALYSIS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 MOISTURE CONTENT

5.3 ASH

5.4 VOLATILE MATTER

5.5 FIXED CARBON

5.6 COAL ASSAY

5.7 OTHER METHODS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6: ULTIMATE ANALYSIS

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 CARBON AND HYDROGEN

6.3 NITROGEN

6.4 OXYGEN

6.5 SULFUR

6.6 CHLORINE

6.7 MERCURY

6.8 OTHER CONSTITUENTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY

7.3 POROSITY AND SURFACE AREA

7.4 REFLECTANCE

7.5 REFRACTIVE INDEX

7.6 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

7.7 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

7.8 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 8: THERMAL PROPERTIES

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 CALORIFIC VALUE

8.3 HEAT CAPACITY

8.4 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

8.5 PLASTIC AND AGGLUTINATING PROPERTIES

8.6 FREE SWELLING INDEX

8.7 ASH FUSIBILITY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 STRENGTH

9.3 HARDNESS

9.4 FRIABILITY

9.5 GRINDABILITY

9.6 OTHER MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 10: SOLVENT PROPERTIES AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 SOLVENT PROPERTIES

10.3 SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 11: THE NEED FOR COAL ANALYSIS

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTER OF COAL

11.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

11.4 PRODUCTION

11.5 PREPARATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND STORAGE

11.6 UTILIZATION

REFERENCES

GLOSSARY

COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS USED IN COAL TECHNOLOGY

INDEX

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 2.1

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 5.1

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.5

Table 1.6

Table 1.7

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Table 2.6

Table 2.7

Table 2.8

Table 2.9

Table 3.1

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 7.3

Table 7.4

Table 7.5

Table 7.6

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Table 8.5

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Table 9.5

Table 9.6

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Series Editor

MARK F. VITHA

Volume 182

A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.

HANDBOOK OF COAL ANALYSIS

SECOND EDITION

JAMES G. SPEIGHT

Copyright © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Speight, James G.

Handbook of coal analysis / Dr. James G. Speight. – 2nd edition.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-36924-1 (cloth)

1. Coal–Analysis–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.

TP325.S7145 2015

662.6′22–dc23

2014043341

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Dr. James G. Speight, who has doctorate degrees in Chemistry, Geological Sciences, and Petroleum Engineering, is the author of more than 60 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, and environmental sciences. He has served as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemical and Fuels Engineering at the University of Utah and in the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Wyoming. In addition he was a Visiting Professor in Chemical Engineering at the following universities: the University of Missouri-Columbia, the Technical University of Denmark, and the University of Trinidad and Tobago.

James G. Speight

In 1996, Dr. Speight was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences and awarded the Gold Medal of Honor that same year for outstanding contributions to the field of petroleum sciences.

In 2001, Dr. Speight received the Scientists without Borders Medal of Honor of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In 2001, theAcademy also awarded Dr. Speight the EinsteinMedal for outstanding contributions and service in the field of Geological Sciences.

In 2005, the Academy awarded Dr. Speight the Gold Medal ‐ Scientists without Frontiers, Russian Academy of Sciences, in recognition of Continuous Encouragement of Scientists to Work Together Across International Borders.

In 2007 Dr. Speight received the Methanex Distinguished Professor at the University of Trinidad and Tobago in recognition of excellence in research.

PREFACE

The success of the first edition of this text has been the primary factor in the decision to publish a second edition.

Coal analysis is an essential task in determining the use of coal. Analytical methods help determine whether or not coal meets the needs of a specific application, or to characterize the general quality of the coal for future reference. For example, if the coal has high organic sulfur content, then it may have to be mixed or blended with a coal of lower sulfur content in order to meet sulfur emissions standards, or the sulfur may have to be cleaned out of the flue gas by flue-gas desulfurization (FGD), which is an expensive procedure. Similarly, analysis may determine whether a trace element, such as arsenic or mercury, may be eliminated from a coal by washing or whether it must be removed during flue gas cleaning. Finally, in extreme cases, analysis may determine that the coal cannot be used.

Furthermore, coal is again being seriously considered as an alternate fuel source to petroleum, not so much for the production of liquids but more for the generation of power and as a source of chemicals. The reaffirmation by the United States to a clean environment through the passages of the various environmental laws as well as serious consideration to the effects of combustion products (carbon dioxide) on the atmosphere are all given consideration in this new text.

In addition, the demand for coal products, particularly liquid fuels (gasoline and diesel fuel) and chemical feedstocks (such as aromatics and olefins), is increasing throughout the world. Traditional markets such as North America and Europe are experiencing a steady increase in demand whereas emerging Asian markets, such as India and China, are witnessing a rapid surge in demand for liquid fuels. This has resulted in a tendency for existing refineries to seek fresh refining approaches to optimize efficiency and throughput. In addition, the increasing use of the heavier feedstocks by refineries is forcing technology suppliers/licensors to revamp their refining technologies in an effort to cater to the growing customer base.

As in the previous Edition, this Edition has references cited throughout the text, which will allow the reader to such citations for more detail. However, it should be noted that only selected references could be employed lest the reference lists outweigh the actual text. It would have been impossible to include all of the relevant references. Thus, where possible, references such as review articles, other books, and those technical articles with substantial introductory material have been used in order to pass on the most information to the reader.

In addition, chapters have been added to give the reader an introduction to the formation of coal, which will help understands the complexity of the organic portion of coal as well as the complex nature of the inorganic portion of coal (the mineral matter). Overall, the book will provide the reader with a detailed overview of the chemistry and technology of coal analysis as is required in the 21st century. Moreover, the text will prove useful for those scientists and engineers already engaged in the coal industry who wish to gain a general overview or update of the science of coal and the various analytical test methods.

The book will also provide the reader with the necessary information about testing and analyzing coal. Moreover, it will explain the meaning of test results and how these results can predict coal behavior and its corresponding environmental impact during use and include:

Coverage of nomenclature, terminology, sampling, and accuracy and precision of analysis.

Explanation of coal behavior relative to its usage alongside the corresponding environmental issues.

Presentation of necessary standard tests and procedures.

Step-by-step test method protocols for proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, mineral matter, physical and electrical properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties, spectroscopic properties, and solvent properties.

Emphasis on relevant American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards and test methods

To assist readers in understanding the material, a comprehensive Glossary is provided in which each item is defined in straightforward language that will enable readers to better understand the terminology related to coal. References at the end of each chapter lead readers to more in-depth discussions of specialized topics.

This book will be an essential reference for analytical chemists, process chemists, and engineers in the coal industry as well as other professionals and researchers who are looking to coal as a means to decrease dependence on foreign oil sources and devise more efficient, cleaner methods of energy production from coal.

Dr. JAMES G. SPEIGHTLARAMIE, WYOMING

August 2014

CHAPTER 1HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that contains varying amounts of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as well as trace amounts of other elements, including mineral matter, as well as methane which is found within the pore systems of the coal (ASTM D121; Speight, 2013a). It is a solid, brittle, combustible, carbonaceous rock formed by the decomposition and alteration of vegetation by compaction, temperature, and pressure and varies in color from brown to black and is usually stratified as a coal seam. The source of the vegetative precursors to coal is a variety of ancient plant forms as well as ancient woody precursors. The plant precursors that eventually formed coal were deposited as dead and decaying carbonaceous materials that were compacted, hardened, chemically altered, and metamorphosed by the pressure (in some cases accompanied by heat) of overlying sediments over geologic time (Table 1.1). When the plants died, the biomass was deposited in anaerobic, aquatic environments where the low oxygen level prevented the reduction of the biomass and release of carbon dioxide.1

Table 1.1 The Geologic Timescale

Era

Period

Epoch

Approximate Duration (Millions of Years)

Approximate Number of Years Ago (Millions of Years)

Cenozoic

Quaternary

Holocene

10,000 years

ago to the present

Pleistocene

2

0.01

Tertiary

Pliocene

11

2

Miocene

12

13

Oligocene

11

25

Eocene

22

36

Paleocene

71

58

Mesozoic

Cretaceous

71

65

Jurassic

54

136

Triassic

35

190

Paleozoic

Permian

55

225

Carboniferous

65

280

Devonian

60

345

Silurian

20

405

Ordovician

75

425

Cambrian

100

500

Precambrian

3380

600

Evidence of the types of plants that contributed to carboniferous deposits can occasionally be found in the coal as fossil imprints as well as in the shale and sandstone sediments that overlie coal deposits.

Coal sediments (coal beds, coal seams) can range from fractions of an inch to hundreds of feet in thickness and are found in all geologic periods from Silurian through Quaternary, but the earliest commercially important coals are found in rocks of Mississippian age (Carboniferous in Europe). Coal is generally formed in either a fluvial environment or in a basin that is open to marine incursions and consists of more than 50% w/w (typically more than 70% v/v) carbonaceous material (organic material containing carbon, hydrogen, and other elements as well as inherent moisture, which is a moisture that occurs within the coal).

1.2 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

Simply and by definition, coal is an organic rock. In addition, coal is also defined as a black or dark-brown combustible mineral substance consisting of carbonized vegetable matter, used as a fuel.

It is customary (especially through this text) to use the word coal in the singular form but the word is, in reality, applicable to materials having a rather wide range of properties – this is similar to the use of the word petroleum (or crude oil), which encompassed a variety of materials from low-boiling (light) conventional crude oil to the thicker viscous high-boiling heavy oil (Speight, 2014). In terms of coal, one sample might be a wet, easily crumbling brown material looking like partially decayed wood (Lignite) while another would be a very hard, glossy black, lustrous material (anthracite). In addition, the heating value (Chapter 8) of these samples would range from about 5000 to about 15,000 BTU/lb. Thus, the use of the word coal in this text implies either a single family member of a uniquely defined material as well as a family of natural-occurring family of organic rocks having both similarities and differences within the members of that family.

The name coal is thought to be derived from the Old English col that was a type of charcoal at the time. Generally, coal was not mined to any large extent during the early Middle Ages (prior to 1000 AD) but there are written records of coal being mined after 1000 AD. Moreover, coal is, in some areas, referred to as as it is occasionally found washed up on beaches, especially those in the north east area of England. However, the rapidly expanding use of coal throughout the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century has seen a phenomenal increase in coal use. This increased popularity has made it necessary to devise acceptable methods for coal analysis with the goal of correlating fuel composition and properties with behavior (Vorres, 1993; Speight, 2013a).