Energy Audits E-Book

Tarik Al-Shemmeri

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 305

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Energy efficiency is today a crucial topic in the built environment - for both designers and managers of buildings. This increased interest is driven by a combination of new regulations and directives within the EU and worldwide to combat global warming.

All buildings now must now acquire and display an EPC (energy performance certificate), a rating similar to the A–G rating given to white goods. But in order to understand how to be more efficient in energy use, you need first to understand the mechanisms of both energy requirements and how energy is used in buildings. 

Energy Audits: a workbook for energy management in buildings tackles the fundamental principles of thermodynamics through day-to-day engineering concepts and helps students understand why energy losses occur and how they can be reduced. It provides the tools to measure process efficiency and sustainability in power and heating applications, helping engineers to recognize why energy losses occur and how they can be reduced utilizing familiar thermodynamic principles.

The author describes the sources of energy available today; explains how energy is used in buildings – and how energy is lost - and how this can be controlled and reduced. Investments in energy efficiency are considered for a number of case studies conducted on real buildings

The book explains the theory; illustrates it with case studies and worked examples; and then tests students’ understanding with tutorial problems. This is an invaluable resource for students on engineering and building courses where energy management is now a core topic.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Dimensions and Units

Definitions of some basic SI units

Definitions of some derived SI units

List of Figures

List of Tables

Chapter 1 Energy and the Environment

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Forms of energy

1.3 Energy conversion

1.4 The burning question

1.5 Environmental impact from fossil fuels

1.6 Energy worldwide

1.7 Energy and the future

1.8 Worked examples

1.9 Tutorial problems

1.10 Case Study: Future energy for the world

Chapter 2 Energy Audits for Buildings

2.1 The need for an energy audit

2.2 The energy benchmarking method

2.3 The degree-days concept

2.4 Energy Performance Certificates

2.5 Worked examples

2.6 Tutorial problems

Chapter 3 Building Fabric’s Heat Loss

3.1 Modes of heat transfer

3.2 Fourier’s law of thermal conduction

3.3 Heat transfer by convection

3.4 Heat transfer through a composite wall separating two fluids

3.5 Heat exchange through a tube with convection on both sides

3.6 A composite tube with fluid on the inner and outer surfaces

3.7 Heat transfer by radiation

3.8 Building fabric’s heat load calculations

3.9 Energy efficiency and the environment

3.10 Worked examples

3.11 Tutorial problems

Chapter 4 Ventilation

4.1 Aims of ventilation

4.2 Air quality

4.3 Ventilation methods

4.4 Ventilation flow calculations

4.5 Fans

4.6 Worked examples

4.7 Tutorial problems

4.8 Case Study: The National Trust’s ventilation system

Chapter 5 Heat Gains in Buildings

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Lighting

5.3 Energy-saving measures for lighting

5.4 Casual heat gains from appliances

5.5 Occupants’ heat gains

5.6 Worked examples

5.7 Tutorial problems

5.8 Case Study: Calculation of heating load for a building – options

Chapter 6 Thermal Comfort

6.1 Thermal comfort in human beings

6.2 Energy balance of the human body

6.3 Latent heat losses

6.4 Sensible heat losses

6.5 Estimation of thermal comfort

6.6 Worked examples

6.7 Tutorial problems

Chapter 7 Refrigeration, Heat Pumps and the Environment

7.1 Introduction

7.2 History of refrigeration

7.3 Refrigeration choice and environmental impact

7.4 Refrigeration system components

7.5 Heat pump and refrigeration cycles

7.6 Worked examples

7.7 Tutorial problems

7.8 Case Study: Star Refrigeration Ltd – heat pumps in a chocolate factory. May 2010, UK

Chapter 9 Instrumentation for Energy Management

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Temperature measurement

9.3 Humidity measurement

9.4 Pressure measurement

9.5 Flow measurement

9.6 Electrical measurements

9.7 Worked examples

9.8 Tutorial problems

Chapter 10 Renewable Energy Technology

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Solar energy

10.3 Wind energy

10.4 Biomass

10.5 Hydraulic turbines

10.6 Worked examples

10.7 Tutorial problems

Appendix Case Study: Energy audit for a school

A.1 Energy consumption details

A.2 Degree-day method

A.3 NPI method

A.4 Energy-saving measures

A.5 Recommendations

A.6 Conclusion

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Al-Shemmeri, Tarik. Energy audits : a workbook for energy management in buildings / Tarik Al-Shemmeri. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-470-65608-2 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 0-470-65608-5 (pbk.) 1. Buildings–Energy conservation–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Energy auditing–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Energy conservation–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. TJ163.3.A35 2011658.26–dc23

2011021991

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781119950295; ePub 9781119950301; Mobi 9781119950318

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my appreciation and gratitude to the many people who have put up with me through the period of writing this book; to all those who offered support, read, wrote, offered comments, to those who assisted in the editing, proofreading and design.

I wish to thank all of my students who have been with me over the course of the years and helped me develop the material into its present form.

I would like to thank my family and friends and especially my son Mark who helped me creating most of the illustrations and graphs in this book.

Grateful thanks are due to those who allowed me to present their case study material in the various chapters of this book.

Last but not least, I beg the forgiveness of all others who have helped me but I have failed to mention here.

List of Figures

1.1

Energy conversions in a typical coal-fired power plant.

1.2

The first wake-up call by Hubbert.

1.3

World’s energy consumption, past and forecast.

2.1

UK map showing degree-day regions.

2.2

Degree-day regression.

2.3

Energy Performance Certificate.

3.1

Conduction heat transfer.

3.2

Radial conduction.

3.3

Convection heat transfer.

3.4

Conduction through multiple layers.

3.5

Combined convection–conduction–convection heat transfer.

3.6

Radial conduction through multiple layers.

4.1

Forced ventilation systems.

4.2

Selection of fans.

4.3

The Moody diagram.

5.1

Visible light spectrum.

5.2

Light dissipation (inverse law).

6.1

Energy balance for the human body.

6.2

Heat flow across the skin/clothes.

6.3

PMV–PPD relationship.

7.1

Basic refrigeration system.

7.2

Pressure expansion valve (PEV).

7.3

Thermostatic expansion valve (TEV).

7.4

Electronic expansion valve (EEV).

7.5

Condensers and evaporators (heat exchangers).

7.6

Heat engine.

7.7

Heat pump/refrigerator.

7.8

Comparison between a heat engine, a heat pump and a refrigerator.

7.9

Ideal refrigeration cycle.

7.10

Simple refrigeration cycle.